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ABSTRACT
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Automatic alternator synchronisation
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CONTENTS
Page no:
1. INTRODUCTION 3
2. EXISTING METHODS OF SYNCHRONISATION 4
3. CRITERIA OF DESIGN 6
4. HARDWARE DETAILS 7
5. PROGRAM STRUCTURE 12
6. FLOWCHART 14
7. SYNCHRONISING 21
8. ADVANTAGES 22
9. RESULT 23
10. CONCLUSION 24
11. REFERENCE 25
INTRODUCTION
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Automatic alternator synchronisation
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Automatic alternator synchronisation
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EXISTING METHODS OF
SYNCHRONIZATION AND PRINCIPLE
a. Synchronizing Lamp
1. The terminal voltage of incoming machine must be the same as the busbar
voltage.
2. The speed of the incoming machine must be same such that the frequency is equal
to the busbar frequency.
3. The phase of the alternator voltage must be identical to the busbar voltage.
It means that the switch must be closed at the instant the two voltages are
in correct phase.
Condition 1 can be checked with the help of voltmeter, frequency is
adjusted by varying the prime mover speed. In the dark lamp method the lamps are
connected across the alternator and busbar terminal. If the phase sequence is
different, the lamps will brighten in a cyclic manner correct phase sequence is
indicated by simultaneous darkening brightening of lamps. The switch is closed in
the middle of the dark period. Once synchronized properly, the two alternators
continues to run in synchronism.
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b. sychroscope
The armature of the sychroscope will align itself so that the axis of
windings are R and F are inclined at an angle equal to phase displacement between
V and V’. If there any difference between the frequencies of V and V’ a pointer
attached to the armature shaft will rotate at slip speed, and the direction of its
rotation will indicate whether the incoming machine is running above or below
synchronism. At synchronism, the pointer will remain stationary, but it must be
brought to the particular position which indicates zero phase displacement between
V and V’ before the main switch of the incoming generator is closed.
AUTOMATIC SYCHRONISATION
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synchronisation are satisfied, closing of the main switch of the incoming machine is
done by the automatic synchronizer
CRITERIA OF DESIGN
The auto synchronizer has been developed to carry out the following tasks related
to the synchronization such as
In addition, the auto synchronizer has been designed so that the alternator is
started with in minimum voltage and minimum frequency conditions
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HARDWARE DETAILS
The hardware has been designed to fulfill all the requirements of the
synchronizing process.
Block diagram of auto synchronizer setup is shown in fig (1)
A microprocessor trainer kit is used as a controller for the setup. Also the figure
showing the auto synchronizer setup consist of
a Frequency control unit
b Voltage control unit
c Potential transformer unit
d Signal conditioning card
e Display card and
f Circuit breaker with the switching circuit.
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providing a rheostat in the field circuit of the alternator. The automatic variation of
excitation current is obtained by lead screw and stepper motor (SM2) arrangement
similar to the one used for frequency control.
This unit consists of a bank of four shell type transformer (P.Ts). Out of
the four transformers thee are used for stepping down three phase voltages of
alternator and the remaining one is used for stepping down the voltage of the phase
R of the bus bar. The potential transformers connected to the phase R of the bus
bar and the phase R of the alternator are having two secondaries. Hence one
secondary is used for voltage measurement and the other is used for frequency
measurement .The potential transformers connected to the Y and B phases have
only one secondary each
It is subdivided into (i) signal conditioning card and (ii) ADC subunit.
The signal conditioning subunit consists of for identical circuits each of
which comprises of a zero crossing detector (ZSD)(for ralt,yalt,balt and rbus) two
rectifier and filter circuits for ralt2 and rbus2 and an inphase sequence detector and
an inphase instant detector as shown in fig.(1).
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Automatic alternator synchronisation
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Automatic alternator synchronisation
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5 Display Card
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Automatic alternator synchronisation
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represent the three inphase synchronization conditions and circuit breaker position.
Also the kit display is used for displaying messages such as ‘HALT’,’DONE’etc.
PROGRAM STRUCTURE
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The following subroutines are developed and called in the main program
1 IN PHASE : The subroutine checks the in phase instant of Ralt and Rbus
Where Ralt refers to the phase R of the incoming alternator
Rbus1 refers that of the bus bar.
2 LSW : This subroutines checks if the limit switch is closed or not
3 SM : Rotates the stepper motor in either direction
4 KCLOSE : Checks the closure of the key handled by the operator
5 PSEQ : Checks the phase sequence of the alternator
6 FRQ : Measures the frequency of the alternator or bus bar
7 VOLM : Measures the voltage of the alternator or bus bar
8 CMPHD : Compares the contents of HL and DE register pair
9 SUBDH : Subtract the contents of DE pair from contents of HL pair
10 In addition the following monitor subroutines are used whenever required :
a. CRLF clears the display
b OUT MSG displays the given message on the display
c delay provides delay in the program
d DONE Displays the message ‘DONE’
Fig (4) shows flowchart of the main program for autosynchronising setup.
The status of the limit switches LS1and LS2 are checked. These are provided
with the field circuit rheostats of exciter and driving motor. Accordingly the
stepper motors are rotated in appropriate directions to obtain initial
positions respectively of field rheostat (Rf) and exciter rheostat (Rex) . ht
emessage ‘START’ is displayed indicating operator to start the DC motor
(prime mover). When the operator sees the prompt, he switches ‘ON’ the DC
motor of the alternator. Once the alternator is started, it develops some
voltage at some frequency; following sequence of events will take place
automatically.
1. Detection of phase sequence
2. Frequency measurement and control
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FLOWCHART
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Before alternator is connected to the busbar first of all we have to ensure that the
phase sequence of the incoming alternator is the same as that of the busbar. The
program checks the ZCD outputs corresponding to Ralt and Yalt phases for their
low to high transitions and count corresponding to time T1 as shown in fig (8) is
obtained using subroutine ‘PSEQ’. Similarly the ZCD outputs corresponding to
Ralt and Balt are measured or checked for their zero to one transition and count
corresponding to time T2 is obtained. To check the phase sequence, T1 and T2 are
compared . When T1 is greater than T2, the phase sequence is not correct. This
condition is indicated by ‘N’ and the display of message ‘HALT’ will be there and
the program execution is stopped on the other hand, if T1 is less than T2, the phase
sequence is ‘OK’ or correct and is indicated by ‘O’. There after the program control
is transferred to frequency measurement and control part.
The subroutine FRQ written for frequency measurement of bus 0or alternator
checks their respective ZCD outputs for low to high transitions
In software, the register HL(for busbar signal) or DE (for alternator signal)
initialized with zero components are incremented till the ZCD outputs are in a high
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The digital output corresponding to the alternator and bus voltages are obtained by
the following method. The busbar output and the incoming alternator output are
first stepped down in the same ratio using P.T unit. These step-down transformer
signals are fed to the rectifier and filter circuits. The output from it is given to ADC
through separate channels. ADC output ie; the digital outputs are compared and the
difference of these is obtained. When the difference is less than the allowed
difference,(1%) the ‘VE’ is displayed and the program execution is continued.
When the difference is greater than allowed difference, either ‘VH’or ‘VL’
is displayed to indicate high or low voltage of alternator respectively. The stepper
motor (SM1) is rotated in appropriate direction to bring the difference with in the
limit till ‘VE’ is displayed.
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SYNCHRONISING
After satisfying all these condition, the time (Ti) between consecutive inphase
instants of Rbus and Ralt (obtained from inphase instant detector) is measured
using 8253 in mode ‘0’. The time interval (Ti-To) where T0 is operating time of
switching circuits, is obtained.
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The closure of circuit breaker is achieved by sensing next inphase instant with delay
of (Ti-T0) which will enable to switch on the circuit exactly at the next inphase
instant.
ADVANTAGES OF MICROPROCESSOR
BASED ALTERNATOR SYNCHRONISATION
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RESULT
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Automatic alternator synchronisation
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The phase sequence has been checked by using developed prototype. When phase
sequence is R.Y.B the auto ‘synchronizer’ gives a prompt to the operator by
displaying ‘O’ (ie inphase sequence OK). For the improper phase sequence, ie
R.B.Y., the auto synchronizer displays ‘n’(NOT OK)and ‘Halt instruction gets
executed to stop entire operation.
The frequency of incoming machine which depends on the speed of the alternator,
ie prime mover (dc shunt motor)is measured and adjusted to bring the difference in
frequency with in the tolerance limit.
To achieve the equality of voltages, the exciter voltage or circuit resistance was
adjusted by auto synchronizer. After obtaining proper phase sequence, equality of
frequency and voltage, the auto synchronizer has to carry out synchronization
CONCLUSION
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REFERENCES
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Automatic alternator synchronisation
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NOTE:-This work is copyright (©) to its Authors. This is only for Educational Purpose.
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