MBT-70

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 MBT-70: prototype of the German 120 mm-armed version, identifiable by the large fume extractor on the gun barrel.

The MBT-70 was a 1960s joint U.S.-German project to develop a new main battle tank using a number
of advanced design features. It used a kneeling suspension, housed the entire crew in the turret, and the
American version incorporated a gun-fired missile.

By the late 1960s the project was well over budget and the Germans withdrew from the effort,
developing their Leopard 2 instead. Development continued in the US, but the per-unit cost had risen
five times, and in 1971 Congress overrode the Army's objections and the MBT-70's funding was
redirected to create the more conventional M1 Abrams.
Development
In the early 1960s, it became clear that the USSR was planning to introduce an updated version of their
T-62 design using an auto-loading gun and better armor, which was eventually delivered as the T-64.
The new design would place the US's existing M60 tanks at a disadvantage, so the U.S. Army started
looking at designs that would surpass any potential Soviet design. The same was true for the Germans,
whose recently introduced Leopard 1 tanks were on the verge of becoming obsolete only a few years
after being introduced. An upgrade project for the Leopard was already underway, but it appeared this
model would not be enough of an advance to be worthwhile.

The result was a joint agreement to develop a single new tank for both armies. However, this may have
been one of the worst things to happen to the project, as both teams started "pulling" the design in their
own directions. Almost every part of the design was argued over: the gun, the engine, even whether or
not the design would use metric or SAE measurements. The latter debate was eventually "settled" by
deciding to use both, thereby increasing costs considerably.

Suspension

Many of the features of the MBT-70 were ahead of their time. It used an advanced hydropneumatic
suspension system that allowed for fast cross-country speeds even though it was to weigh 50 tons. The
suspension could be raised or lowered on command by the driver, down to put the bottom of the tank
just over 100 mm (4 inches) from the ground, or up to 28 inches (700 mm) for cross-country running.

Armor

The armor consisted of two spaced layers, the inner a softer steel that also served as a spall liner, and the
outer of harder cold-rolled steel. The spacing was included to help defeat HEAT rounds, notably those
on wire guided missiles, then one of the most dangerous weapons deployed against tanks. The design
included bulkheads, fireproof doors, and blow-out sections in the ammunition storage area to minimize
crew injury when a hit was received.

Hull and turret

The MBT-70 was designed with a low silhouette (low height), something which had not been addressed
on the M60 whose high silhouette was considered a serious drawback. In fact, the MBT-70 ended up so
low, just over 6 feet (1.8 m) from the floor to the top of the turret, that there was no room for the driver
in the main hull. Instead he was placed with the rest of the crew in the seemingly oversized turret, in a
contrarotating cupola that was geared to keep him facing forward. If needed, the cupola could be turned
around to face to the rear, allowing the tank to be driven "backwards" at full speed.

Powerplant

US versions were to mount the new Continental AVCR air-cooled V-12 diesel of 1470 hp (1096 kW).
German versions originally used a similar Daimler-Benz model, but later moved to an MTU design of
1500 hp (1,100 kW). The MTU unit could be easily swapped out of the tank, along with the drive train,
in 15 minutes. Both versions could reach 43 mph (69 km/h) on their engines, at the time an unheard-of
speed for such a large tank.

Armament
The US version was armed with the new XM-150 auto-loading stabilized 152 mm gun/launcher system
equipped with a laser rangefinder, then a cutting edge device. The gun was a medium-velocity design
that fired artillery-sized high explosive shells in the anti-personnel role, and used HEAT rounds for
short-range armored threats. For long-range anti-tank firing the gun could be loaded with the Shillelagh
missile. The result was a light gun with the same firepower as a much larger "standard" design. The
Germans were suspect of this design and instead planned to equip their versions with their newly-
developed Rheinmetall 120 mm gun, also equipped with an auto-loader. Secondary armament for both
consisted of a remote-controlled 20 mm cannon that popped up from a hatch behind the driver's cupola
for anti-aircraft use, a 7.62 mm machine gun mounted coaxially alongside the main gun, and smoke
dischargers on either side of the rear turret. The use of an auto-loader for both versions allowed the crew
to be reduced to three: commander, gunner and driver.
Testing
A prototype series started in 1965, with one mild steel hull and six "complete" hulls of both the US and
German versions, for a total of 14 hulls. The lower hull and drivetrain were tested in 1966, and full trials
began in 1968.

The tank proved to be better than the M60 in all other ways. It was considerably faster, both in all-out
speed and, more importantly, with about three times the acceleration. In cross-country performance the
high power engine and excellent suspension allowed it to travel almost three times as fast as the M60
without causing problems for the crew. All of this led to a reduction in the time the tank was exposed to
fire, in testing it was 1/3rd less likely to be seen while maneuvering than the M60, and it could run a 10
km (6 mile) obstacle course in 30 % less time.

Problems

A problem that was not anticipated was that the drivers complained of disorientation when the turret was
rotated, contrary to the predictions of the designers who felt the location of the cupola near the center of
rotation would eliminate this effect. The German 120 mm proved excellent, but the XM-150 was a
serious problem. The similar but smaller XM-81 mounted on the M551 Sheridan proved to be just as
troublesome.
Cancelation
By 1969 the MBT-70 cost five times what was projected, at $1 million a unit. Germany backed out of
the project, and re-started development of what would become the Leopard 2. At this point Congress
also began objecting to the rapidly increasing price, to which the Army responded by introducing a
lower-cost system based on the same design, known as the XM803. This succeeded only in producing
an expensive system with capabilities similar to the M60 it was supposed to replace.

Congress, angered by the delays and cost overruns, cancelled the project in November 1971, and
redistrubuted the funds to the new XM815. This project was later renamed XM1, the project that led to
the very successful M1 Abrams tank. The M-1 had a conventional turret, suspension, gun, but would be
innovative in advanced armour materials and the use of a gas turbine engine.