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Question 1
OSI Model and TCP/IP are related because both of them are layered models. The first four layers
functions of the OSI model corresponds to the first four layers of the TCP/IP. The three uppermost
layers of OSI model are represented by the Application layer of TCP/IP. In both models each layer
receives services from the immediate layer below it and the communication is peer-to-peer between
layers. In other words, the information send from the application layer is understandable only by the
application layer at the receiving node, and so on.
Question 2
Routers, switches and bridges are networking equipments that break up collisions.
IPX uses 10 byte addresses or 80 bits. IPX is a 32 bit network address followed by a 48 bit host.
Routers supports from Layer 1 to Layer 3 of the OSI Model (Physical, Data Link and Network Layers).
ICMP, IGMP and IP are three of the TCP/IP Internetwork Layer Protocols. Besides ARP and RARP
TCP/IP Internetwork Layer Protocols too.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is the TCP/IP Transport Layer Protocol that provides end-to-end, best
effort, transaction oriented, and connectionless service.
Question 4
TCP/IP Protocol Suite and OSI model are similar because both of them are layered models. TCP/IP
Protocol Suite is a made of five layers while OSI model is a seven layers model. The Application layer
in TCP/IP is equivalent to the combined session, presentation and application layers of the OSI model.
Transport, Network, Data Link and Physical are present on both models.
The layers in TCP/IP Protocol suite are not necessarily interdependent, but contain relatively
independent protocols that can be mixed and match depending on the needs. In the OSI model, each
layer functions are specified, and these functions are independent from layer to layer.
Another important difference is that TCP/IP is a hierarchical protocol suite, while the OSI model is a
layered framework for the design of network systems that allows communication between any kinds of
computer systems. OSI model is not a protocol, but it is a guideline for understanding and designing a
network infrastructure flexible, robust and interoperable.
Problem 5
Problem 6
Net id = 128.23.0.0
AND 10000000.00101101.00000000.00000000
Net id = 128.45.0.0
They are both class B networks. When we compare the network ids of both ip addresses
(assuming no subnetting) they are in different networks, therefore the message needs to travel
through a router to get to the destination.
Net id =128.23.0.0
Destination Address 128.45.23.70
Net id = 128.45.0.0
They are both class B networks. When we compare the network ids of both ip addresses
(assuming no subnetting) they are in different networks, therefore the message needs to travel
through a router to get to the destination.
Net id = 18.0.0.0
Net id = 18.0.0.0
They are both class A networks. When we compare the network ids of both ip addresses
(assuming no subnetting) they are in the same network, therefore the message does not need to
travel through a router to get to the destination.
Net id = 198.23.67.0
Destination Address 198.45.23.7
Net id = 198.45.23.0
They are both class C networks. When we compare the network ids of both ip addresses
(assuming no subnetting) they are in different networks, therefore the message needs to travel
through a router to get to the destination.
Class C
Net id 11000001.00010111.01000011.01000000
193.24.67.64
Class C
Net id 11000001.00010111.01000011.10000000
193.24.67.128
First Address 193.24.67.129
The network address for the first ip address is 193.24.67.63 and for the second one is
193.24.67.128. . The hosts are in different networks; therefore the message needs to travel
through a router to get to the destination host.
Problem 7
# hosts/subnet = 214-2=16382
135.134.11.66 10000111.10000110.00001011.01000010
135.134.0.0
10000111.10000110.00111111.11111111
135.134.63.255
135.134.64.0
10000111.10000110.01111111.11111111
135.134.127.255
Target IP Address
135.134.11.66
135.134.0.1-
1 135.134.0.0 135.134.63.254 135.134.63.255
135.134.64.1-
2 135.134.64.0 135.134.127.254 135.134.127.255
135.134.128.1-
3 135.134.128.0 135.134.191.254 135.134.191.255
135.134.192.1-
4 135.134.192.0 135.134.255.254 135.134.255.255
Note: In classful subnetting the first and last networks are not usable because they are reserved
for network and broadcast addresses, respectively.
# hosts/subnet = 26-2 = 62
Target IP Address
Target IP Address Subnet mask
192.44.82.16
192.44.82.16 255.255.255.192
Subnet Usable Address
Network ID Network Address Range Broadcast
Target IP Address
Target IP Address Subnet mask
25.34.12.56
25.34.12.56 255.224.0.0
Network Subnet Usable Address
Network ID Address Range Broadcast
Target IP Address
Target IP Address Subnet mask
133.135.112.66
133.135.112.66 255.255.224.0
Subnet Usable Address
Network ID Network Address Range Broadcast
133.135.0.1-
1 133.135.0.0 133.135.31.254 133.135.31.255
133.135.32.1-
2 133.135.32.0 133.135.63.254 133.135.63.255
133.135.64.1-
3 133.135.64.0 133.135.95.254 133.135.95.255
133.135.96.1-
4 133.135.96.0 133.135.127.254 133.135.127.255
133.135.128.1-
5 133.135.128.0 133.135.159.254 133.135.159.255
133.135.160.1-.133.135.1
6 133.135.160.0 91.254 133.135.191.255
133.135.192.1-
7 133.135.192.0 133.135.223.255 133.135.223.255
133.135.224.1-
8 133.135.224.0 133.135.255.254 133.15.255.255
Note: In classful subnetting the first and last networks are not usable because they are reserved
for network and broadcast addresses, respectively.
Target IP Address
Target IP Address Subnet mask
10.34.12.56
10.34.12.56 255.240.0.0
Network Subnet Usable Address
Network ID Address Range Broadcast
Problem 8
Data given:
Class B 190.17.0.0/16
16 7 9
Total hosts per subnet left unused after expected growth met = 10
Problem 9
Data given:
14 remote offices
Class B 190.18.0.0/16
Solution:
Total hosts per subnet left unused after expected growth met = 10
Note: for the design I used the network 190.18.254.255/23 and subnet it on /30 addresses to
assign them on the WAN links. Besides, we have to reserve 10 more of this /30 networks for the
future wan links. Therefore, we have to subtract this addresses to the subnets left over, hence
we still have 103 /23 subnets to use and 103 /30 network for future use.
For the internet WAN link the Main Office Core Router will have assigned the odd ip address of the
two usable ip addresses, in this case 190.18.254.57/30.
Internet
39 190.18.254.56 190.18.254.57 190.18.254.58 190.18.254.59
WAN lin
40 190.18.254.60 190.18.254.61 190.18.254.62 190.18.254.63 RESERVE
Problem 10
Data given:
Solution:
121.88.0.0/25
Total Block for 300 networks of 128 addresses each = 121.88.0.0/25 to 121.88.149.255/25
121.88.150.0/28
121.88.182.0/30
IP addresses used:
300*128 = 38400
500*16 = 8000
1200*4 = 4800
51200
Total Available IP addresses = 65536-51200 = 14336 still available IP addresses for future
use