I. Прочитайте текст и переведите письменно.

THE NATURE OF ELECTRICITY Природа электричества.

Practical electricity is produced by Фактически электричество
small atomic particles known as electrons. производится малыми атомными
It is the movement of these particles частицами, известными как электроны.
which produce the effects of heat and Движение этих частиц создает эффект
light. тепла и света.
The pressure that forces these atomic Воздействие, которое заставляет эти
particles to move, the effects they атомные частицы двигаться, эффекты
encounter opposition and how these forces противодействия сталкиванию и как
are controlled are some of the principles эти силы находятся под контролем,
of electricity. некоторые из принципов
Accepted atomic theory states that all электричества.
matter is electrical in structure. Any object Общепринятая атомная теория
is largely composed of a combination of утверждает, что вся материя
positive and negative particles of электрическая в структуре. Любой
electricity. Electric current will pass объект, в основном состоит из
through a wire, a body, or along a stream комбинации положительных и
of water. It can be established in some отрицательных электрических частиц.
substances more readily than in others, Электрический ток будет проходить
that all matter is composed of electric через провод, тело, или вместе с
particles despite some basic differences in потоком воды. Он может создаваться в
materials. The science of electricity then некоторых веществах легче, чем в
must begin with a study of the structure of других, вся эта материя (вещество)
matter. Matter is defined as any substance состоит из электрических частиц,
which has mass (or weight) and occupies несмотря на некоторые основные
space. This definition should be broad отличия в материалах. Наука об
enough to cover all physical objects in the электричестве в таком случае должна
universe. Wood, water, iron, and paper are начинаться с изучения структуры
some examples of matter. Energy is материи (вещества).
closely related to, but not to be confused Вещество определяется как любая
with, matter. Energy does not have mass, субстанция, которая имеет массу (или
 and it does not occupy space. Heat and вес) и занимает пространство. Это
light are examples of energy. определение должно быть достаточно
The smallest particle of matter which обширным, чтобы охватывать все
can be recognized as an original substance физические объекты во Вселенной.
was thought to be a unit called the atom. Дерево, вода, железо и бумага
Recently scientists have found particles некоторые из примеров материи
even smaller than atoms, but our theories (вещества). Энергия тесно связана, но
are still based on the atom. The atom не следует путать с материей. Энергия
consists of a nucleus and a cloud of не имеет массы и она не занимает
electrons. It is generally agreed that the места. Тепло и свет являются
electrons are small particles of electricity, примерами энергии.
which are negative in nature. These Наименьшая частица материи, которая
particles orbit the nucleus in much the может быть признана в качестве
same fashion that planets orbit a sun. исходного вещества считалась
элементом называемым атомом.
Недавно ученые обнаружили частицы,
даже меньше, чем атомы, но наши
теории по-прежнему основаны на
атоме. Атом состоит из ядра и облака
электронов. Принято считать, что
электроны представляют собой
небольшие частицы электричества,
которые отрицательны по своей
природе. Эти частицы на орбите ядра
во многом схожи с планетами
вращающимися вокруг солнца.
II.Переведите и запомните слова.
Electricity - электричество, electron – электрон, effect - эффект, structure - структура,
combination - комбинация, material - материал, mass - массивный, energy –
активность/мощность, atom - атом, orbit – орбита.

III. Переведите.
1) производить – to be produced; 2) частица - particles; 3) тепло и свет - heat and light;
4) напряжение - pressure; 5) сила - force; 6) вещество - matter; 7) положительный -
positive; 8) отрицательный - negative; 9) электрический ток – electric current; 10) вес
- weight; 11) ядро – nucleus.

IV. Переведите и запомните слова.

1) atomic particle – элементарная атомная частица; 2) effects of heat and light –
воздействие тепла и света; 3) encounter opposition – встречать сопротивление; 4)
principles of electricity – принципы электричества; 5) composed (of) – состоящий из;
6) pass through a wire – проходит по проводу; 7) structure of matter – структура
материи; 8) occupy space – занимать место; 9) physical objects – физическое тело;
10) a cloud of electrons – электронное облако; 11) in the same fashion – таким же
образом.

V. Дополните предложения
1. Electricity is produced by small atomic particles known as electrons.
2. The effects of heat and light are produced by the movement of these particles
3. According to the accepted atomic theory all matter is electrical in structure.
4. Any object is composed of a combination of positive and negative particles of
electricity.
5. Matter is defined as any substance which has mass (or weight) and occupies space.
6. Energy must not be confused with matter.
7. The atom consists of a nucleus and a cloud of electrons.
8. The smallest particle of matter is the atom
9. Electrons are small particles of electricity
VI. Ответьте на вопросы.
1) What are the principles of electricity? 1) The pressure that forces these atomic
particles to move, the effects they
encounter opposition and how these forces
are controlled are some of the principles
of electricity.
2) What must the science of electricity 2) The science of electricity then must
begin with? begin with a study of the structure of
matter.
 3) Are there any differences between 3) Matter is defined as any substance
energy and matter? What are they? which has mass (or weight) and occupies
space. This definition should be broad
enough to cover all physical objects in the
universe. Wood, water, iron, and paper are
some examples of matter. Energy is
closely related to, but not to be confused
with, matter. Energy does not have mass,
and it does not occupy space. Heat and
light are examples of energy.
4) What is recognized as an original 4) The smallest particle of matter which
substance now? can be recognized as an original substance
was thought to be a unit called the atom.

VII. Напишите несколько предложений на одну из тем.

2. The nature of matter;
Matter is anything that has weight or mass and takes up space.
All matter may be classified as either solid, liquid, or gas. Solids are firm and have a
definite form. Rubber, wood, glass, iron, cotton, and sand are all classified as solids. A
considerable force would be needed to change the shape of volume of an iron bar, for
example, because the atoms or molecules of a solid are densely packed and have very
little freedom of movement.
Solids may be further divided into 2 classes: crystalline and amorphous. Crystalline
solids (rocks, wooed, paper etc.,) are made up of atoms arranged in a definite pattern.
When these solids are heated, they change to a liquid, known as melting, is sharp and
clear. In amorphous substances (rubber, glass and sulfur), the pattern of the atoms is not
orderly, and when heated, they gradually soften.
Liquids are not rigid. The atoms or molecules of liquids attract each other and thereby
enable liquids to flow. But these atoms are loosely structured and do not keep their shape.
Therefore a liquid will take the shape of any container in which it is poured, however,
liquids have a definite volume: a quart of milk cannot fit in a pint container.
Gases, such as air, o9xugen, and carbon dioxide, have no fixed shape or volume of their
own. They diffuse or spread out to fill any container. The atoms or molecules of gases are
widely spaced and move very rapidly, they either compress or expand to adapt to any
area.

I. Прочитайте текст и переведите письменно.

ELECTRIC CURRENT ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИЙ ТОК

The electric current is a quantity of Электрический ток — это количество
electrons flowing in a circuit per second of электронов, протекающих в цепи за
time. The unit of measure for current is секунду. Единицей измерения тока
ampere. If one coulomb passes a point in a является ампер. Если за каждую
circuit per second then the current strength секунду через точку в цепи проходит
is 1 ampere. The symbol for current is I. один кулон, то сила тока составляет 1
The current which flows along wires ампер. Символом тока является I.
consists of moving electrons. The Ток, который течет по проводам,
electrons move along the circuit because состоит из движущихся электронов.
the e .m. f. drives them. The current is Электроны движутся по цепи, потому
directly proportional to the e. m. f. что их приводит в движение
In addition to traveling through solids, электродвижущая сила (ЭДС). Ток
however, the electric current can flow прямо пропорционален ЭДС.
through liquids as well and even through Однако, помимо прохождения через
gases. In both cases it produces some most твердые частицы, электрический ток
important effects to meet industrial может протекать и через жидкости, и
requirements. Some liquids, such as даже через газы. В обоих случаях это
melted metals for example, conduct имеет важное значение для
current without any change to themselves. удовлетворения потребностей
Others, called electrolytes, are found to промышленности.
change greatly when the current passes Некоторые жидкости, например
through them. расплавленные металлы, проводят ток
When the electrons flow in one без каких-либо изменений для себя. А
direction only, the current is known to be другие, называемые электролитами,
d. c., that is, direct current. The simplest сильно изменяются при прохождении
source of power for the direct current is a через них тока.
battery, for a battery pushes the electrons Когда электроны текут только в одном
in the same direction all the time (i.e., направлении, ток, как известно,
from the negatively charged terminal to является постоянным, обозначаемым
the positively charged terminal). буквами DC. Простейшим источником
The letters a. c. stand for alternating постоянного тока является батарея,
current. The current under consideration поскольку батарея все время толкает
flows first in one direction and then in the электроны в одном и том же
opposite one. The a. c. used for power and направлении (то есть от отрицательно
lighting purposes is assumed to go заряженной клеммы к положительно
through 50 cycles in one second. заряженной).
One of the great advantages of a. c. is Буквы «AC» обозначают переменный
the ease with which power at low voltage ток. Рассматриваемый ток течет
can be changed into an almost similar сначала в одном направлении, а затем в
amount of power at high voltage and vice противоположном.
versa. Hence, on the one hand alternating Предполагается, что переменный ток,
voltage is increased when it is necessary используемый для питания и
for long-distance transmission and, on the освещения, проходит 50 циклов за одну
other hand, one can decrease it to meet секунду. Одним из больших
industrial requirements as well as to преимуществ переменного тока
operate various devices at home. является легкость, с которой мощность
Although there are numerous cases при низком напряжении может быть
when d. c. is required, at least 90 per cent преобразована в почти аналогичное
of electrical energy to be generated at количество мощности при высоком
present is a. c. In fact, it finds wide напряжении и наоборот.
application for lighting, heating, Следовательно, с одной стороны,
industrial, and some other purposes. переменное напряжение увеличивается,
когда это необходимо для передачи на
большие расстояния, а с другой
стороны, его можно уменьшить, чтобы
удовлетворить промышленные
требования, а также использовать
различные устройства в домашних
условиях.
 Хотя существует множество случаев,
когда требуется постоянный ток, по
крайней мере 90 процентов
электрической энергии, которая
генерируется в настоящее время,
является переменным током. На самом
деле, он находит широкое применение
для освещения, отопления,
промышленности и некоторых других
целей.

II. Переведите и запомните слова

Electric – электрический, ampere - ампера, symbol - символ, proportional -
пропорциональный, industrial - промышленный, metal - металл, electrolyte -
электролит, battery - аккумулятор, generate - генерировать.
III. Переведите
a. 1) течь, протекать – the leak to proceed; 2) цепь, схема – chain, scheme; 3) единица
измерения – unit of measure; 4) провод - wire; 5) электродвижущая сила –
electromotive force; 6) твердое тело – the solid body; 7) жидкость – the liquid; 8)
проводить (ток) – to current; 9) источник энергии – the energy source; 10)
постоянный ток – direct current; 11) переменный ток – AC current; 12) напряжение -
voltage.
IV. Переведите и запомните слова
b. 1) to meet industrial requirements – отвечать промышленным требованиям; 2)
melted metals – расплавленные металлы; 3) to push in the same direction –
продвинуться в том же самом направлении; 4) negatively (positively) charged
terminal – отрицательно (положительно) заряженный терминал; 5) power and
lightning purposes – мощности и молнии целей; 6) long-distance transmission –
передачи на дальние расстояния; 7) to operate devices – управление устройствами;
8) to find wide application – найти широкое применение.
V. Напишите являются ли утверждения верными (T )или ложными (F).
1. The symbol for current is I. (T)
2. The electric current can flow only through liquids. (F) - The electric current can flow
only through liquids.
3. The current can be of two types: direct current and alternating current. (T)
4. The alternating current flows in one direction. (F)- The alternating current flows in one
direction.
5. A battery is the simplest source of power for the direct current. (T)
6. Direct current finds wider application than alternating current. (T)
7. Electrolytes don’t change greatly when current passes through them. (F) - Electrolytes
don’t change greatly when current passes through them.
8. One of the great advantages of alternating current is the ease with which voltage can be
changed. (T)
VI. Заполните пропуски словами:direct current, solids, conduct, electric current,
liquids, voltage, alternating current
 A quantity of moving electrons flowing in a circuit is the a) electric current.
 The current can flow through b) solids and c) liquids.
 Some liquids d) conduct current without any change to themselves.
 When the electrons flow in one direction only, the current is known to be e) direct
current.
 The current flowing first in one direction and then in the opposite one is f)
alternating current.
 Such advantage of alternating current as alternating g) voltage finds wide
industrial and household application.
VII. State the questions to the underlined words:
1. Melted metals conduct current without any change to themselves. - What melted
metals conduct current without any change to themselves?
2. Alternating voltage can be changed to operate various devices at home. - Can
alternating voltage be changed to operate various devices at home?
3. A battery pushes the electrons in the same direction. - Does a battery push the
electrons in the same direction?
4. The alternating current is used for power and lightning purposes. - What is the
alternating current used for?
VIII. Напишите несколько предложений на тему «Types of electric current and
its properties»
Electricity is one of the basic forms of energy. Electricity is associated with electric
charge, a property of certain elementary particles such as electrons and protons, two of
the basic particles that make up the atoms of all ordinary matter. Electric charges can be
stationary, as in static electricity, or moving, as in an electric current.
The charges are free electrons (in metals) or ions (in liquids and gases). We can easily
understand the nature of the electric current on the basis of electron theory. An atom is a
complex particle in which tiny electrons move around a nucleus. In metals some of the
electrons move freely among the atoms. There are free electrons. The electromotive force
causes the electrons to move through the metal conductor.
There are two types of the electric current, namely, the direct current (d. c. for short) and
alternating current (a. c.). The electric current can heat a conductor, it can have chemical
action, or it can produce the magnetic effect.
The electric current starts to flow from a battery or a generator, passes through wires,
lamps, meters and other resistance and returns to its starting point. All these devices and
conductors constitute the circuit. A steady electric current, like a water current, has the
same value at all parts of a simple unbranched circuit.
The electric current flows only when there is a different of potential between the two
points in the circuit. The opposition to the current flow is the resistance. Thus we can say
that the current is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the
resistance (Ohm’s law).
There are special units of measurement of electric quantities. The ampere is a unit of rate
of flow of electric current. The ampere indicates the amount of electric current. The volt
is a unit of electrical pressure. The international volt creates a current of one international
ampere in a conductor, which has a resistance of one international ohm. The watt is a unit
of power, which electric devices develop. One watt is equal to a current of one ampere as
a result of one volt.
We measure these electrical quantities with the help of special instruments named as
measuring devices. We measure current with ammeter, voltage with voltmeter and power
with wattmeter.
Ammeters measure the current flowing in a circuit and normally have scales graduated
(or calibrated) in amperes, milliamperes, or microamperes. The ammeter has a low
resistance coil not to absorb an appreciable amount of power; therefore, we connect the
ammeter into a circuit in series.
Voltmeters measure the potential difference between the two points in a circuit. We
connect a voltmeter in parallel across the points where it is necessary to measure the
difference of potential. The resistance of voltmeter operation coil is as high as possible to
limit the amount of power consumed by it.