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Е. В. Карпенко
ПРАКТИКУМ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОЙ
ГРАММАТИКЕ: ГЛАГОЛ
Учебное пособие
для студентов І курса
факультета «Референт-переводчик»
5-е издание
Издательство НУА
НАРОДНАЯ УКРАИНСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ
Е. В. Карпенко
ПРАКТИКУМ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОЙ
ГРАММАТИКЕ: ГЛАГОЛ
Учебное пособие
для студентов І курса
факультета «Референт-переводчик»
5-е издание
Харьков
Издательство НУА
2019
УДК 811.111’36(075.8+076)
К26
Утверждено на заседании
кафедры германской и романской филологии
Народной украинской академии.
Протокол № 2 от 02.09.2019
УДК 811.111’36(075.8+076)
Предисловие ……………………………………………………………….…..4
Глагол ……………………….………………………………………………….5
3
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
ГЛАГОЛ
THE VERB
Глагол – это часть речи, которая обозначает действие или состояние лица или
предмета.
PAST TENSES
FUTURE TENSES
FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST TENSES
PRESENT TENSES
THE PRESENT INDEFINITE
(PRESENT SIMPLE)
TENSE
НАСТОЯЩЕЕ НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННОЕ ВРЕМЯ
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ
I go; we study; they like; you read He goes; she likes; it swims
УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ
He is always late for classes. We always come in time for the lessons.
They are never afraid of dogs. I hardly ever make mistakes in my dictations.
The boys fight like tigers. Thompson gathers the ball and passes to Roger,
who makes no mistake!
Ladies and gentlemen! We come to Rome in the afternoon, go round the city and
have dinner at 8 o’clock. Next morning we do the main sights and leave for London
in the evening.
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Give the third person forms of the following verbs; translate them into
Russian/Ukrainian.
Laugh, cry, lose, stop, mix, stand, sit, dress, pass, come, box, fill, prove,
cross, sledge, play, carry, kiss, take, give, speak, say, go, send, finish, catch, begin,
tell, bring, promise, listen, explain, start, walk, work, know, teach, make, do, close,
open, understand, see, look, brush, watch, sing, like, love, hate, obey, freeze, flow.
Exercise 2. Find Russian / Ukrainian equivalents for the following proverbs and
sayings.
1. drink coffee in the morning; 2. put sugar in my coffee; 3. drink more than
two cups of coffee in the morning; 4. drink tea in the morning; 5. drink orange juice
in the morning; 6. drink tomato juice in the morning; 7. drink milk two times a day;
8. have a sandwich for lunch; 9. eat dinner at about 6 o’clock; 10. get to class on
time; 11. walk to school; 12. take a taxi to school; 13. drive to school; 14. ride a
bike to school; 15. study in the library; 16. do my homework.
Exercise 4. Give the correct form of the verb in brackets.
Exercise 5. Read the sentences and correct them as the information is wrong. Give
one negative and one positive sentences.
1. Mice catch cats. 2. The Earth goes round the Moon. 3. The river Volga
flows into the Black Sea. 4. Patients look after nurses in hospitals. 5. Water boils at
50 degrees Centigrade. 6. Indians live in Scotland. 7. Carpenters make things from
metal. 8. Our city stands on the river Thames. 9. It often rains in Africa. 10. Tigers
eat grass. 11. Our group studies Chinese. 12. Our classes begin at 6 o’clock every
day.
B. 1. Does John live in Moscow now? 2. Does your granny still work? 3.
Does your friend work hard at her English? 4. Does your sister watch all TV
programmes? 5. Does your mother like to make dresses? 6. Does your cousin
collect stamps? 7. Does Ali speak English at home? 8. Does your boy-friend often
meet you at the university? 9. Does she visit her grandparents every day? 10. Does
Mary love Nick?
1. How much ____ this sweater cost? (is, does, do) 2. How much ____ this
sweater? (is, does, do) 3. It ____ rainy in summer. (don’t, doesn’t, isn’t) 4. It ____
often rain in summer. (don’t, doesn’t, isn’t) 5. I ____ stay at home on Sundays. (am
not, doesn’t, don’t) 6. I ____ at home on Sundays. (am not, doesn’t, don’t) 7. He
____ have much money. (isn’t, doesn’t, don’t) 8. He ____ rich. (isn’t, doesn’t,
don’t) 9. Mag and her sister ____ live in Rome. (aren’t, doesn’t, don’t) 10. Mag and
her sister ____ in Rome. (aren’t, doesn’t, don’t) 11. Pat’s mother ____ teach
students. (isn’t, doesn’t, don’t) 12. Pat’s mother ____ a teacher. (isn’t, doesn’t,
don’t) 13. It ____ cost much to stay at that hotel. (doesn’t, isn’t, don’t) 14. That
hotel ____ expensive. (doesn’t, isn’t, don’t)
Exercise 11. Make alternative questions using the following word-combinations and
the words from the brackets.
1. study English / study French (Ann); 2. like pop-music / jazz (you); 3. get
up at 6 / 7 o’clock (your mum); 4. watch TV every evening / at weekends (your
family); 5. live in the centre of the city / in a new district (your boy-friend); 6.
borrow books from the Academy library / the local library (you); 7. write dictations
every week / once a month (students); 8. like skiing / skating (Betty); 9. make pies
every day / on Sundays (your granny).
Exercise 13. Insert the necessary form of the verb – do, does, is, are, have, has.
Answer the questions.
1. What subjects ____ she good at? 2. ____ your brother got a camera? 3.
____ your mother like cooking? 4. What floor ____ your bedroom on? 5. ____ your
parents in France now? 6. Where ____ the nearest book-store? 7. ____ your friend
have any money? 8. Where ____ your uncle work? 9. What sports ____ they fond
of? 10. What bike ____ you got? 11. What ____ the weather like today? 12. What
languages ____ you speak? 13. ____ you like science fiction? 14. What ____ your
favourite pop-group? 15. What car ____ she got? 16. How many apples ___ you
got? 17. What subject ____ you like best? 18. What ____ the capital of your
country? 19. ____ you know what time it ____? 20. How far ____ London from
Liverpool?
Exercise 14. Use the necessary auxiliary verb in the following questions. Match
with the answers below.
1. ___ anyone know where the Dean is? 2. ___ you think we’ll be late? 3.
___ anybody know the date? 4. ___ you like living in England? 5. ___ your son
ever wash dishes after dinner? 6. ___ you know what time the next train leaves? 7.
___ your students read English books in the original? 8. ___ your daughter have
cereal for breakfast? 9. ___ anyone know the answer? 10. How long ___ it take
them to get there? 11. ___ you want to be late again? 12. ___ your watch show the
right time?
Answers: a) Yes, but I don’t like the weather much. b) He enjoys washing. c) No,
I’m afraid their English isn’t good enough. d) No, she hates it. e) The seventeenth,
isn’t it? f) She was in the library a minute ago. g) Ten minutes by car. h) Not if we
hurry. i) It’s five minutes fast. j) We’ll have to take a taxi. k) There’s no answer to
this. l) In about ten minutes, I think.
1. What temperature ____ water ____ at? 2. Which river ____ through Paris?
3. What animal ____ in China and ____ bamboo? 4. Where ____ the Pope ____? 5.
____ light ____ faster than sound? 6. Where ____ kangaroos ____ from? 7. Which
islands ____ in the middle of the Atlantic? 8. How long ____ it ____ to fly from
London to New York in Concord? 9. What ____ “likely” ____? 10. ____ horses
____ standing up?
1. Her elder sister studies in the institute. 2. My mother usually comes home
at 6 o’clock. 3. We often go to school together. 4. Tom and Nick play football very
well. 5. His brother finishes his work at 7 p. m. 6. I meet Jane every day. 7. They
usually spend their holidays in the Crimea. 8. His friend lives in Paris. 9. I get up
late on Sundays. 10. Her daughter speaks 3 foreign languages.
Exercise 22. Ask questions to the sentences beginning them with the words in
brackets.
Exercise 24. Fill in the gaps in this conversation with these verbs:
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ
I am doing it well.
We are thinking about it.
She is walking in the park at the moment.
УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ
EXERCISES
Exercise 28. Translate into Russian / Ukrainian. Explain the usage of the Present
Continuous.
1. The baby is crying again. I think it’s hungry. 2. Emma can’t come to the
phone right now, she is having a shower. 3. Martha is still working in the garden. 4.
Why are you shouting at me? What’s wrong? 5. Look! It’s snowing heavily. 6.
Denis is working at a new project this semester. 7. Now Lisa is studying at the
courses in the British Council. 8. Longman is publishing new books this year. 9.
They are redecorating their house in the summer. 10. The bus is leaving in 5
minutes. 11. Are you going to see a new play? 12. When is the plane taking off? 13.
Is Sam coming with us? 14. I’m cleaning the house on Monday. 15. Mum and I are
leaving for the country one of these days. 16. Max, you are sitting at the computer
all days long! 17. Why are you constantly leaving your wallet at home, John? 18.
Tracey is all the time thinking of her boyfriend! 19. She is a born worrier! Yes, she
is always talking about her problems. 20. Bob is smoking non-stop. 21. Nell is
constantly drinking coffee. 22. Why is Mel arguing with her brother all the time?
He’s a nice boy. 23. What I mean is that you are being noisy!
1. My sister is playing the piano now. 2. The teacher is explaining the rule. 3.
We are learning the new words. 4. Ann is standing at the window. 5. We are going
to the park. 6. John is taking a piece of chalk and writing a sentence on the
blackboard. 7. I am doing my homework. 8. Jane is speaking on the phone. 9. She is
cooking supper. 10. Mary and Tom are walking in the park now. 11. He is going to
be a journalist. 12. My neighbour is painting a fence now. 13. The boys are running
about the garden. 14. It is still raining. 15. The dog is lying on the floor.
Exercise 30. Open the brackets, using the Present Continuous where necessary.
B. 1. – Where are our children? It’s quiet in the house. – They …… (lie) on
the carpet and …… (draw). 2. – What you …… (do) now? – I …… (look) for my
key. I can’t open the door. 3. Listen! Somebody …… (sing) a lovely song. 4. Why
you …… (put on) the coat? It’s sunny today. 5. Don’t make so much noise. I ……
(try) to work. 6. Why you …… (cry)? Is something wrong? 7. Let’s go for a walk. It
…… (not rain) now. 8. Why you …… (not hurry)? I …… (wait) for you. 9. I don’t
speak any foreign languages, but I …… (learn) English now. 10. We …… (spend)
next weekend at home. 11. I …… (meet) Liz tonight. She ……(come) from York.
12. He …… (go) to speak to his parents. 13. My Dad …… (work) overtime this
week. 14. They …… (live) in a rented house these days. 15. I …… (take) dancing
lessons this winter. 16. At the moment we …… (fly) over the desert. 17. Have some
hot tea. It …… (get) chilly. 18. I …… (die) to see him.
1. Когда я вдали от дома, то я с нетерпением жду (to long for) того дня,
когда вернусь обратно. 2. «Мы обсуждаем тебя или меня?» – спросил он с
улыбкой. 3. – И что же ты делаешь в Женеве? – Пишу пьесу. 4. Гораздо
больше денег в том, что делаешь ты, чем в том, чем занимаюсь я. 5. Он
постоянно говорит мне о своих чувствах! 6. Успокойся! Ты же всех раздража-
ешь! 7. Он подумывает о том, чтобы эмигрировать. 8. Я знаю, что ты
чувствуешь сейчас, мы все чувствуем то же самое. 9. – Они встречаются (to
see) сегодня вечером. – Понимаю. 10. Посмотри, девушка на экране
рекламирует новый шампунь. 11. – Все зависит от того, как он видит свое
будущее. – Да, но он ничего не планирует. 12. – Взгляни, наш сосед опять
бегает по утрам. – По-моему, он устанавливает новый рекорд. Он выглядит
измученным. 13. Какие это у тебя духи (to wear perfume)? Они удивительные.
14. Он прекрасный человек. Но сегодня он просто невыносим. 15. – Твой
английский становится все лучше и лучше. – Да, я занимаюсь с утра до ночи.
Exercise 33. Open the brackets, using the Present Continuous or the Present Simple.
2. Right now the children …… (have) a good time at the beach. They …… (have) a
big ball and they …… (play) catch with it. They …… (like) to play catch. Their
parents …… (sunbathe). They also …… (listen) to some music. They also ……
(hear) the sound of the sea.
Exercise 35. Complete the sentences using either the Present Simple or the Present
Continuous of the verbs given in brackets.
1. (to measure) This line _____ 100 yards. The tailor _____ him for a new suit.
2. (to weigh) The man _____ himself. The piece of meat _____ 2 kilos.
3. (to have) The Smiths _____ a new car. They _____ lunch .
4. (to smell) The man _____ the wine. The wine _____ awful.
5. (to hold) This petrol can _____ 2 gallons. The little girl _____ a bunch of
flowers in her hand.
6. (to take) Mother _____ her little son to school. This parking meter _____ only
20p coins.
Exercise 37. Choose the most appropriate form from the underlined ones:
1. I haven't decided yet about whether to buy a new car or a second-hand one.
But I think about it / I'm thinking about it. 2. All right, you try to fix the television!
But I hope / I'm hoping you know what you're doing! 3. Every year I visit / I'm
visiting Britain to improve my English. 4. It's time we turned on the central heating.
It gets / It is getting colder every day. 5. Of course, you're Mary, aren't you! I
recognize / I am recognizing you now. 6. What's the matter? Why do you look / are
you looking at me like that? 7. The film «War and Peace» is very long. It lasts / It
is lasting over four hours. 8. I can see from what you say that your mornings are
very busy! But what do you do / are you doing in the afternoons? 9. I'm going to
buy a new swimming costume. My old one doesn't fit / isn't fitting any more. 10.
That must be the end of the first part of the performance. What happens now / is
happening now?
Exercise 38. Explain the usage of the tenses in the following sentences. Tell what
sentence is right and correct those which are wrong.
1. Do you hear me well? / Are you hearing me well? 2. She is preferring apples
to pears. / She prefers apples to pears. 3. I know what you mean. / I know what you
are meaning. 4. The boy weighs 25 kilos. / The bag is weighing too much. 5. We
understand Spanish well. / We are understanding Spanish well. 6. The last bus starts
in ten minutes. / The plane is arriving at 5.15 p.m. 7. We are reading the first English
book in the original. / He is always reading books in the translation. 8. Do you like
London? / She is liking this music. 9. She is constantly worrying about her children. /
I am hating the heat. 10. She loves her baby. / She is loving her baby more than
anything else.
Exercise 39. Match the meanings on the left with the sentences on the right.
Exercise 40. Comment on the use of tenses. Correct the mistakes if there are any.
1. We think that English grammar is easy. We are thinking about grammar
right now. 2. She has a lecture once a week. She is having a lecture right now. 3. I
always feel happy when I’m with you. She is feeling happy after the exam. 4. I see
and hear you well. I can’t believe what I’m seeing and hearing. 5. Brian is a nice
boy. The boy is being difficult today. 6. She is always kind to people. Today she is
being especially kind to me. 7. We generally understand each other. We are friends.
Are you understanding me or shall I say it again? 8. He is fundamentally stupid. I
am being stupid, aren’t I? 9. I see her very often. I am seeing her tonight. 10. I
forget his name. I am forgetting my German because I never speak it.
Exercise 41. Decide whether the verbs in these sentences are right or wrong. Correct
those which are wrong.
1. I don’t know your telephone number. 2. Please, don’t make so much noise.
I study. 3. Look! Somebody is climbing up that tree over there! 4. Can you hear
those people? What do they talk about? 5. Are you believing in God? 6. Look! That
man tries to open the door of your car! 7. The Moon goes round the Earth. 8. I’m
thinking it would be a good idea to leave early. 9. The government is worried
because the number of people without jobs is increasing. 10. I’m usually going to
work by car.
Exercise 42. Use each verb twice, once in the Present Simple and once in the
Present Continuous, to complete the sentences.
a. have
1. He _____ four cars, all of them Rolls-Royces. 2. I _____ lunch with my mother
tomorrow.
b. think
1. What _____ you _____ of Stephen Spilberg’s latest film? 2. You’re day-
dreaming. What _____ you _____ about?
c. expect
1. I _____ an important phone call from America. Could you tell me when it
comes? 2. I _____ you’re hungry after so much hard work. Shall I get you
something?
d. appear
1. He _____ to understand what you say to him, but when you ask him a question,
he isn’t so sure. 2. Roy Pond ______ at Her Majesty’s Theatre in the role of King
Lear.
e. smell
1. Something _____ good in the kitchen. What’s cooking? 2. Why _____ you _____
the meat? Do you think it’s gone off?
f. weigh
1. I need to know how much the meat _____ to know how long to cook it for. 2.
Why _____ you _____ yourself? Do you think you’ve put on weight?
g. see
1. I _____ what you mean, but I don’t agree. 2. She _____ a solicitor about her
aunt’s will.
h. have
1. I usually pick up languages quickly, but I _____ difficulties learning Chinese. 2.
He _____ more clothes than a department store.
i. look
1. It _____ as if it’s going to rain. 2. What are you doing on your hands and knees?
_____ you _____ for something?
j. guess
1. That isn’t the answer! You _____ ! Think before you speak. 2. I _____ you’re
wondering what I’m doing here.
k. think
1. What _____ you _____ of doing when you leave here? 2. How much _____ you
_____ it would cost to fly to Australia?
Exercise 43. Put each verb in brackets into the most suitable present tense.
I work in a large office with about thirty other people, most of whom I know
(know) quite well. We …… (spend) most of the day together, so we have all
become friends. In fact, most of my colleagues are so interesting, that I …… (think)
of writing a book about them! …… (take) Helen Watson, for example. Helen ……
(run) the accounts department. At the moment she …… (go out) with Henry
Ballantine, one of the sales representatives, and they …… (seem) very happy
together. But everyone (except Helen apparently) …… (know) that Henry ……
(always make) eyes at Susan Porter. But I …… (happen) to know that Susan ……
(dislike) Henry. 'I can't stand people who …… (apologize) all the time!' she told
me. And besides, I know he …… (deceive) poor Helen. He …… (see) Betty Wills
from the overseas department.' And plenty of other interesting things …… (go on).
For instance, every week money …… (disappear) from the petty cash box. When
you …… (realize) that someone in your office is a thief, it …… (upset) you at
first. But I …… (also try) to catch whoever it is before the police are called in. I'm
not going to tell you who I …… (suspect). Well, not yet anyway!
Exercise 44. Complete the sentences using either the Present Simple or the Present
Continuous of the verbs given in brackets.
B. 1. What you …… (see) in the corner over there? 2. Who is that naughty
boy who …… (always tease) the cat? 3. I …… (see) the Manager tomorrow. 4.
Who …… (prepare) the things for tonight? 5. Go away! I …… (prepare) a
dangerous experiment. 6. I …… (forget) what his name is. 7. You …… (suppose) it
is true? 8. What you …… (think) about at this moment? 9. John …… (hate) cats.
10. You …… (like) what you are doing? 11. George …… (come) to see us next
week. 12. He …… (not go) to enjoy himself at the interview. 13. Dear Mary! It is
lovely here. We …… (enjoy) a period of bright sunshine. 14. You ……
(understand) what I have just explained? 15. It …… (snow) so we must stay
indoors. 16. Children …… (love) to play with sand. 17. My friend …… (keep) on
urging me to visit Italy. 18. I …… (enjoy) every minute of my stay here. 19. You
…… (notice) any change in him? 20. I …… (want) a dozen good cigars, please. 21.
I hope you …… (have) a good time at your friend's. 22. She …… (appear) in the
new play at the Regal Theatre. 23. Your story …… (certainly appear) to be true.
24. Good gracious! Those two buses …… (run) into each other. 25. Shakespeare, I
…… (think), …… (say) that men are foolish. 26. What bears …… (do) in winter?
27. I …… (perpetually get) colds, it is most annoying. 28. I …… (tell) you that
man is not to be trusted. 29. What this sentence …… (mean)? 30. He …… (give)
us a lesson every morning at 9.30.
C. 1. Please, don’t make so much noise. The baby …… (sleep). 2. How many
languages Tom …… (speak)? 3. This machine …… (not work). It hasn’t worked
for years. 4. I …… (not belong) to any political party. 5. Hurry! The bus ……
(come). I …… (not want) to miss it. 6. The River Nile …… (flow) into the
Mediterranean. 7. The river …… (flow) very fast today – much faster than usual. 8.
It ever …… (snow) in India? 9. We usually …… (grow) vegetables in our kitchen
garden but this year we …… (not grow) any. 10. – Can you drive? – No, but I ……
(learn). My father …… (teach) me. 11. You can borrow my umbrella. I …… (not
need) it at the moment. 12. (at a party) I usually …… (enjoy) parties but I …… (not
enjoy) this one very much. 13. George says he is 80 years old but I …… (not
believe) him. 14. Ron is in London at the moment. He …… (stay) at the Hilton
Hotel. He usually …… (stay) at the Hilton Hotel when he is in London. 15. My
parents …… (live) in Bristol. Where your parents …… (live)? 16. She …… (stay)
at her sister at the moment until she …… (find) somewhere to live. 17. – What your
father …… (do)? – He is a teacher but he …… (not work) at the moment.
Exercise 45. Translate into English using either the Present Simple or the Present
Continuous.
Дорогая Карен,
Дай мне знать, как только что-нибудь решишь. И напиши, чем ты сейчас
занимаешься.
Скучаю, Пол.
Тони: Итак, Лейла, расскажите нам, почему так важно спасать джунгли?
Лейла: Существует целый ряд причин. Во-первых, многие растения,
которые используются в медицине, растут только в джунглях.
Мы еще не знаем все растения, ведь их тысячи и тысячи.
Исследователи пытаются разгадать их секреты до того, как они
исчезнут.
Тони: Понятно. А каковы остальные причины?
Лейла: Я уверена, вы слышали о глобальном потеплении?
Тони: Вы имеете в виду то, что в мире становится теплее и теплее?
Лейла: Правильно. Джунгли имеют огромное влияние на климат земли.
Сейчас они исчезают с ужасающей скоростью и очень скоро
исчезнут совсем. Люди делают недостаточно для их спасения.
Тони: Но неужели глобальное потепление действительно является такой
серьезной проблемой? Мне, например, очень нравится тепло.
Лейла: Скажите, что происходит, когда вы нагреваете лед?
Тони: Он тает.
Лейла: Правильно. Полярные шапки содержат миллионы тонн льда. Если
они растают, уровень мирового океана поднимется, что послужит
причиной ужасных наводнений. Многие ученые считают, что
температура уже сейчас поднимается. Мы должны сделать все, что
в наших силах, чтобы предотвратить глобальное потепление. А
это включает сохранение джунглей.
Тони: Спасибо, Лейла. Удачи!
Лейла: Спасибо.
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ
I have gone; we have studied; they have liked; you have read; he has done; she has
been; it has rained
УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ
EXERCISES
Exercise 50. Translate into Russian explaining the usage of the Present Perfect.
1. He has passed the interview and he's happy. 2. Have you ever tasted
African food? 3. We have known each other since 1990. 4. I've been here for an
hour already. 5. The manager hasn't come yet. 6. They have known it all the time. 7.
Thank you for everything what you've done for me. 8. I've studied the last few e-
mails from Paris and I've come to a decision. 9. Have I told you lately that I love
you? 10. Did you forget? I've just told you about it. 11. He has no wife as he has
never met the right person, but he hasn't given up hope. 12. Since I've known you,
you've always been a workaholic. 13. I hope we haven't made a mistake. 14. The
weather has been terrible lately. 15. We've been in class since 10 o'clock this
morning. 16. Jackie has been out of town for two days. 17. I've been to Europe
many times. Have you? 18. – What's the time? – Sorry, I have left my watch at
home. 19. I can't get into the room. I have lost the key. 20. It is absolutely dark in
the room. Who has turned off the light? 21. – I don't see my dictionary on the table.
Who has taken it? – It's me. I have put it on the shelf. 22. – Where are the students?
– They have just left for the library. 23. My sister has always helped me with my
English. 24. You have never heard about it, have you? 25. We haven't yet read
about it in the newspaper. 26. He hasn't written to her yet. 27. I haven't spoken to
him yet. 28. – Has everybody come? – Yes, all are present. We can begin this
meeting. 29. Have you ever seen this film? 30. I have often been to the Museum of
Art. Have you? 31. We have not seen him since we finished school.
Exercise 51. Use the correct form of the verb in the brackets.
1. Bob and Jane are old friends. They …… (know) each other for a long time.
2. I don't like this weather. It …… (be) cold and cloudy for the last three days. 3.
Paul …… (learn) a lot of English since he came here. 4. Victoria can go to bed now,
she …… (finish) her homework. 5. My brother is at home in bed. He …… (be) sick
for a week. 6. I …… (not write) to my sister in a long time. 7. We never ……
(meet) Betty's parents. 8. He never …… (visit) Hong Kong, but he'd like to go there
someday. 9. She already …… (call) them and …… (invite) them to dinner. 10.
Where you …… (be) all this time? I am waiting for you. 11. I am afraid the boss is
out. He …… (go) to the bank. 12. You ever …… (eat) any seafood? 13. My parents
…… (be married) for twenty years. 14. I …… (tell) you this so many times before!
Is it so difficult to understand it? 15. I am so happy that my wedding …… (come).
16. My little cousin already …… (learn) to read. 17. What a strange expression! I
…… (not hear) it for years. 18. Put on your red dress. You …… (not wear) it for so
long! 19. Jack and Amalia are the only people I ever …… (love). 20. We ……
(not hear) from them lately. No news …… (come) so far.
Exercise 52. Use a perfect form choosing a suitable verb from the list:
1. Do the flat, will you? 2. Will you sweep the floor, please? 3. Please, give
Peter this dictionary. 4. Will you send a telegram to Mary, please? 5. Write them a
letter at once, please! 6. Go and tell Mother everything. 7. Will you show the
children your new slides, please? 8. Make fresh tea, please! 9. Bring some more
bread from the kitchen, please! 10. Read this article by all means. 11. Do exercise 5,
please. 12. Will you wash up the dishes, please!
1. Have you ever pretended to be ill to get off work or school? 2. Have you
ever cheated in an exam? 3. Have you ever ridden a camel or an elephant? 4. Have
you ever read your brother's, sister's or friend's letter which was lying around the
house? 5. Have you ever hidden any of your earnings from the tax inspector? 6.
Have you ever taken anything home with you from the hotel? 7. Have you ever
travelled without a ticket on public transport? 8. Have you ever told lies and
invented stories about yourself to impress other people? 9. Have you ever met any
people who could speak Swahili? 10. Have you answered all the questions
honestly?
Exercise 56. Make alternative questions from the following sentences using the
words and phrases given in brackets.
1. Our friends have bought a summer cottage near a river. (rent) 2. I have
never been in Central Asia. (the Far East) 3. John has left his textbook at home. (his
exercise-book) 4. The baby has had a high temperature for several days. (only
today) 5. George has called on Ann today. (telephone) 6. You have had two French
lessons this week. (four lessons) 7. Sue has spent the summer on the sea shore
together with her sister. (all by herself) 8. You are meeting Ann in the cafeteria in
twenty minutes, aren't you? (in the park) 9. You have met George only once this
week. (many times) 10. You look tired. Evidently you have been working hard the
last few days. (not feel well)
Exercise 57. Make questions beginning with Have you ever… using the following
word-combinations:
1. sit on a cactus; 2. meet a famous person; 3. win money in a lottery; 4. spend
one whole day doing nothing; 5. build sand castles; 6. fly in a private plane; 7. sleep
in a tent; 8. find any money in the street; 9. cut your own hair; 10. tell a little
white lie; 11. catch a fish; 12. lose the key to your house; 13. write a poem; 14.
grow tomatoes and strawberries; 15. be to the jungle.
Exercise 58. Answer the questions in the negative using the words in brackets.
1. When did it rain last? (since September) 2. When did you last eat caviar?
(for ages) 3. When did you play chess last? (for a long time) 4. When did he last
write to you? (since last summer) 5. When did you last go to Madrid? (never) 6.
When did you last ride a horse? (for two months) 7. When did you last visit her?
(since last month) 8. When did your boy-friend give you a present last? (since my
birthday) 9. When did you buy fruit last? (for two days) 10. When did you speak to
your German friends on the telephone last? (since New Year)
Exercise 59. Insert already, ever, yet, just into the appropriate sentences.
Exercise 60. Put the sentences into the Present Perfect using the adverbs given in the
brackets.
1. I'm closing the door. (just) 2. She's filling the coffee pot. (already) 3. Are
you visiting Mr. Brown? (ever) 4. Are you listening to that record? (yet) 5. No, I'm
not listening to it. (yet) 6. Is he finishing his work? (already) 7. Isn't he starting to
weed the garden? (yet) 8. They're playing tennis. (never) 9. We're borrowing
Stefan's dictionary. (already) 10. Is Mr. Brown travelling to Europe? (ever)
C. 1. They (own) this house …… 1992. 2. She (borrow) three books a week
from the library …… March. 3. We (not play) tennis …… many years. 4. I (save)
some money every payday …… three months. 5. You (visit) your uncle every
week-end …… last March. 6. I (not clean) my shoes …… three days. 7. He (not
study) English …… many years. 8. It (rain) every Monday …… the beginning of
May. 9. She (play) tennis twice a week …… six months. 10. He (borrow) three of
my books …… last Saturday.
Exercise 65. Supply either the Present Indefinite or the Present Perfect in the
following sentences.
1. I can't speak about the book. I …… (not read) it yet. 2. Every day I ……
(wind up) my watch at 7 'clock in the morning. 3. It's Friday. You …… (see) him
this week? 4. Students usually …… (buy) books at the House of Books. 5. It's a
pity, but I …… (not buy) this dictionary yet. 6. As a rule we …… (do) many
exercises in class. 7. He …… (tell) this joke many times. 8. Something …… (go)
wrong with my watch. 9. I already …… (translate) these sentences into French. 10.
They …… (have) their English many hours a week. 11. She …… (work) much and
usually …… (get) many good marks. 12. We …… (buy) a new TV set this year.
Exercise 66. Supply one of the Present Tenses: the Present Indefinite, the Present
Continuous and the Present Perfect.
1. I must know what you …… (talk) about. 2. I hear that you …… (be) in this
country for some time. 3. He …… (admire) you tremendously. He …… (see) the
play three times. 4. I …… (not know) what Harry always …… (say) to you. 5. I
want to see how much he …… (change) since I …… (see) him last. 6. We ……
(be) to the pictures about twice a week ever since. 7. Hallo, what you …… (do) here
at this late hour? 8. I …… (suppose) you never …… (have) anything to do with
those people? 9. She …… (be awake) since two in the morning. 10. I always ……
(stay) in my dressing-room and …… (rest) till the evening performance. Can't I
come and see you while you …… (rest)? 11. I …… (hear) you …… (look) for a
new house. 12. Since the tragedy Mr. Holmes and I …… (hear) of many strange
things. 13. …… (happen) anything else since your arrival in London?
Exercise 68. Open the brackets using either the Present Perfect or the Past Simple.
Exercise 69. Translate into English using the Past Simple or the Present Perfect.
Exercise 70. Insert the verbs in the Present Perfect or in the Past Simple and other
missing parts of the sentence using the phrases in brackets.
A. 1. The doctor …… today. (visit ten of his patients) 2. His brother …… that
day. (not go to the pictures) 3. It …… the day before yesterday. (rain heavily) 4. The
professor …… two days ago. (examine him) 5. He …… the other day. (call on us)
D. 1. Her husband …… this year. (graduate from the Institute) 2. Their friends
…… that year. (live in the Crimea) 3. She …… last year. (miss many lessons in
French) 4. They …… a year ago. (get acquainted) 5. She …… for a year. (stay in
England) She is studying literature there.
Exercise 71. Finish up the sentences choosing appropriate adverbial modifiers from
the brackets.
Exercise 72. Put the verbs in the brackets either into the Past Indefinite or the
Present Perfect.
Exercise 73. Translate into English using the Present Perfect or the Past Simple.
В. МЕДОВЫЙ МЕСЯЦ
Exercise 75. Paraphrase the following statements using the Present Perfect or the
Past Indefinite with time indicators for, since, it is ... since.
1. I last went to the dentist two months ago. 2. The girls told us about their
plans for the summer in spring but I don't know what they are really doing now. 3.
When I last met George, he was a boy of eighteen. 4. The lesson started ten minutes
ago. 5. I know him quite well. I made his acquaintance three years ago. 6. We
moved to our new flat in September. 7. Ann fell ill in April. She is getting better
now. 8. I am not sure I'll recognize him after these five years. 9. They came to
Moscow in 2004.
Exercise 76. Read the following text and translate it into Russian.
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ
I have been going; we have been studying; they have been sleeping; you have been
reading; he has been doing; she has been cooking; it has been raining
УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ
1. Для выражения длительного действия, которое началось в прошлом,
продолжалось в прошлом, и продолжается сейчас.
I think it’s time to wake the baby up. It has been sleeping for 4 hours already.
We have studied English for three years. = We have been studying English for
three years.
EXERCISES
Exercise 77. Translate into Russian commenting on the usage of the Present Perfect
Continuous.
1. I've been living next door to Alison for five years but I've never spoken to
her. 2. Marie has been going out with Steve for a year now, and they are planning to
get married. 3. This fund has been helping people for generations. 4. The inspector
has been keeping a watch on the house for the last few days. 5. "I have been
keeping this bracelet specially for you," said my grandmother. 6. In my eyes you
can see all the love that I've been feeling. 7. I've been waiting for this holiday for so
long! 8. Where are my letters? Have you been hiding things from me again? 9.
What a smell?! What have you been smoking? 10. For over three centuries farmers
in the Philippines have been growing the finest tobacco leaf in the world.
Exercise 78. Make alternative questions from the following sentences. Translate
them into Russian.
1. I have been waiting for you since 12 o'clock. 2. She has been working here
for 2 hours. 3. They have been sleeping for 8 hours. 4. – What have you been
doing? – I have been marking essays. 5. I have been pruning my roses. 6. I've been
waiting here since three o'clock. 7. I've been drinking too much. 8. That noise has
been going on since they came home. 9. The telephone has been ringing for five
minutes, why don't you answer it. 10. Look at my hands! I've been cleaning your
shoes. 11. He has been coming here day after day for years. 12. I suppose you have
been telling lies again.
Exercise 79. Make general questions from the following sentences and answer them
negatively.
1. Mr. Smith has been staying with them for a fortnight. 2. It has been raining
all the morning. 3. He has been writing this exercise for two hours. 4. The boy has
been fishing since early morning. 5. For a week you have been promising to take
me for a walk. 6. The children have been playing in the garden since their mother
came.
Exercise 80. Put the verbs in the brackets in the Present Perfect Continuous.
1. John is in his room, he …… (sit) there since the morning. 2. For two hours
now we …… (talk) about it and we haven't come to any conclusion yet. 3. John, do
you know where my bag is? I …… (look) for it for half an hour and I can't find it.
4. Look, your brother …… (dance) with that red-haired girl since she came into the
room. 5. He …… (try) to solve this problem for several months now but he hasn't
found a solution yet. 6. She …… (teach) at school for twenty years. 7. Mr. Brown
…… (work) in his room since early morning. 8. The children …… (sleep) for six
hours.
1. How long have you been living in this city? 2. How long have you been
studying in this class? 3. Have long have you been studying English? 4. Have you
been waiting for me for a long time? 5. How long have you been smoking? 6.
Have you been running this firm for a long time? 7. How long have you been
wearing glasses? 8. How long have we already been working? 9. Have you been
doing your present job long? 10. How long have you been peeling all those
potatoes?
1. – Как давно вы уже смотрите этот сериал? – Я смотрю его уже месяц и
все еще не могу понять, что там происходит. 2. Переговоры длятся (to be on)
уже два часа, но президенты пока еще не подписали бумаги. 3. А почему это
вы молчите? Вы опять про меня говорили? 4. Сынок, почему у тебя грязные
брюки? Ты опять играл в футбол? 5. Целый день идет дождь, а я оставила зонт
дома. 6. Пойду в душ, я работал в саду. 7. Джинсы в моде уже больше века.
Люди носят их все это время. А вы носите джинсы? 8. Собака ищет бомбу в
этом здании уже три часа, но пока еще ничего не нашла. 9. Мы ремонтируем
квартиру с весны и очень устали. 10. Он очень беспокоит меня. Он целый день
сидит сегодня, ничего не делая и не говоря. 11. Я думаю о тебе е тех пор, как
мы впервые встретились. 12. Команда упорно тренируется всю зиму, но пока
еще не выиграла ни одной игры. 13. – Ты почему такой сердитый? – Я опять
потерял свой проездной билет. Ищу его с утра, но он пропал. 14. Моя мама
преподает французский язык с 1990 года. 15. Крыши домов покрыты снегом.
Ночью шел снег.
1. Jane is reading. She began reading an hour ago. She …… for an hour. 2.
My sister is knitting a new sweater. She started knitting it a month ago. She …… for a
month. 3. Sam is studying German. He started studying it two years ago. He …… for
two years. 4. My friend is working at his report. He began working at it in the morning.
He …… since morning. 5. They are building a new tube station. They started it in June.
They …… since June. 6. You are taking music lessons. You began taking music lessons
six months ago. You …… for six months. 7. Mary is looking for a job. She began
looking for it in December. She …… since December. 8. George smokes much. He
started smoking ten years ago. He …… for ten years.
Exercise 85. Read the sentences and add a sentence with the Present Perfect
Continuous.
1. We are tired. (we / work / hard) 2. You look unhappy. (you /cry) 3. John's
clothes are dirty. (he / clean / his car) 4. The children are hot and excited. (they /
play football) 5. Tom's skin is red. (he / sunbathe / for hours) 6. Ann's hands are in
ink. (she / write / letters) 7. Mary is slim. (she / keep to a diet) 8. My sweater is
threadbare. (I / wear it / for a few years) 9. He is very good at tennis. (he / play it /
for ten years) 10. He knows every street in this town. (he / live there / for many
years)
Exercise 86. Ask questions beginning with how long.
Exercise 88. Use the correct form of the verb in the brackets.
1. Good gracious, Kit, whatever you …… (do)? You seem to have all the
paint on yourself that there is in the world. 2. I …… (think) about you all day,
Emma. 3. What you …… (do) since we last (meet)? 4. – You look hot. – Yes, I
…… (play) tennis. 5. I …… (work) in a bookshop now. I …… (work) here for
about six weeks. 6. I …… (do) so for thirty years and I'm not going to change my
ways. 7. She …… (have) toothache since she …… (get) up this morning. 8. How
long you …… (know) Susan? 9. We …… (write) invitation cards all morning. We
…… (write) eleven already. And we still not …… (finish) them all. 10. Mary ……
(go out) with Steve for a year now, and they …… (plan) to get married soon. 11. I
…… (keep) a watch on the road for the last few days, trying to catch a glimpse of
you as you passed. 12. And now, gentlemen, I want to know what …… (go on) here
and how long it …… (go on). 13. He …… (chase) this girl for half a year but she
wouldn't even look at him. 14. They …… (think) a lot about this situation these past
few days, since they …… (come) home. 15. There's something I …… (want) to ask
you for the last couple of hours.
Exercise 90. Complete the sentences using the word combinations given below.
1. Why are your eyes red? 2. The kitchen smells of fresh fruit. 3. Why is the
computer switched on? 4. You both look upset. 5. Ben, why are your jeans torn? 6.
My clothes are all on the bed. 7. Your hands are in flour. 8. Why have you all fallen
silent? 9. My fingers are sticky. 10. Little Nancy's face is in something brown. 11.
Why is your room in such a mess? 12. There are empty bottles and glasses and
packets all over the place. 13. Mary, your hands are so cold!
a. celebrate something; b. look for the passport; c. eat a Mars bar; d. talk about me
again? e. eat honey; f. bake a pie? g. my daughter, try on; h. play football; i.
quarrel again; j. look for the programme; k. make a fruit salad; 1.watch television
for hours; m. clean the snow off the doorstep.
Exercise 92. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect
Continuous.
A. 1. They …… all young trees in the park. (plant) The job is done. 2. They
…… young trees in the park since morning. (plant) 3. The children …… the fir-tree.
(decorate) You can see it now. 4. Our parents …… the fir-tree all evening. (deco-
rate) They are still in the drawing-room. 5. He …… the tape-recorder (repair) and
has just begun to use it. 6. He …… the tape-recorder (repair) himself since morning
and hopes to finish it soon. 7. Mary is still in the kitchen. She …… it all morning.
(clean) 8. Mary …… the kitchen (clean) and now it looks tidy and nice.
B. 1. I …… (write) the letter, so perhaps you would post it for me. 2. For the
last two years he …… (write) a history of the Civil War. 3. – What you …… (do)
for the last half hour? – I …… (sit) here working at this problem. 4. We always
…… (live) in a bungalow, so it will seem strange when we move into a house! 5.
How you …… (keep)? Well, I hope. 6. You look very upset. What …… (happen)?
7. He shouldn't drive this evening. He …… (drink). 8. I'd better not drive. I already
…… (drink) quite a lot. 9. The meat must be nearly ready. It …… (cook) for nearly
an hour. 10. You …… (not finish) that book yet? You …… (read) it for more than a
week. 11. I wonder if John …… (forget) my number. I …… (expect) him to call for
the past two hours. 12. I'm sorry we're late. You …… (wait) long? 13. – How long
…… (know) you the truth? – I only just …… (find it out), but I also …… (find out)
a lot of other things just recently. 14. If he …… (ask) me that question once, he will
ask me a dozen times.
C. 1. – Have you brought the book which your uncle …… (read) for the last
three days? – No, I haven't, because he …… (not read) it yet. 2. I …… (look) for
my ring for half an hour. I'm afraid I …… (lose) it somewhere on the beach. 3. I
suppose you …… (tell) her the story of our miraculous escape?! 4. I think children's
shoes …… (become) much cheaper but I can't tell the exact price as I …… (not
buy) any since the beginning of the year. My little girl …… (wear) her old ones for
a few months. 5. What …… (do) you to my desk! I can't find anything! 6. Where is
George? I'm afraid he …… (drink) all the night. 7. He …… (study) at the Academy
of Political Sciences for three years but I think he…… (not get) his degree yet. 8.
Though you …… (try) to tell us the opposite, I am sure we …… (chose) the better
part. 9. – You ever …… (witness) an earthquake? – I just …… (tell) my children
stories about the dreadful consequences of it. 10. He …… (sleep) soundly for two
hours and I …… (forget) to wake him. 11. When are we going to be on top at last?
We …… (climb) for at least three hours and I am afraid we (stop) halfway. 12. That
picture …… (hang) here since my childhood! I should never have thought you
would ask me to sell it! 13. I …… (wonder) all the morning what a conceited young
woman she …… (become). 14. The artificial lighting system of gas-filled tubes
…… (give) a clear daylight effect ever since it was introduced in our city. We ……
(find) it a great boon especially on dark days in our office.
Exercise 93. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Indefinite, the Present Perfect
and the Present Perfect Continuous.
C. 1. Как долго уже у вас болит нога? 2. Сколько Майк уже играет в
шахматы? 3. Вода замерзает при 0° С. 4. Что вы делаете уже больше часа? 5.
Кого вы ждете? 6. Вы меня долго ждете? 7. Я занимаюсь спортом уже 5 лет. 8.
Джек любит мороженое. 9. Они часто делают ошибки. 10. Том сейчас живет
на Хай-Стрит. 11. Я с детства терпеть не могу кошек. 12. Сколько вы уже
читаете эту книгу? 13. Джейн завтра покупает дом. 14. Магазин закрывается в
семь. 15. Подождите, идет сильный дождь. 16. Джим играет в теннис с 2
часов. 17. Лукас носит длинные волосы. 18. Я завтракаю. 19. Я знаю это со
вчерашнего вечера. 20. Мы часто слушаем музыку. 21. Дон никогда не делает
уроки. 22. Я постоянно забываю об этом. 23. Мери пишет письма весь день.
25. Он действует мне на нервы уже два часа.
6. Отец говорит дочери: «Дорогая, если тебе нужен хороший муж, выходи за
мистера Смита. Он действительно тебя любит». «Почему ты так уверен,
папа»? – спрашивает дочь. «Потому что я регулярно занимаю у него деньги
последние шесть месяцев, а он продолжает ходить к нам».
1. – You ……(smoke)?
– Yes, I do.
– How long you …… (smoke)?
– Well, let me see. I …… (smoke) since I …… (be) seventeen. So I ……
(smoke) for almost four years.
– You …… (want) to give it up?
– Yes, I …… (plan) to stop it very soon. In fact, I …… (decide) to do it on
my next birthday.
2. – Where's Irene? She …… (be) absent from class for the last three days.
Anyone …… (see) her lately?
– I have. I …… (see) her yesterday. She has a bad cold, so she …… (be) in
bed since the weekend.
5. – Where's Donald?
– He …… (study) at the library.
– How long he …… (study) there?
– Since two o'clock this afternoon.
– He …… (study) at the library every day?
– Not every day, but often.
Exercise 96. Say, if these sentences are grammatically right or wrong. Correct the
ones which are wrong.
1. I am waiting here for an hour. 2. They have been married since January. 3.
How long do you know Ann? 4. Ann has a bad cold for the last few days. 5. My
brother is studying languages for two years. 6. I always live in London. 7. She
works in Sheffield since February. 8. We are friends since childhood. 9. It has been
raining for weeks. 10. They have been having problems with the children lately. 11.
He has written two articles for a week.
Exercise 97. Supply the Present Continuous, the Present Perfect or the Present
Perfect Continuous.
PAST TENSES
THE PAST INDEFINITE
(PAST SIMPLE)
TENSE
1. Если глагол правильный (the regular verb), то к форме его инфинитива без
частицы to добавляется окончание -ed.
talk – talked end – ended
work – worked open – opened
Если глагол заканчивается на немую -е, то добавляется только -d.
live – lived like – liked
love – loved arrive – arrived
2. Если глагол неправильный (the irregular verb), то форму прошедшего
времени следует искать в таблице неправильных глаголов.
go – went do – did
come – came write – wrote
УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ
Mr. West came up to the house, took the key out of his pocket and opened
the door.
I got up at 7 o’clock a.m. yesterday, had a cold shower, dressed and made a
cup of tea and some sandwiches. I had breakfast, read a paper and went to the office
at about 9 a.m.
КОНСТРУКЦИЯ USED TO
Exercise 98. Make the past form of the verbs, translate them into Russian:
Eat, know, lose, burn, cost, teach, tell, read, say, make, fly, write, begin, run,
take, steal, choose, drive, show, sing, try, stop, remember, pay, rob, cry, die, lie,
flow, nod, prefer, be.
Exercise 99. Fill in the gaps using the following verbs in the Past Simple.
Exercise 101. Read the story of Louis Braille. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past
Simple.
Louis Braille
(1809 - 1852)
“Braille” is a system of reading and writing for blind people.
Louis Braille ____ (be) the son of a French leather worker. He ____ (go)
blind at the age of three when he ____ (fall) on a tool in his father’s workshop. But
Louis was a brave and talented boy. He ____ (want) to be a musician, so he ____
(learn) to play the cello, and at the age of ten he ____ (win) a scholarship to the
National Institute for Blind Children in Paris. He ____ (can) play the cello but he
____ (cannot) read or write.
In 1819 a French soldier Charles Barbier ____ (invent) “night writing”. He
____ (use) patterns of twelve raised dots on paper so that soldiers ____ (can) read in
the dark. Louis Braille ____ (understand) the importance of this invention for blind
people and when he was fifteen, he ____ (begin) to develop it. He ____ (make) it
simpler, with six dots, not twelve. In 1829 he ____ (introduce) it at the Institute.
By 1932 “Braille” was in use all over the world in many languages, but
unfortunately Louis ___ (die) of tuberculosis in 1852 and never ____ (know) of the
importance of his invention.
1. I was born in a big American family. 2. The students were busy preparing
for the exams. 3. I was shy in my childhood. 4. Mrs. Sweet taught geography at
school. 5. We did all the work on time. 6. The scouts heard something strange. 7.
My father read all the detective stories from the local library. 8. It started raining. 9.
Our group liked the new teacher. 10. My little sister had a kitten. 11. We had a nice
journey to Jamaica last year. 12. Our family had dinner early yesterday. 13. We had
great fun at the Halloween party! 14. She had to get up at seven o’clock in the
morning. 15. It snowed a lot this winter.
Exercise 103. Answer the following questions in the negative and explain why you
didn’t do that.
1. Did you watch TV yesterday? 2. Did you travel much last summer? 3. Did
your parents go to the country on Sunday? 4. Did you go to the swimming-pool on
Wednesday? 5. Did you do the shopping at the week-end? 6. Did your friend work
during his holidays? 7. Did you keep any pets in your childhood? 8. Did you often
get bad marks at school? 9. Did you often quarrel with your friends when you were
a kid? 10. Did you make a pie yesterday?
Exercise 104. Ask your partner questions in the Past Simple using the following
phrases:
Exercise 105. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Past Simple.
1. He opened the windows before classes. 2. When we came in, we saw Mr.
Smith. 3. Ann translated a lot of foreign letters at the office last week. 4. He went to
London two months ago. 5. I finished the work at five o’clock the day before
yesterday. 6. My friend Bob wrote to me every week last year. 7. Mrs. Jones lived
in South Africa, when she was a girl. 8. James took his dog for a walk twice a day,
as far as I know. 9. The whole family returned home late that night. 10. Our boss
spoke to us about the benefits of the new machine during the meeting. 11. My
cousins were at the cinema last week. They liked the film very much. 12. His
students discussed some interesting articles from the Times last double-period. 13. I
lost my temper yesterday. 14. Their team won at the last championship. 15. Jim
came to the station too late and missed the train.
Exercise 107. Read the story and ask all possible questions to it.
Bill was at home last night. He cleaned his clothes. First he put them in the
washer. Next he added soap. Later he placed the clothes in the dryer. Then he
folded them. Bill was very proud he did it himself.
Exercise 108. Translate the following questions into English and ask them to your
friends.
1. Куда ты ездил летом? 2. Как долго ты там был? 3. Ты останавливался
в гостинице или снимал комнату? 4. Ты ездил сам или с друзьями? 5. Питание
было хорошим? 6. Погода была хорошей? 7. Что ты делал вечером? 8. Ты
встретил каких-нибудь интересных людей? 9. Как ты добирался туда? 10.
Какие достопримечательности ты видел? 11. Как долго ты там был? 12. Что
тебе понравилось больше всего? 13. Когда ты вернулся домой? 14. Как ты
ехал домой?
1. I went to the Black sea coast in summer. 2. I spent there a fortnight. 3. I got
up early, went to the sea, bathed and lay in the sun. 4. The weather was sunny and
hot. 5. My friend and I rented a nice room in a private house. 6. No, it was not far
from the sea. 7. We cooked our meals at home. 8. Vegetables and fruit were not
very expensive. 9. I greatly enjoyed the holiday.
1. What books did you like to read in your childhood? 2. What subjects did
you learn at school? 3. When did you leave school? 4. When did you become a
student? 5. Where did you spend your last summer vacation? 6. When did you see
your friend last? 7. What present did you get on your last birthday? 8. How many
people did you invite to your birthday party? 9. Why didn’t you buy the dress that
you liked so much? 10. How long did you stay at your friend’s? 11. How much did
you pay for the jacket? 12. What did you see on TV yesterday?
Exercise 111. Translate into Russian the sentences with used to.
A. 1. My grandma used to sit outside the door of her house. 2. Did you use to
play football at school? 3. I’m sure you’ll get used to living in the country. It’s so
nice here! 4. I didn’t use to like reading reference literature but I am getting
interested in it now. 5. He always used to tease his sister. 6. We aren’t used to cold
water. 7. I’ve watched TV every night recently. I never used to do it before. 8. They
aren’t used to hard work. 9. It’s difficult to understand Scottish people if you are not
used to their accent. 10. I’m not used to playing tennis so long. 11. People used to
think that the earth was flat. 12. As far as I know, you used to smoke a pipe, didn’t
you? 13. When I was younger, I was used to swimming long distances, but now I’m
out of practice. 14. There used to be a castle before the Romans came. 15. David
can’t get used to studying regularly. 16. She used to dance every night, but now she
is taking English. 17. Are you used to sleeping late at weekends?
1. He doesn’t play the piano any more but he ____ play it every day. 2. She
doesn’t eat sweets now but she ____ them every day. 3. Miranda ____ my colleague
but we don’t work together any longer. 4. We live in Sussex now but we ____ live
in Scotland. 5. Now there is one cinema in our town but there ____ five. 6. When
they were young they ____ our garden but they don’t like it now. 7. Melly walks
everywhere now. She _____ a horse. 8. He ____ aloud but he never sings now. 9.
His mother ____ him a sandwich to school. 10. She ____ something nice for herself
every week but she can’t afford it now. 11. I ____ a cup of coffee in the morning
but now I drink tea.
Exercise 113. Make some sentences about Dennis using used to.
1. Dennis was in time for work. 2. He didn’t keep late hours. 3. He worked in
the garden. 4. He never read thrillers. 5. He traveled a lot. 6. He smoked 20
cigarettes a day. 7. He played tennis twice a week. 8. He never drank coffee in the
morning. 9. He hardly ever quarrelled with his friends. 10. He took a cold shower
every morning.
Exercise 114. Complete the dialogue with used to or didn’t use to.
А. 1. Теперь она избегает ходить туда так же часто, как раньше. 2. Он,
бывало, появлялся в доме своей матери неожиданно и также неожиданно
исчезал. 3. Она, бывало, часами сидела у открытого окна, глядя на лес за
окном. 4. Иногда она жаловалась на свою трудную жизнь, и ей становилось
легче. 5. Я лично думаю, что теперь вы говорите по-английски лучше, чем
раньше. 6. Теперь он совсем не курит, так как у него плохое здоровье, а ведь
раньше он курил сигарету за сигаретой. 7. Он начал изучать французский, а в
детстве он занимался английским с частным преподавателем. 8. Когда-то он
был весьма состоятельным человеком.
Exercise 120. Use the Present or the Past Indefinite of the verbs in brackets.
A dolphin …… (look) like a big fish with a built-in smile. Actually dolphins
…… (belong) to the same group of living creatures that humans do: mammals.
They …… (grow) larger than we do – up to ten feet long. They …… ( live) in
water but must come to the surface to breathe. And though humans …… (consider)
themselves the most intelligent of all mammals, dolphins may not be too far behind.
A measure of a mammal's intelligence …… (be) the ability to communicate.
Dolphins …… (not use) words in our sense, of course. Dolphin talk …… (be) a
variety of whistles, clicks and creaking sounds. But it …… (work). In one
experiment, Dolphin A, was able to tell Dolphin B. which level to press if he ……
(want) a reward of fish. Only Dolphin A. …… (know) the secret. There …… (be)
no way for Dolphin B to find out unless Dolphin A. …… (tell) him.
We …… (not know) if dolphins …… (call) one another by name as people
do, but something similar …… (seem) to be true. Each dolphin …… (have) a
whistling signal, different in tone and pattern from the signals of other dolphins.
When a baby …… (be) born, its mother …… (whistle) almost constantly for
several days. The baby …… (learn) to know its mother's voice pattern, and ……
(come) when she …… (call). Dolphins …… (imitate) words, laughter and even the
tones of different voices. Dr. John Lilly, a dolphin researcher, once …… (displease)
a dolphin he was working with. The dolphin …… (scold) him angrily in his own
voice and …… (copy) Dr. Lilly very clearly.
Humans …… (think) that they …… (be) superior to dolphins. But what
dolphins …… (think) about humans? (After "Dolphins " by A.H. Lehrer)
E. 1. Когда вы ему дали эту книгу? 2. Вы дали эту книгу Мери или Энн?
3. Я дал ее Энн. 4. Вы не читали мне эту статью? 5. Преподаватель читал им
новый текст. 6. Я хотел прочитать эту статью. 7. Вы отправили ее им сегодня?
8. Вчера был мой выходной. 9. Вчера я проснулся в 7 утра. 10. Кто навестил
вас вчера? 11. Они нечасто оставались на фабрике после шести часов
вечера.12. Кто обычно делал переводы в этой комнате? 13. В прошлом году я
жил около своего офиса. 14. Я всегда ходил туда пешком. 15. Как ваш друг
говорил по-английски? 16. В прошлом году он плохо говорил по-английски.
17. – Какой язык вы изучали в школе? – Я изучал французский. 18. – Сколько
обычно длились ваши занятия? – Обычно они длились два часа. 19. – С кем вы
обсуждали этот вопрос вчера вечером? – Я обсуждал его с родителями. 20. –
С кем вы обычно ходили домой? – Я ходила домой с друзьями. 21. –
Насколько хорошо он обычно знал урок? – Как правило, он знал свои уроки
очень хорошо.
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ
Для образования этой грамматической формы используется вспомогательный
глагол to be в форме прошедшего времени (was для единственного числа и
were – для множественного) и причастие I (Participle I) смыслового глагола.
УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ
from 6 to / till 7 Jane was cleaning the flat from 6 till 7 yesterday.
all day long We were walking in the forest all day long.
the whole day yesterday He was sleeping the whole day yesterday.
The children were playing in the garden while their mother was knitting.
As I was taking a shower, mother was cooking breakfast.
She watched TV while the children were playing in the garden.
While Nancy was cooking dinner her husband read the newspaper.
EXERCISES
Exercise 122. Comment on the use of the Past Continuous, translate sentences into
Russian / Ukrainian.
1. Around us people were talking German, Italian and English. 2. Robert was
talking to some of the other guests on the terrace when Hardy came in. 3. Michael
was continually looking at his watch. 4. – He wasn't staying in the house, was he? –
No, but he was dining there that evening. 5. All night long the stars were glittering.
6. Lizzie was busily eating and didn't raise her head. 7. She was always saying that
only Belinda knew how to treat men. 8. I saw Irene yesterday at the Stores; she and
Mr Bosinney were having a nice little chat in the Groceries. 9. A few minutes later
Dixon was hurrying through the streets to his bus stop. 10. They moved across the
room, which was starting to fill up, to a vacant corner. 11. She was trying to open
her bag as she walked by Annabel's side along the corridor, talking. Her hands were
trembling. 12. He drank some of the wine and ate several chunks of bread while he
was waiting for his dinner to come up. 13. Now I'll be able to get my own back on
you, you were always chipping me about the Grammar School. 14. The house was
humming with activity. The family was preparing for a party. 15. "Size," said Mrs
Stubbs. "Give me size." That was what my poor dear husband was always saying.
He couldn't stand anything small.
Exercise 123. Open the brackets using the Past Continuous where necessary:
A. 1. On that special day Grandma was in her best clothes, she …… (wear)
net gloves and a hat. 2. The child's eyes …… (shine) with excitement as he stared at
the rows and rows of toys in this fantastic shop. 3. The scientists …… (work)
around the clock; they …… (try) to raise funds for further research. 4. She looked
out of the window and saw that the children …… (return) slowly from school. 5.
When we …… (meet) for the first time, he …… (sell) newspapers on the streets. 6.
At exactly this time yesterday they …… (have) a briefing. 7. What you …… (do)
when I …… (call) you? You …… (sleep) or what? 8. We …… (have) a very lazy
holiday. We …… (play) tennis, …… (visit) friends, the children …… (swim) and
…… (sunbathe). 9. Gwenny still …… (leaf) through the magazines when I returned
to the parlour. 10. The middle-aged couple next to me …… (discuss) their plans for
Christmas – who to invite out. 11. The police who …… (investigate) the crime at
the moment, …… (can) find no clues at all. 12. I know that you thought that I ……
(be stubborn) the other day. 13. The train …… (speed) past hills full of cows and
sheep.
1. What were you doing while I was washing up? 2. What were you reading
while I was writing an essay? 3. What was Nick doing while Nelly was washing? 4.
What was mother doing while Nick was taking his bath? 5. What was father doing
while Nelly was laying the table? 6. What was the mother doing while the children
were eating their breakfast? 7. What was Nelly doing while Nick was drinking tea?
8. What was Nick doing while Nelly was looking at herself in the mirror? 9. What
was Nelly doing while father was putting on his coat? 10. What was mother doing
while they were leaving home? 11. What were you doing while it was raining? 12.
What were you doing while the children were sliding on the ice?
Exercise 127. Think of the questions to which the following might be the answers.
1. At 7 o’clock he was just getting up. 2. At that time I was seeing my guest
off. 3. At ten o’clock she was walking her dog. 4. When I saw him, he was opening
the door of your house. 5. While Nelly was washing, Nick was taking his bath. 6.
She was pouring out tea when I brought in the cake. 7. It was raining heavily from
morning till night yesterday. 8. When the telephone rang they were dancing in the
sitting-room. 9. While mother was greeting the guests Nelly was cutting bread and
butter. 10. When the bell rang they were all sleeping. 11. In the kitchen she was
hurriedly cooking dinner. 12. They were having a walk in the park.
Exercise 128. Answer the questions using the word-combinations from the brackets.
1. When did you cut finger? (cook dinner) 2. When did you switch off the
light? (leave home) 3. When did the alarm-clock ring? (already get up) 4. When did
you meet him? (walk in the park) 5. When did she leave? (dance) 6. When did it
begin raining? (wash up after dinner) 7. When did he ring you up? (cook scones for
my tea-party) 8. When did she arrive? (have dinner) 9. When did you last see him?
(leave after our dancing-party) 10. When did you catch cold? (air the room) 11.
When did you break the plate? (carry the dishes into the kitchen) 12. When did she
break her arm? (slide on the frozen pond)
Exercise 130. Match the sentences joining them with when, while, and.
1. I realized at once ……. 2. When I looked in ……. 3. I noticed her for the
first time ……. 4. The girl was still there ……. 5. I was taking my second cup of
coffee ……. 6. I was getting ready to get off the bus ……. 7. We were approaching
the post-office ……. 8. He was writing the last lines of the composition ……. 9.
The guide was taking a small group of tourists round the place ……. 10. She was
wearing her hair long …….
Exercise 133. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense, the Past Simple or the
Past Continuous.
Exercise 134. Put in the correct form of the verb – the Past Continuous or the Past
Simple.
Rita: I hear the lights …… (go) out in your flats last night.
Emma: Yes, I …… (watch) a documentary on TV when suddenly we ……
(lose) all the power. But it ……(come) on again after about ten
minutes.
Vicky: Rachel …… (come) down the stairs when the lights …… (go) out. She
almost …… (fall) over.
Daniel: Matthew and I …… (play) table tennis at the time.
Andrew: I ……(work) on the computer. I …… (lose) a whole hour's work. But
this morning I …… (get) up early and …… (do) it again.
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ
I had gone; we had studied; they had liked; you had read; he had done; she had been;
it had rained
УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ
Betty had already cleaned the flat before her mother came home.
She had fallen out of love with him before the war was over.
Before I got an excellent mark in Physics I had studied very hard.
EXERCISES
Exercise 136. Translate into Russian. Explain the usage of the Past Perfect.
A. 1. The builders had finished the work by the end of the day. 2. The train
had left by the time we reached the station. 3. She had typed the text and was
looking through the files. 4. When the postman came, I hadn’t finished breakfast
yet. 5. Mother had cooked supper and was watching TV. 6. The policeman asked
me if I had seen the accident. 7. The rain had stopped and the sun was shining. 8.
He explained that he couldn’t pay as he had spent all the money. 9. Hardly had the
man got out of his car, when he was arrested. 10. The teacher asked if we had
understood everything. 11. My father had had dinner and was looking through the
papers. 12. We learned that Nick had been ill since he returned from his business
trip. 13. They were good friends. They had known each other for a long time. 14.
The work was much more difficult than we had expected. 15. They left after we had
discussed the programme.
B. 1. Had you washed up before the children came back from their walk? 2.
Had the children returned from the skating-rink before it grew dark? 3. Had the rain
stopped before they came back from school? 4. Had you written to your parents
before you left for England? 5. You had seen your brother before you went to the
Institute, hadn't you? 6. She had gone to bed before you switched off TV, hadn't
she? 7. You hadn't looked through your composition before you handed it in, had
you? 8. She hadn't read the whole of the book before she returned it to the library,
had she? 9. I hadn't seen them on the platform before the train started, and you? 10.
I had come before their lessons were over, and you? 11. I hadn't cooked dinner
before the children returned, and you? 12. I hadn't cooked dinner before the family
assembled, and you?
C. 1. She sat staring at the page she had written last night in New York. How
swiftly her life had changed since she had made that act. 2. And for the first time in
more than twenty years she had found herself living in the city where she had been
born. 3. They walked toward the house. It had been months since they had been
there. They felt comforted by the charm of the house. It had always been a peaceful
place. Ever since they had first set eyes on it, they had thought of it as a living thing.
4. It crossed her mind that she had not been able to go out much since she had
arrived almost five weeks ago. 5. Scott was definitely worried by something. It had
been a long time since I had seen him in such a difficult mood. 6. The children
loved Mat. They had felt safe with him from the very first time they had met on the
moors. 7. She remembered that once, long ago, her mother had said that Maxim was
like a cat with nine lives. How many of his had he used up?
Exercise 137. Answer the following questions using the Past Perfect.
Example: – Why didn't you invite Dick to your party? (go to Moscow)
– Because he had gone to Moscow.
1. Why did she refuse to go to the pictures with you? (see the film) 2. Why
couldn't you get into the flat? (lose the key) 3. Why did you come so soon from
your holiday? (spend all the money) 4. Why didn't you see Ann on Sunday? (go for
the weekend) 5. Why did you rush to the cloak-room during the first break? (leave
the books there) 6. Why didn't you ring Tom up? (quarrel with him) 7. Why didn't
Mike bring the photos to the party? (not develop them) 8. Why didn't you send him
a letter at once? (send a telegram) 9. Why didn't you give Nina the book yesterday?
(give it to Helen) 10. Why were you late for classes yesterday? (miss the 8 o'clock
train) 11. Why didn't you cook salad? (not buy vegetables) 12. Why did he feel so
upset? (lose his job)
Exercise 138. Read about each situation and answer the question.
1. Two men delivered the sofa. I had already paid for it. Which came first, the
delivery or the payment? 2. The waiter brought our drinks. We'd already had our
soup. Which came first, the drinks or the soup? 3. I'd seen the film, so I read the
book. Did I first see the film or read the book? 4. The programme had ended, so I
rewound the cassette. Did I rewind the cassette after or before the programme
ended? 5. I had an invitation to the party, but I'd arranged a trip to London. Which
came first, the invitation or the arrangements for the trip?
Exercise 139. Add a sentence with the Past Perfect using the notes.
1. Claire looked very suntanned when I saw her last week. (just / be on holiday).
2. We rushed to the station, but we were too late. (the train / just / go)
3. I didn't have an umbrella, but that didn't matter. (the rain / stop)
4. When I got to the concert hall, they wouldn't let me in. (forget / my ticket)
5. Someone got the number of the car the raiders used. (steal / it / a week before)
6. I was really pleased to see Rachel again yesterday. (not see / her / for ages)
7. Luckily the flat didn't look too bad when my parents called in. (just / clean / it)
8. The boss invited me to lunch yesterday, but I had to refuse the invitation.
(already / eat / my sandwiches)
Exercise 141. Make negative sentences using the words from the brackets and yet,
according to the example.
Example: They had sent the letter. They hadn't yet sent the letter by 6 o'clock
yesterday.
1. Tom had translated the article. 2. The meeting had begun. 3. They had
finished the construction of the stadium. 4. The children had fallen asleep. 5. These
students had taken their examination. 6. The speaker had made his report.
(by this time yesterday; by 7 o'clock; when he came into the room; by the time you
arrived; by last year; before we returned home).
Exercise 142. Transform the following before-clauses into after-clauses and vice
versa, changing the tense of the verbs accordingly.
1. The rain began after we had come from the Institute. 2. She had fallen
asleep before her family returned from the pictures. 3. She had cooked the cake be-
fore the guests came. 4. Father rang up after I had finished my lessons. 5. I came
home after it had grown dark. 6. They had gone to the skating-rink before the snow
stopped. 7. She poured out tea after her husband had taken the cake from the oven.
8. The storm had stopped before they left the village. 9. They had left the town
before the war began. 10. I visited them after they had got their new flat. 11. He
went to bed after he had done everything. 12. She had washed up before the
children came from the pictures.
Exercise 143. Join following pairs of sentences substituting the Past Perfect for the
Past Simple in one of the clauses according to the sense. Make use of the
conjunctions: after, before, when, till, until.
1. You had studied English before you entered the University preparatory
course. 2. They had arrived at the station by 6 o'clock. 3. James had finished reading
the book by last Sunday. 4. Eve had done her lessons by the time you called her up.
5. The teacher had given the pupils their homework before the bell rang.
Exercise 145. Change the tense of the verb according to the example.
Example: The guests have already gathered (by the time he came).
The guests had already gathered by the time he came.
1. The delegation has arrived. (by last Sunday) 2. The pupils have read this
book. (by last week) 3. Ann has done her lessons. (by the time I came) 4. They have
finished this work. (by 5 o'clock yesterday) 5. We haven't yet seen our teacher.
(before the bell rang) 6. Have you sent the telegram? (before I called you up) 7. He
has translated the article. (by this time yesterday) 8. I have already had dinner.
(when my friend came) 9. She hasn't yet bought a present for him. (when he met
her)
1. The people went home after they had finished their work. 2. The young
man had decided what he would buy before the vase fell down and broke to pieces.
3. The lecture had begun by the time I entered the room.
1. Had you started learning English before you came to study here? 2. Had
you finished learning Russian literature by the time you left school? 3. Had your
friend studied Latin before he entered the University? 4. Had you taken your seat by
the time the teacher came into the class-room? 5. Did you go straight home after
you had finished your classes? 6. Had you done your lessons by this time yesterday?
7. Why hadn't you finished your work before 5 o'clock yesterday? 8. How many
English books had you read by the end of the year? 9. What film had you seen when
I met you at the cinema-house? 10. Why hadn't you invited me to the cinema before
you came home?
Exercise 150. Complete the following sentences using the Past Perfect or the Past
Continuous Tense. Give two variants wherever possible.
1. He saw little of his sister after ……. 2. When I turned round she ……. 3.
When he rang me up in the evening I ……. 4. Everybody believed that they …….
5. We walked home after ……. 6. Before the boy could say anything his friend
……. 7. They thought that she ……. 8. When he reached the house his wife …….
9. My friend told me that he ……. 10. When they arrived in London it …….
Exercise 151. Supply the Past Indefinite, the Past Continuous or the Past Perfect.
1. When …… the ceremony (take place)? 2. Two cars …… (stand by) for an
hour ready to start. 3. I could read from his face that he …… (hesitate) to tell the
truth. 4. She …… (lead) him to the cab that …… (wait) at the door. 5. My father
…… (be) forty and …… (be) a widower for fifteen years. 6. He …… (stand up)
quickly and …… (clasp) his hands which …… (tremble). 7. I …… (meet) him for
the first time the day before yesterday. 8. He asked her where she …… (stay)
because he …… (want) to see her again. 9. Hardly …… we (take) our seats when
he …… (come over). 10. Watson …… (know) that his friend always …… (smoke)
pipe after pipe when he …… (think) over a difficult problem.
Exercise 152. Put the verbs in the Present Perfect or the Past Perfect.
1. It isn't raining now. It …… (stop) at last. 2. We had no car at that time. We
…… (sell) our old one. 3. The park looked awful. People …… (leave) litter
everywhere. 4. You can have that newspaper. I …… (finish) with it. 5. There's no
more cheese. We …… (eat) it all, I'm afraid. 6. There was no sign of a taxi,
although I …… (order) one half an hour before. 7. This bill isn't right. They ……
(make) a mistake. 8. I spoke to Melanie at lunch-time. Someone …… (tell) her the
news earlier. 9. I was really tired last night. I …… (have) a hard day. 10. Don't you
want to see this programme? It …… (start). 11. It'll soon get warm in here. I ……
(turn) the heating on. 12. At last the committee were ready to announce their
decision. They …… (make) up their minds.
Exercise 153. Use the necessary form of the verb in brackets – the Present Perfect
the Past Simple, the Past Perfect.
A. 1. When we finally got to the station, the train already (leave). 2. When I
met Paula in the street yesterday I was feeling hungry, so I (ask) her to have lunch
with me. 3. I was surprised to get my first job because I never (work) in a hospital
before. 4. My parents want to sell their car. They (not use) it for months. 5. The
children didn’t really enjoy their trip to the museum. They were tired because they
already (be) in the castle that day. 6. The flat was very cold when we got home
because we (not close) the windows. 7. The traffic was bad last night so the bus (be)
very late. 8. I last saw Henry in 2004, five years after we left school. I didn’t
recognize him at first because he (change) so much. 9. I never (tell) anyone this
before, but I’m afraid of spiders. 10. We were very excited when we saw some
whales as we (not see) them before. 11. – Were you busy today? – I was in the
morning, but I (have) some free time in the afternoon. 12. Tom and Lisa didn’t
come to dinner last night. They were tired because they just (get back) from Miami.
B. 1. There were a lot of different mobile phones for sale, but most people
(buy) the cheapest. 2. It was very hot all day but in the evening it (rain). 3. Ben
offered us his old computer last week, but we already (buy) one. 4. The cake I made
yesterday wasn’t very nice because I (not make) one before. 5. – Could I have
Kirsty’s phone number, please? – Yes, here it is. I (write) it on this piece of paper
for you. 6. George wanted to go away last weekend because he (not be) anywhere
interesting for ages. 7. – What a beautiful card! – Thanks. I (not make) one before,
so I am very pleased with it. 8. Sue was very nervous about her new job because she
(not work) for several years. 9. When we woke up the air felt cool and fresh. It
(rain) in the night, so everything (smell) wonderful. 10. We were bored, so we (go)
into town to meet some friends. 11. I was late for John’s dinner party because I
(write) his address down wrongly. 12. Gary hasn’t got much money because he (not
work) for a few months.