МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ

Минский государственный лингвистический университет

ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ ГРАММАТИКА

АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

Практикум

для студентов высших учебных заведений, обучающихся по специальности

1-02 03 08 «Иностранный язык (английский)»

Минск 2013

УДК 811.111’36(075.8)

1
ББК 81.432.1─923.132

Б 94
Р е к о м е н д о в а н о Редакционным советом Минского
государственного лингвистического университета. Протокол №

от

Р е ц е н з е н т ы: доктор филологических наук, профессор Т. П. Карпилович

(МГЛУ); кандидат филологических наук, доцент Т. В. Караичева (БГУ).

Бухаткина, Е.А.

Функциональная грамматика английского языка: Практикум для

студентов 3 курса заочного отделения учреждений высшего
Б 94 образования по специальности “Иностранный язык (английский)”. /
Е.А. Бухаткина, И.Н. Ковалевич, Е.В. Прокофьева. ― Минск: МГЛУ,
2013. ― ….. с.

ISBN
Практикум содержит задания и упражнения на построение и использование в
речи основных функциональных грамматических единиц языка – простого предложения,
его обязательных и факультативных составляющих, а также различных моделей сложных
предложений. Его цель – совершенствование навыков и развитие умений использования
разнообразных грамматических способов и средств для построения грамматически
корректных и коммуникативно-эффективных предложений-высказываний. Каждый раздел
включает упражнения, способствующие формированию интегративной коммуникативной
компетенции студентов.

Адресуется студентам 3 курса заочной формы обучения факультета английского

языка МГЛУ по специальности 1-02 03 08 “Иностранный язык (английский)”.

УДК811.111’36(075.8)

ББК81.432.1─923.132
ISB © Бухаткина Е.А., 2013
N
© УО “Минский государственный

лингвистический университет”, 2013

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 CONTENTS

CONTENTS.........................................................................................................................................3
THE SIMPLE SENTENCE..................................................................................................................4
Structural Types........................................................................................................4

Communicative Types...............................................................................................5
MAJOR SENTENCE ELEMENTS...................................................................................................11
THE SUBJECT..................................................................................................................................11
THE NOUN PHRASE.......................................................................................................................19
The Noun.................................................................................................................19

The Category of Number.........................................................................................23

AGREEMENT OF THE PREDICATE WITH THE SUBJECT.......................................................30
THE GENITIVE CASE.....................................................................................................................41
THE ARTICLE..................................................................................................................................49
Use of articles with countable nouns.......................................................................49

The Use of Articles with Abstract Nouns................................................................57

The Use of Articles with Material Nouns................................................................61

The Use of Articles with Predicative Nouns and Nouns in Apposition..................65

The Use of Articles with Proper Names..................................................................69

The Use of Articles with Some Semantic Groups of Nouns...................................74

VERB COMPLEMENTATION........................................................................................................80
Intransitive and Transitive Verbs............................................................................80

Monotransitive verbs...............................................................................................82

Delexical verbs........................................................................................................83

Ditransitive Verbs....................................................................................................87

Copular (Link) Verbs..............................................................................................89

SECONDARY PARTS OF THE SENTENCE..................................................................................95
THE OBJECT AND THE COMPLEMENT......................................................................................95
THE ATTRIBUTE AND PATTERNS OF COMPARISON...........................................................103

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THE ADVERBIAL MODIFIER......................................................................................................115
SECONDARY PREDICATION STRUCTURES...........................................................................123
Objective Predicative Constructions.....................................................................123

Nominative Absolute Constructions.....................................................................130

The predicative complexes that can be any part of the sentence...........................132

THE COMPOUND SENTENCE.....................................................................................................137
THE COMPLEX SENTENCE.........................................................................................................142
Nominal Clauses....................................................................................................142

Attributive Clauses................................................................................................147

Adverbial Clauses..................................................................................................157

Time clauses......................................................................................................157

Reason, purpose and result clauses...................................................................160

Clauses of place and manner.............................................................................163

Clauses of comparison.......................................................................................164

Clauses of condition and concession.................................................................165

Review: Adverbial clauses................................................................................167

OBLIQUE MOODS.........................................................................................................................171
Oblique Moods in Simple Sentences.....................................................................171

Oblique Moods in Nominal and Attributive Clauses............................................182

Oblique Moods in Adverbial Clauses...................................................................193

WORD ORDER...............................................................................................................................202
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................208

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 THE SIMPLE SENTENCE

Structural Types

Exercise 1. Distinguish between obligatory and optional parts in the following

sentences.
1. You haven’t missed much. 2. Bill seemed rather reluctant. 3. Right you are. 4. He’s
got something on his mind. 5. I remember her well. 6. The little girl was playing with
a delectable puppy. 7. Nancy tore the letter open. 8. The surface felt smooth. 9. Mary
had a new carpet in her parlour. 10. Jane laughed me into approval.

Exercise 2. Expand the following sentences. Which sentences will have

obligatory elements (complements)?
1. It was …
2. Mr. Black came back …
3. She looked me up and down …
4. His speech was …
5. The cake tasted …
6. The young couple danced …
7. She felt …
8. John ran …
9. I have lived …
10.My friend is …

Exercise 3. Decide which of the following sentences are syntactically complete

and which are not. Fill in the vacant positions of the incomplete constructions.
1. The ball fell. The man fell over a boulder. The prices have fallen.
2. He was looking intently. You look pale. Look out!
3. Are you feeling? The handle felt moist.
4. The sun was setting. They have set free. The prisoner was set free.
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 5. Mary has given her mother. Don’t give away. Larry was given a piece of good
advice.

Exercise 4. Make the following sentences elliptical. What types of elliptical

sentences are they (which parts of a sentence might be omitted)?
1. What were you thinking about? – I was thinking about you.
2. Have you seen your neighbours yet?
3. Are you Susan’s father?
4. I don’t know anything about it.
5. When are you leaving? – We are leaving on Monday.
6. Who lives in this house? – Jane lives here.

Exercise 5. Point out two-member sentences (say whether they are complete or
elliptical) and one-member sentences.
1. He stared amazed at the calmness of her answer.
2. We must go to meet the bus. Wouldn’t do to miss it.
3. Obedient little trees, fulfilling their duty.
4. Lucretius knew very little about what was going on in the world. Lived like a
mole in a burrow. Lived on his own fat like a bear in winter.
5. A beautiful day, quite warm.
6. “How did he look?” “Grey but otherwise much the same.” “And the daughter?”
“Pretty.”
7. And then the silence and the beauty of the camp at night. The stars. The mystic
shadow water. The wonder and glory of all this.
8. “I’ll see nobody for half an hour, Mary,” said the boss. “Understand? Nobody at
all.”

Communicative Types

Exercise 6. Point out declarative, interrogative and imperative sentences.

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1. Don’t repeat these accusations without checking them. 2. May I speak to your
father, please? 3. I can hardly believe his words. 4. Don’t you dare to ask me such a
question another time! 5. At what range will the plane show on the radar? 6. The
topic will lose its significance by that time.

Exercise 7. State the types of the following questions.

1. Can you fly this aircraft and land it? 2. What does he have to say? 3. Wasn’t it an
adventure? 4. So, they did take part in the reception, after all? 5. Will you do it alone,
or will you have someone to help you? 6. Do we read a book for the book’s sake?
7. A good deal has been written about the importance of practice, hasn’t it? 8. Do you
care to comment or don’t you?

Exercise 8. Complete the following questions and discuss them with a partner.
1. Have you ever …?
2. How many …?
3. What’s the best thing about …?
4. Do you know …?
5. What’s your favourite …?
6. Who did she …?
7. Where do you think …?
8. Can you remember …?
9. Which is …?

Exercise 9. Complete the following with a suitable tag question.

Example: Please send us a postcard, …………………….. ?
Answer: Please send us a postcard, won’t you?
1. You cannot give me a definite answer, …………………….… ?
2. They were married several weeks later, ………………...….… ?
3. The inspector made an affirmative gesture, ………………….. ?
4. There are no oranges left in the vase, …………………….…... ?

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 5. The woman was becoming a nervous wreck, ………………… ?
6. The TV set has been turned on all the time, ………………….. ?
7. The car bomb didn’t go off, …………………..…………….… ?
8. You’d better lock the door, …………………….…………….... ?
9. And do remember to shut the windows, ……………………… ?
10. You wouldn’t want your radio stolen, .………......................… ?
11. I’m just checking everything, ….…………………………...… ?
12. Come on, let’s go, …………………………..........................… ?
13. Don’t forget to put on the brakes, …………………….………. ?
14. There’s nothing more to be said, …………………………...… ?
15. Oh, stop treating me like an idiot, ………..…………………….?

Exercise 10. Answer the following disjunctive questions confirming the

speaker’s suppositions.
1. He didn’t expect us so early, did he?
2. Our little experiment proved the point, didn’t it?
3. There isn’t much to be regretted, is there?
4. We shall see her among the guests, shan’t we?
5. I am a total stranger here, aren’t I?
6. You won’t keep me in the dark, will you?

Exercise 11. You are in an exclamatory mood! So turn your thoughts into

exclamations using How or What.
Example: This restaurant is unusual.
Answer: What an unusual restaurant!
1. The food is delicious.
2. But the service is slow!
3. Your friend eats quickly.
4. The vegetables are expensive.
5. They charge a lot.

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 6. Everything is fresh.
7. I just love food.
8. I really dislike dieting.

Exercise 12. Complete the conversations with so, neither, too, or either plus the
appropriate auxiliary.
1. A: Avocados have a disgusting texture, I think. I can’t stand them.
B: …Neither can… I. They’re at the bottom of my list.
2. A: What did you think of The Phantom Menace? I thought it was
pretty neat, all in all.
B: …………… I. I really liked Liam Neeson and Ewan McGregor.
3. A: Janice has never been to Mexico City.
B: Joe ……………. . He wants to go this summer, though.
4. A: Helena won’t be able to come to the party Wednesday afternoon.
B: ……………. Josh. He has a doctor’s appointment.
5. A: How do you feel about hunting whales? I’m against it.
B: I ………….. . I can understand both sides of the issue, but it still
seems cruel to the whales.
6. A: Did you hear that Bill spent $2,000 on a new bicycle? I wouldn’t
spend that much.
B: …………. I. There are better things to do with your money.
7. A: Can you believe it? Priscilla had never heard of George Lucas.
B: Well, I ……………. before his new movie came out. You just
can’t keep up with everything.
8. A: I can’t believe it! My mother says she believes in ghosts.
B: Really? ……………. my mother. She says she saw one once.

Exercise 13. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Как вы думаете, о чем это рассказ? 2. Он едва мог говорить, не так ли? 3. Так
значит, Вам не нравится эта песня, не так ли? – Да нет же, нравится. 4. Как

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выглядит Ваш друг? 5. Как Вы думаете, где он живет? 6. Как Вы думаете, зачем
она пошла туда? 7. Как выглядит единорог? 8. Как вы себя чувствуете? –
Хорошо. 9. В прошлом году я начала изучать немецкий язык. – Мой брат тоже.
10. Он выступил с великолепным докладом на вчерашнем собрании. – Да, это
правда. 11. Пьеса не понравилась доктору Александеру, не так ли? – Да, не
понравилась. 12. Ваши родители не вмешиваются в вашу жизнь, не так ли? –
Нет, вмешиваются. 13. Вы никогда не были в этом городе, не так ли? – Да, не
был. 14. Мы не виделись с ним целую вечность. – Мы тоже.

Exercise 14. Discuss the following questions in pairs or in small groups paying

your attention to the types of the questions.
1. Why do we need families?
2. Is the family ever likely to disappear as an institution?
3. Should the mother or the father be the head of the family (i.e. matriarchal and
patriarchal)?
4. What roles do the mother and father play in your society? And sons and
daughters? Who is the boss in your family?
5. What influence have your parents had on your life?
6. Whose influence was stronger – your mother's or your father's?
7. Should members of a family all try to live in the same area?
8. What differences have you noted between family life in Britain/ America/
Australia etc., and family life in your own country?
9. Children should be allowed to have a TV in their bedroom, shouldn’t they?
10. Should children help with the housework? How much or how often should they
help?
11. Which do you think is more important: following the dreams your parents want
for you or following your own dreams?
Describe the perfect family.

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Exercise 15. Both the interviewer’s and Shakespeare’s sentences are in
scrambled order. Rewrite the interview putting the sentences into the correct
sequence. Role play this interview.

An impossible interview with William Shakespeare.

Interviewer
a) … and married Anne Hathaway at
the age of eighteen.
b) I know they were.
c) We’ve got reason to believe that
you attended Stratford Grammar
School …
d) Wouldn’t you really?
e) When exactly were you born?
f) When?
g) Mm … so you had three children
by the time you were twenty-one.
h) And your father was a glover,
wasn’t he?
i) I see … well, can we have a break
now? Would you like to go for a
drink?
j) Did you?
k) Did you actually live there?
l) What did you do during the
following years?
Shakespeare
1. In 1597. The house was called ‘New
Place’.
2. That’s right. Three.
3. I couldn’t. My work obliged me to live in
London most of the time.
4. Yes, and we had a daughter six months
later.
5. No. But I can tell you that by 1592 my
plays were already uccessful on the
London stage...
6. On the twenty-third of April, 1564.
7. I’d rather not talk about that.
8. We did. And we had a couple of twins in
1585.
9. Yes, he was.
10. I certainly did.
11. … so successful that I was able to buy a
large house in Stratford.
12. Yes, I’d love to.

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 MAJOR SENTENCE ELEMENTS

THE SUBJECT

Exercise 1. Fill in the table below in accordance with the structural type of the
subject in the following sentences.
1. To accept too many favours from her was dangerous. 2. My watching this film
makes me think of my childhood. 3. Swimming must be wonderful. 4. What is done
cannot be undone. 5. The children's task was too enormous. 6. Who has never tasted
bitter knows not what is sweet. 7. Two plus two makes four. 8. Your coming so late
irritates me. 9. How much do they offer? 10. For me to go there is next to impossible.
11. Never is a long time. 12. Where he lives is not known to me. 13. Mary's accepting
this offer is rather challenging. 14. What is good for one is bad for another.
15. Buying this new car is unnecessary. 16. Their behaving in such a silly manner is
very strange. 17. Mary and I will be there at 5 tomorrow. 18. To be honest with me is
what I ask.
Simple Phrasal Complex Clausal

Exercise 2. Combine two sentences into one so as to use:

a) for-to-infinitive constructions as complex subjects.
Example: He cannot get work. It’s hard.
Answer: It’s hard for him to get work.
1. The child eats plenty of vegetables. It is very important.
2. You smoke so many cigarettes. Is it good?
3. He came with his girl-friend. I knew it was a mistake.
4. He is going away. Is it possible?
5. We will go together to see the park. It’ll be nice.
b) gerundial constructions as complex subjects.
Example: You make mistakes. It’s bad.
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 Answer: It’s bad your making mistakes.
1. He went without saying good-by to anyone. I think it was very funny.
2. We argue about details. It’s useless.
3. He smokes in the room. It’s annoying.
4. I’m not going to do much about it. It’s no use.
5. You fly into a temper. It’s no good.

Exercise 3. Use the introductory subject it in the following sentences.

Example: That he didn’t come on time surprised nobody.
Answer: It surprised nobody that he didn’t come on time.
1. Pretending to be younger seems rather strange.
2. To see others enjoying themselves makes her happy.
3. That they should have different views is quite natural.
4. To see such poverty makes me sad.
5. That Tom is going to marry didn’t surprise us.
6. Where you live doesn’t matter.
7. For everyone to escape was practically impossible.
8. To swim in a cold lake is not my idea of fun.

Exercise 4. Say what personal or physical characteristics are needed to …

Use It takes… in your answers.
climb a mountain teach small children
go bungee jumping learn a foreign language
become a pop star visit the Antarctic
write a book be a professional sports person
E x a m p l e: It takes a lot of stamina to climb a mountain.

Exercise 5. Make sentences with the emphatic it according to the model. There
can be more than one variant.
Model: She told me the truth many years later.

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 It was she who told me the truth many years later.
It was many years later that she told me the truth.
It was to me that she told the truth many years later.
1. Undoubtedly, he did it. 2. Mr.Nickolson himself offered me the vacancy. 3. Brian
wants a new bicycle. 4. Victor met Victoria in the year two thousand. 5. I don’t like
meat, I like fish. 6. Susan isn’t studying languages, she’s studying law. 7. We need
your help badly. 8. Daniel particularly liked Nabokov’s works. 9. She escaped danger
by listening to her intuition. 10. Andy’s quick reaction saved the mountaineers.

Exercise 6. Use the emphatic it in the following sentences. Make the sentences
emphatic as in the model.
Model: He came to Moscow only yesterday.
It was only yesterday that he came to Moscow.
1. I recognized him only when he came up to me. 2. He used to read to us
Chekhov’s stories. 3. I could not read this book because of the small type. 4. This
student made a very good report on the international situation at the meeting
yesterday. 5. Only his resourcefulness saved us from the danger which we faced.
6. He made so much progress in English because he worked a great deal.
7. Lomonosov was the first to formulate the law of the conservation of matter. 8. His
broad smile made me recognize him immediately. 9. I objected to his taking part in
this work. 10. He improved his phonetics by reading books aloud. 11. I met him on
my way home. 12. I could not understand what language he was speaking until I
heard quite distinctly the words “little boy”.

Exercise 7. Translate into English using the construction with the emphatic it.
1. Вот здесь мы в прошлом году разбили лагерь. 2. Так это ваш друг написал
такую интересную статью? 3. Они-то и посоветовали мне обратиться к вам.
4. Как раз этот вопрос меня и тревожит. 5. Важно не количество, а качество.
6. Именно из-за вашей небрежности произошел несчастный случай. 7. И вот в
таком радостном настроении мы возвращались домой. 8. Это вы вогнали меня в

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краску. 9. Не иначе как мои двоюродные братья сыграли надо мной эту шутку.
10. Первыми заметили пожар дети. 11. С большим трудом мы добрались туда.
12. Не столько его слова, сколько его тон показался мне странным.

Exercise 8. Analyse the pronoun it used as the subject in the following sentences.
1. It doesn't matter. 2. It was very pleasant on the river's bank. 3. It's raining here at
the moment. 4. – Who was that you were speaking to? – It was only the postman. 5. It
took Stephen some time to work out what she meant. 6. It is impossible to make any
decision. 7. He gave her an engagement ring. It was beautiful, very expensive, too.
8. The strike went on for over a year. Finally it was settled. 9. It seemed like a good
idea. 10. The punishment wasn't severe. It was a three-month stay in prison.
11. We've just got urgent information. It can explain everything. 12. It's
unexplainable, don't even try to do it. 13. It's vitally important that you give up
smoking. It has become too bad for your lungs. 14. It's hard to believe that you are
leaving us for such a long stretch of time. 15. It's an antique vase. It's very, very old.

Exercise 9. Here are some well-known English proverbs. Define the type of it in
each of the sentences and make up dialogues using these proverbs.
1. It never rains but it pours.
2. It is the last straw that breaks the camel’s back.
3. It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
4. It is easier to pull down than to build.
5. It is the unexpected that always happens.
6. It is easy to be wise after the event.
7. It is never too late to learn.

Exercise 10. Complete each sentence with it or there.

1. Look at the sky! …It… looks as if … is going to be a storm.
2. … takes six hours to get there, and … is only one train per day.
3. … is a slight problem with the air conditioning, but … is not serious.

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4. … says here that … are volcanoes on Mars.
5. … is a bus strike tomorrow so … is going to take me longer to get to work.
6. … is a shame that … is raining, because … means we can’t play tennis.
7. … is no point in running. … is no way we can get to school in time.
8. … comes a time when … is a good idea to take more exercise.
9. … were some great goals in the match so … is a pity you missed it.
10.… doesn’t matter if … isn’t hot. I like cold pizza.
11.… is no time to argue – we have to act immediately.
12.… is no use crying over spilt milk.

Exercise 11. Insert subjects it or there.

1. …is a bus at ten to five.
2. … is over 100 miles from London to Birmingham.
3. I keep hearing fire-engines. Is … a fire somewhere?
4. … was a real downpour yesterday.
5. Our telephone is out of order. … is a real nuisance.
6. … has been a gale warning; … would be crazy to go sailing.
7. … will be a future for music.
8. … is rugby that he plays at the week-end.
9. … is a great deal of anger about his manners.
10. … is fun for me to be with you.
11. ... is an index to this book. ... is a great advantage.
12. ... is a mystery what he sees in her.
13. ... is no sense in making him angry.
14. ... may come a time when Europe will be less fortunate.
15. ... followed an uncomfortable silence.
16. ... is enough time for you to finish this work.

Exercise 12. Insert it or there and analyse the pronoun it.

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1. … were many people in the room; … was very stuffy. 2. … is high time to begin
our work. 3. … is no time left. 4. … has been no rain for some days. 5. The next day
… was still raining. 6. … was twenty degrees in the shade. 7. … was nothing to be
seen. 8. The translation was easy; … took me very little time. 9. The text was easy;
… took me very little time to translate it. 10. … was deep snow at the foot of the hill.
11. … was snowing hard. 12. At that time … came a knock at the door. … was the
postman. 13. I’m afraid … is no preventing it. 14. … is no use our wasting time
talking about it. 15. … is no sense in our wasting time talking about it. 16. Something
clanked and rattled outside. … was the dog’s chain. Then … was a sudden furious
barking. Pat’s heart began to thump. “Perhaps … is Bob coming back,” he thought.
17. … is a storm coming on! 18. … remained only to sign the document. 19. … was
still very early and … was nobody to be seen in the street. 20. … were many villages
on the road to town. 21. … was three kilometers from the village to the town. 22. I
am sure … is a rule for it and … is not the rule you refer to; but I cannot remember it,
though. 23. By now … was no mistaking the twinkle in his eyes.

Exercise 13. The words it or there are missing from six of these sentences. Tick
the sentences which are correct and rewrite the others with it or there in the
correct place.
1. Was really such a long wait between trains?
2. We always have lots of visitors but tend to be more in the summer months.
3. Rarely were such extreme methods required.
4. They assured us that would be no trouble getting a refund if the goods were faulty.
5. It wasn’t their behaviour that annoyed me, but their attitude.
6. You know really gets on my nerves when she talks like that.
7. Commonly believed myths are not necessarily true.
8. What’s incredible is that might have been so many more fatalities.
9. In 1666 was a fire which destroyed a large part of London.
10.Getting to the airport on time is the least of your worries.

17
Exercise 14. Translate into English.
1. Очень важно поставить их в известность немедленно. 2. Здесь так темно,
включите свет, пожалуйста. 3. Лететь на самолете над горами в хорошую
погоду – огромное удовольствие. 4. Пора начинать. 5. Не отставать от моды –
вот все, к чему она стремилась. 6. В их предложении есть смысл. 7. Трудно в
это поверить! 8. Алкоголь – враг здоровья. 9. Говорят, что в этих лесах есть
волки. 10. В его взгляде было разочарование. 11. Снова гремит гром. Сейчас
начнется дождь, поспешим. 12. Нас было около тридцати за столом. 13. Он-то и
посоветовал мне обратиться к вам. 14. Бесполезно тратить время на пустые
разговоры. 15. Он приехал в Москву вчера. 16. Сомнительно, что они приедут к
вечеру. 17. В гостях хорошо, а дома лучше. 18. Нет необходимости идти туда.
19. То, что они поступили в один университет, не было совпадением. 20. У вас
нет особой причины злиться на меня. 21. У них нет шансов на победу. 22. В
том, что ожерелье было подлинным, не могло быть и сомнения. 23. Ваш спор
бесполезен. 24. На небе не было ни облачка. 25. Это очень веская причина,
Поль. 26. Всему есть объяснение (причина). 27. Это был совсем обычный дом,
но в этом обычном доме жил совершенно необычный волшебник. 28. В
английском языке около 450,000 слов. 29. И только когда она заговорила, я ее
узнал.

Exercise 15. Analyse the subjects in the following sentences. Discuss these

statements in pairs.
1. Sending rockets, people and satellites into space is a waste of money – we do
not need a space programme.
2. Trying to discover new, and possibly hospitable, planets is vital for our future
survival.
3. Soon intercontinental aeroplanes will travel at three times the speed of sound.
4. What were considered science fiction films twenty years ago would now be
considered reflections of reality.
5. In 400 years we will probably have colonized Mars.

18
6. It’s only in the last hundred years that we have begun to believe that we may not
be alone in the universe.
7. Life on earth is unique and was created by a divine act. It is heretical to talk
about the possibility of alien life.

19
 THE NOUN PHRASE
The Noun

Exercise 1. State whether the nouns in bold type are proper or common.
1. You are like a Figaro. One minute here, another there. 2. Wellington defeated
Napoleon’s army in the battle of Waterloo. 3. Wellingtons are rubber boots.
Americans call them galoshes. 4. What had happened, became a Waterloo Bridge
for him. 5. He is a real Paparatssi in everything that concerns making money. 6. Carl
Faberge was Russia’s Imperial Jeweller. 7. What a beautiful Easter egg! – Yes, it’s a
Faberge. 8. You can’t buy a Cadillac for the same price as a Ford. 9. Who knows,
you might become the next Pavlova. – What’s that? – She was a great dancer.
10. There, that’s the best picture in the Louvre. It’s exactly like a Manet.

Exercise 2. Translate into English.

1. Он настоящий Казанова. 2. На этой стоянке припарковано несколько машин:
Мерседес, Хонда, Форд и старенький Москвич. 3. Тебе нравится эта картина?
Это Пикассо. 4. Какое очаровательное платье! Неудивительно, ведь это
Шанель. 5. Ричард Чемберлен купил маленький остров и живет на нем как
современный Робинзон Крузо. 6. Что это за духи? – Это Кензо.

Exercise 3. Circle the correct word. If both are correct, circle both.
1. Are those sheep / sheeps or goats in that field over there?
2. How many sister-in-laws / sisters-in-law have you got?
3. Look at those lovely little fish / fishes!
4. I’ve got only one important news / piece of news to tell you, I think.
5. The hairdresser quickly swept up the hair / hairs on the floor.
6. I’ll be giving you a lot of information / informations, so do please take notes.
7. Could you give us both permission / permissions to miss PE tomorrow?
8. Physic / physics is my favourite subject by far.
9. I think I’ve got some money / monies on me.

20
10.I’m going to give him all the advice / advices I can.
11.What kind of jewellery / jewelleries are you interested in getting?
12.Would you like some chocolate / chocolates?
13.You’ve got to have very good general knowledge / knowledges to go on Who
Wants To Be A Millionnaire.
14.I’ve always been interested in politic / politics.

Exercise 4. Explain the difference between the following pairs of words and use
them in sentences of your own.
1. air — an air
2. beauty — a beauty
3. coffee — a coffee
4. cloth — a cloth
5. dinner — a dinner
6. glass — a glass
7. language — a language
8. lemon — a lemon
9. light — a light
10. nature — a nature
11. oak — an oak
12. paper — a paper
13. rubber — a rubber
14. ice — an ice
15. stone — a stone

Exercise 5. Use the words given to finish each of the three sentences. Sometimes
you have to use a, sometimes you have to make the word plural, and sometimes
you have to leave the word as it is.
time
1. Has there ever been _____ when you’ve felt happy for no reason at all?

21
 2. Learning anything well takes _____ .
3. There will often be _____ when you don’t know what to do.
glass
4. Windows are made of _____ .
5. Would you like _____ of wine?
6. Do you wear _____ ?
light
7. They left _____ on all over the house, but they were still burgled.
8. I’ve got a cigarette, but I haven’t got _____ .
9. _____ travels at about 300 000 km a second.
hope
10. They lost everything except _____ .
11. It was something he had always wanted, but it was _____ he never realised.
12. Different people have different _____ for themselves and their children.
lamb
13. We saw _____ playing with one another in the fields.
14. He’s as gentle as _____ .
15. We sell _____ at £2.00 a kilo.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the sentences. Comment on the meaning of the
words in bold type.
l. The fishermen are out in all weathers. If you don't catch any fish, there's no pay.
2. My employer was an importer of rare tropical fish. 3. Try this fish. Everybody who
tries it, likes it. Everybody who likes it, loves it. 4. Meredith peered down into the
pond. "There really are fish in it," she said sounding surprised. 5. Forget him! There
are many other fish in the sea. 6. He had a big collection of minerals, insects and
fishes. 7. He studies the fishes of the Atlantic. 8. They've been fishing since dawn
but so far haven't caught a single fish. 9. The largest of all fish is the Whale Shark. It
may grow up to 15 metres long and may weigh over 14 tons, over twice as much as
an average African elephant! Though it has three thousand teeth, it will never bite

22
you. This sea giant is quite harmless. It eats only tiny shrimp and fish. 10. Fruit is
rich in mineral salts and vitamins. 11. Is fruit cheap this year? 12. What fruits do you
cultivate here? 13. To make a fruit salad we shall need different fruits. 14. Very soon
you'll enjoy the fruits of your hard work. 15. The strawberry is a beautiful and
delicious fruit.

Exercise 7. Use the correct form of the verb with the following collective nouns.
1. The class (has/have) its final test on Friday.
2. The class (is/are) working on their individual projects today.
3. The crew (was/were) asleep in their bunks.
4. The committee (is/are) ready to make the programme public.
5. The family (is/are) fighting among themselves constantly.
6. The press (was/were) requested to show their credentials to the guard.
7. The cattle (was/were) all gone, probably driven off.
8. The police (was/were) already here.
9. The staff (is/are) worried about their jobs.
10. The party (was/were) leaving the house through different doors. (It/they)
(was/were) considerably subdued.
11. The jury must understand that (they/it) (is/are) dealing with members of advanced
society.
12. The wedding party (was/were) forced to abandon their cars and literally to fight
their way into the Old Town Hall on foot.
13. The government (want/wants) its own way.
14. The family (was/were) unable to agree on a meeting place for reunion.
15. The landed gentry (was/were) on the whole decent and honourable.

Exercise 8. Comment on the underlined nouns.

1. The police have been searching for the criminal for a month.
2. Where is my money?
3. His staff is very efficient.

23
 4. Her poultry are the finest in the whole village.
5. The jury has announced its verdict.
6. The jury were in disagreement.
7. The cattle are in the field.
8. Her mother’s hair is very nice.

The Category of Number

Exercise 9. Give the plural of the following foreign words.

1. cactus, fungus, radius, stimulus, genius, nucleus
2. alga, formula (in science), vertebra, antenna
3. bacterium, curriculum, datum, medium, memorandum, stratum, millennium
4. index (in mathematics, in books), appendix (in books, in medicine)
5. analysis, axis, basis, crises, diagnosis, oasis, parenthesis, thesis, hypothesis
6. criterion, phenomenon

Exercise 10. Translate into English.

1. Странные явления происходят на этой планете. 2. Многие школы имеют
разные программы. 3. Каковы критерии оценки этих работ? 4. Кактусы растут в
пустынях. 5. Многие бактерии вызывают болезни. 6. Он один из гениев. 7. В
этом кувшине живут духи. 8. Мы из разных социальных слоев.
9. Путешественники продвигались по Сахаре, и им постоянно мерещились
оазисы.

Exercise 11. Give the plural of the following nouns. In some cases two variants
are possible.
Aircraft, belief, bride-to-be, buffalo, drop-out, chief, codex, court martial, craft,
dilettante, director general, echo, fountain pen, grant-in-aid, headquarters, coat-of-
mail, looker-on, louse, man-eater, man-of-war, mango, manservant, medium,
Member of Parliament, mouthful, oasis, passer-by, penny, pike, safe, sit-in, soprano,

24
syllabus, symposium, synopsis, take-off, tempo, terminus, thief, vertebra, woman-
hater, zero, pick-up, run-away, Mary, lily-of the-valley.

Exercise 12. Divide the following words into two columns: countable and
uncountable nouns.
Furniture, coffee, leaf, food, computer, blood, job, work, advice, money, country,
information, progress, luggage, window, weather, knowledge, scenery, mountain,
luck, gate, funeral, watch, news, accommodation, traffic.

Exercise 13. Write out the nouns which are used only in the plural.
Athletics, cattle, scissors, pajamas, police, news, means, goods, pants, subjects,
billiards, darts, outskirts, spectacles, clothes, stairs, shorts, gymnastics, crossroads,
patience, scales, lodgings, equipment, research, soap, contents, looks, traffic-lights,
toothpaste, binoculars, eyes, trousers.

Exercise 14. Which of the following words are singular in meaning (i.e. would be
used with is); which are plural (would be used with are); and which can be used
either singular or plural (i.e. could be used with either is or are)?
1 the news 10 statistics
2 people 11 gymnastics
3 measles 12 underpants
4 trousers 13 headquarters
5 the team 14 the government
6 the police 15 mathematics
7 billiards 16 Manchester United
8 cattle 17 thanks
9 scissors 18 the clergy

Exercise 15. The words dog, cat, cow, horse, squirrel, pig have all got something
in common: they are all singular nouns. What have the following groups of

25
words got in common? (We are concerned with grammar rather than with
meaning.)
1. information, luggage, news, advice, furniture
2. family, council, committee, crowd, government, staff, the public
3. customs, minutes, outskirts, thanks, lodgings
4. bread, rice, ink, wool, iron, sugar, salt, wood
5. trousers, tweezers, binoculars, pyjamas, scissors

Exercise 16. Decide which of the sentences on the right are possible.

1. What did your teacher do? a. He gave me some good advices.
b. He gave me a good advice.
c. He gave me some good advice.
d. He gave me good advice.
2. How is my English coming on? a. You’re making a lot of progresses.
b. You’re making a lot of progress.
c. You’re making progress.
d. You’re making a progress.
3. What do you dislike about living in a a. My hairs are always getting dirty.
big city? b. My hair is always getting dirty.
c. My hair feel dirty.
d. My hair feels dirty.
4. What was her holiday like? a. She had an appalling weather.
b. She had appalling weather.
c. The weather was fantastic.
d. The weather were fantastic.

Exercise 17. Supply is, are, has or have.

1. The acoustics in this room … very good.
2. This crossroads … dangerous.
3. There … four crossroads in our village.
4. Acoustics … a subject I know little about.

26
 5. Our company headquarters … in London.
6. There … many series of books on birds.
7. The statistics in this report … inaccurate.
8. … there any statistics for road accidents?
9. Many species of moth … disappeared.
10. This species … green and white spots.
11. Our works … a good canteen.
12. My math … got worse and worse.
13. There … crossroads every mile.

Exercise 18. Use the right form of the verbs in brackets.

1. Measles still (strike) many Americans. 2. A pair of jeans (be) what I need to buy.
3. These trousers (be) very good. 4. (Be) your glasses expensive? 5. There (be) a lot
of news in the e-mail. 6. The customs (be) at the end of the terminal. 7. Where your
linen (come) from? 8. (Be) furniture sold here? 9. The cattle (be) in the fields now.
10. Diabetes (be) an illness caused by too much sugar in the blood. 11. His earnings
(be) quite good. 12. What (be) the weather like in London now? 13. Your hair (grow)
fast? 14. Your progress (make) everybody happy. 15. Work (be) the best cure of all
the problems. 16. Her clothes (be) chic and (cost) a fortune. 17. Martha's poultry (be)
the best in the village. 18. How (be) the wounded? 19. The goods (be) checked
regularly. 20. The contents of the contract (change) yesterday.

Exercise 19. Supply the missing words.

1. The goods you ordered … arrived. – The goods you ordered have arrived.
2. “Where … the scissors?” “ … … in the first drawer on the left.”
3. How much … a good pair of trousers cost these days?
4. “How much did you pay for … trousers?” “… … very expensive!”
5. I’m so pleased you got into university! … on your success!
6. If your clothes … dirty, put … in the laundry basket.
7. My jeans … not faded much even though I keep washing ….

27
 8. “I’m looking for the pliers.” “You’ll find … on that shelf.”
9. All their belongings … been destroyed in the fire.
10. My earnings … not high, but at least … … regular.
11. These shorts … not fit me at all!

Exercise 20. Translate into English using your active grammar.

I. 1. Твои успехи в фонетике просто удивительны. Теперь твое произношение
даже лучше, чем у Джима. 2. Морковь богата витаминами. 3. Это стоит
18 пенсов. А у меня в кошельке всего один пенс. 4. Какие новости? – Новости
потрясающие. 5. На окраине города находится большой кирпичный завод.
6. Товар был доставлен без задержки. 7. Фрукты полезны для здоровья. 8. Моя
группа делает большие успехи в учебе. 9. Дети, не бегайте по лестнице – она
очень крутая. 10. Бильярд – его любимая игра. 11. Статистика стала
неотъемлемой частью нашей жизни, хотя не всегда статистические данные
вселяют оптимизм. 12. Эти деньги не мои. 13. Я могу рассказать вам очень
интересную новость. 14. Китайцы – самый многочисленный народ. 15. “Ваши
советы неприемлемы”, – сказал доктор Александр, и его голос звучал холодно и
недружелюбно. 16. Ваших знаний недостаточно, чтобы провести эту работу.
17. Какая интересная работа! 18. Ваши часы немного спешат, не так ли? 19. Эта
ваза – настоящее произведение искусства. 20. Содержание вашего сочинения не
соответствует теме. 21. Дания, Голландия и Швейцария славятся своими
сырами. 22. Моя поездка в Лондон – настоящее приключение. 23. Вам нужен
опыт работы на компьютере. 24. Дорожно-транспортное происшествие нанесло
ущерб моей машине. 25. Кто возместит мне убытки? 26. Обслуживающий
персонал этой больницы невелик. 27. Обслуживающий персонал собирается
купить подарок для своего босса. 28. Класс состоит из 20 учеников. 29. Класс
всегда отмечает свои дни рождения. 30. Поразмыслив, он решил купить не
ландыши, а розы. 31. Он не жалеет усилий, чтобы овладеть всеми
грамматическими явлениями. 32. Наконец, они изменили свое мнение. 33. Он
описал двух дезертиров в деталях. 34. Последняя партия в шашки потребовала

28
от него много усилий. 35. Объясняя правило, он слишком вдавался в детали.
36. Прения были долгими и бурными. 37. Окраина этого города намного
отличается от центра.
II. 1. Ваша одежда прекрасного качества. 2. Свидетельские показания были
ложными. 3. Нам не нужен бинокль. Наши места во втором ряду. 4. На лекции
присутствовал 51 студент. 5. Брюссель – столица Бельгии. 6. В тот день был
продан 981 билет. 7. Сплетни распространяются очень быстро. 8. Знает ли
полиция об этом ограблении? 9. США славятся своими звездами кино.
10. Акустика – это наука о звуках. 11. Акустика этого зала очень хорошая и
современная. 12. Уэльс расположен на юго-востоке Англии. 13. Чей это скот?
14. Каковы ваши политические взгляды? 15. Где твои солнечные очки? – К
сожалению, я их потерял. 16. Моя зарплата не столь высока, чтобы ужинать в
ресторанах. 17. Окраина Нью-Йорка – довольно опасное место в ночное время.
18. Корь – заразная болезнь. 19. Он протянул мне 2 пригоршни вишен.
20. Купи, пожалуйста, две буханки черного хлеба. 21. На лугу пасутся овцы.
22. Вам лучше связаться с главными редакторами этих газет. 23. В нашей
лаборатории была проведена серия интересных экспериментов. 24. Среди
белорусских ученых много гениев. 25. Прокомментируйте, пожалуйста, данное
грамматическое явление. 26. Согласно последним данным на конференцию
приедут 10 голландцев, 2 китайца, 5 шведов, 3 датчанина, 12 испанцев,
7 англичан и 8 немцев. 27. Мне очень нравятся эти часы. Где Вы их купили?
28. Каков окончательный диагноз? 29. Метро – самый быстрый вид
общественного транспорта. 30. Лестница была очень крутой, старушка с трудом
поднялась по ней. 31. Сообщают, что прения уже завершены. 32. Какие фрукты
ты любишь? 33. Какая дождливая погода! 34. Французы не любят говорить о
своей зарплате. 35. Содержание золота в этом песке невелико. 36. На улицах
города шли ожесточенные бои. 37. Говорят, что в этом пруду много рыбы.
Exercise 21. Discuss the following questions in pairs or in groups. Express your
own opinion paying special attention to the use of nouns.
I.

29
 1. Do you think children are born as “blank states” or are they born with
personalities and talents which are not affected by their upbringing?
2. Do children behave like their parents because they have been taught this way or
because they share genes?
3. Do you think that differences in intelligence and personality have genetic or
environmental causes?
4. Are there gender differences in professions because of discrimination or because
men and women have different interests?
5. Are the differences between men and women biological or social?
6. Should we treat men and women as individuals and not refer to gender at all?
II.
1. What stories of miracles do you know? Do you believe miracles can happen?
Are there any rational explanations for these phenomena?
2. How important is it to have an awareness of cultural dos and taboos around the
world?
3. When you go to another place or abroad, what do you miss the most about your
home town and country: family, friends, pets, house, food, culture, sense of
humour, shops, institutions etc.?
4. Which are the three most important criteria for having a discussion? Can you
add any of your own?
5. Do you think it is important to study your language, in terms of its origins and
history, its literature and its grammar?

30
 AGREEMENT OF THE PREDICATE WITH THE SUBJECT

Exercise 1. Choose between the singular or the plural verb observing the rules of
agreement.
1. Statistics (is/are) a branch of mathematics.
2. The statistics in that report on oil production (is/are) incorrect.
3. The Portuguese (is/are) fortunate to have such a beautiful coastline.
4. What (is/are) the contents of the note?
5. Supernatural phenomena (is/are) of great interest to many people.
6. The fish in the aquarium (is/are) waiting for their daily feeding.
7. The Himalayas (is/are) the eastern end of a great series of folded mountains.
8. This works (is/are) to be closed.
9. Cybernetics (studies/study) the way information is moved and controlled by the
brain or machinery.
10. The USA (consists/consist) of 50 separate states.
11. Semantics (is/are) an exciting study.
12. The semantics of your speech (is/are) wrong.
13. (Isn’t/Aren’t) Portuguese spoken in Brazil?
14. My clothes (is, are) my Sunday best.
15. Your phonetics (is, are) much better now.
16. The news (was, were) on the radio at 5 p.m.
17. The contents of the letter (is, are) familiar to me.
18. A month’s wages (is/are) in this pocket.

Exercise 2. Use the correct form of the verb.

1. These eyes ………. the most curious thing about him. (be)
2. Two years ………. a long time for a girl to wait. (be)
3. There ………. a post office and cottages at Churston Ferrers but there ……….
no village or shops. (be)
4. Many a true word …….. been said in jest. (have)

31
 5. “The Watsons” ……… a vitality and optimism that one would have liked to
follow to the end. (have)
6. The old, well-established grievance of duty against will, parent against child,
………. the cause of all. (be)
7. It ……… the novels and short stories of Guy de Maupassant that had most
influence on me when I set myself to write. (be)
8. I see how it is. It is I who ………. become the misanthropist. (have)
9. And it ………. I, your mortal enemy,
That ……… in love with Emily the Bright
And glad to die this moment in her sight. (be, be)
10.It ………. my own money that ……… being spent on my education. (be, be)
11.It ……..those people that the newspapers tell us ……… the backbone of the
country, Dr.Ramsay. (be, be)
12.There …….. an inexplicable amount of dust everywhere, and the rooms …….
misty, as if they hadn't been aired for many days. (be, be)
13.I daresay there ………. in it a good many mistakes in grammar. (be)
14.There …….. many a good tune played on an old fiddle. (be)
15.Pennies ……… looked at before they …….. spent. (be, be)
16.“War and Peace” ……… the longest book I have ever read. (be)
17.Four from seven ……… three. (be)
18.Six sevens ……… 42. (be)
19.Nine divided by three ……… three. (be)
20.Flying planes ……… dangerous. (be)

Exercise 3. Choose the appropriate form to complete the following sentences.

1. Everyone of the fellows (is/are) present.
2. Ashley is one of those gentlemen who (hates/hate) making a decision.
3. It is I who (am/is/are buying) this house.
4. Each and everyone of you (is/are) good.
5. None of the plants (has/have) grown very much.

32
 6. It is you who (is/are) always ready to help.
7. Every boy and girl (takes/take) part in the activity.
8. This article is one of the best sketches which ever (write).
9. It (is/are) they who (is/are) in charge of the mission.

Exercise 4. Use the proper form of the verb with phrasal and homogeneous
subjects.
1. A hundred meters (to be) not far from the beach.
2. A number of police officers here (to work) with dogs.
3. Neither mathematics nor other sciences (to be) taught there.
4. The black and the white dress (to be) my Sunday best.
5. Neither Great Britain nor the USA (to export) oil.
6. The number of books stolen from the library (to be) unknown.
7. Fifty minutes (to be) the maximum length of time allowed for the exam.
8. A singer and composer just (to arrive) in the town.
9. The captain as well as the passengers (to be) out of danger.
10. One or two questions (to ask).
11. The bread and butter (to be) not for you.
12. Neither he nor I ((to be) to blame.
13. Twenty dollars (to be) an unreasonable price for the necklace.
14. The number of human skeletons found at the archeological site (to be) seven.
15. Every day there (to be) more than a dozen traffic accidents in the city.
16. An orange and black bird (to be) singing in the tree.
17. Liver and onions (to be) a meal detested by many children.

Exercise 5. Can you open the brackets in the sentences below in ways that are
appropriate to the subjects?
1. A scholar and poet (to be) what they called their friend.
2. A scholar and a poet (to have) just arrived in town.
3. Orange juice and coffee (to make) a good breakfast.

33
 4. Classical and modern art (to represent) widely different ideas.
5. A soldier, statesman and scholar (to be) a combination rarely to be found in
one person.
6. Fish and chips (to be) getting very expensive.
7. To write prose and verse, to hammer out little tunes on the piano, and to draw
and paint, (to be) instinctive with a great many young persons.
8. There (to be) an eagerness and excitement in the faces of the men.
9. For him [the solipsist] dream and reality (to be) one.
10.But river is jungle and jungle is river, for river and jungle (to be) one.
11.I had been unhappy at the preparatory school to which I was sent on my
father's death because it was at Canterbury and only six miles from Whitstable,
of which my uncle and guardian (to be) vicar.
12.John and I (to be) very lucky people.
13.His want of spirits, of openness, and of consistency, (to be) most usually
attributed to his want of independence.
14.Common sense, common care, common prudence, (to be) all sunk in
Mrs.Dashwood's romantic delicacy.
15.Amongst them (to be) Sir John and Lady Middleton and Mrs.Jennings, but
there (to be) two others, a gentleman and a lady, who (to be) quite unknown to
her.
16.And her quietness, the immobility of the tragic body, (to be) terribly moving.
17.Either my father or my brothers (to be) coming.

Exercise 6. Use the correct form of the verb.

1. Nora and I (am, are) great friends. 2. (Was, were) there three patients due today?
3. Laughing and giggling (irritate, irritates) John's Granny. 4. Here, in the desk, of all
places, (was, were) the thermometer and the screwdriver. 5. Candlelight and wine
(add, adds) a touch of romance to the party. 6. A black and white dog (is, are)
guarding the house. 7. A black and a white dog (is, are) sitting on the porch. 8. The
Dean and Lexicology lecturer (was, were) in the lecture theatre. 9. The director and

34
the manager (has, have) signed the contract. 10. The cheese and the butter (is, are) in
the shopping bag. 11. Whisky and soda (is, are) his favourite drink. 12. For supper
there (was, were) fish and different vegetables to it. 13. There (was, were) cakes and
tea for breakfast. 14. Cleopatra, as well as her entire retinue, (was, were) eager to
meet Caesar. 15. Cleopatra and her entire retinue (was, were) eager to meet Caesar.
16. All of the cake (was, were) eaten. 17. All the candidates (promises, promise) to
do their best. 18. My cousin with his workmate (is, are) visiting us today. 19. David
and his wife (has, have) just come.

Exercise 7. Choose the proper variant.

1. a) Here is my coat and hat.
b) Here are my coat and hat.
2. a) My daughter is one of those students who study well.
b) My daughter are one of those students who study well.
3. a) One child after another were leaving the playground.
b) One child after another was leaving the playground.
4. a) The increase of 20 % makes a big difference.
b) The increase of 20 % make a big difference.
5. a) 20% admits that they smoke.
b) 20% admit that they smoke.
6. a) Black and white chocolate raises your spirits.
b) Black and white chocolate raise your spirits.

Exercise 8. Put the verb into the singular or plural Present Tense. Use pronouns
when appropriate.
1. (be) Some of the fruit in this bowl ………….. rotten.
2. (be) Some of the apples in that bowl ……….. rotten.
3. (be) Half of the students in the class ………… from Arabic speaking countries.
4. (belong) Half of the money …………. to you.
5. (be) A lot of clothing in those stores …………. on sale this week.

35
6. (have) Each student in the class ……… …….. own set of books.
7. (require) Everyone of the students ………… to take the final test.
8. (be) None of the animals in the zoo ……… free. All of them …… in enclosures.
9. (be) A number of students ………….. absent today.
10.(be) The number of students in that university ……… approximately 10,000.
11.(have) ………. all of this homework …….. to be finished by tomorrow?
12.(be) Why …….. some of the students excused from the examinations?
13.(be) Why ……… one of the students excused from the examinations?
14.(cover) What percentage of the earth surface …………. by water?
15.(be) What percentage of the people in the world ………… illiterate?
16.(know) ………… any of you ……….. the answer?
17.(be) Fifty minutes ………. the maximum length of time allowed for the exam.
18.(be) Twenty dollars ……… an unreasonable price for the necklace.
19.(be) Some people …………… thoughtful, others …………… thoughtless.
20. (have) One of those men …………… a gun.
21. (have) Each family …………… …………… own house.
22. (have) Everybody …………… …………… own likes and dislikes.
23. (be) All the milk in these bottles …………… sour.
24. (approve) Almost every professor and student at the university …….. of the
choice of Dr. Brown as the new president.
25.(have) Each girl and boy in the six-grade class ………. to do a science project.
26.(count) Each penny, nickel, dime and quarter ……….. carefully by the bank teller.
27.(live) ……. most of the students ………… in the dormitories?
28.(be) Almost two-thirds of the land in the south-western areas of the country
………. unsuitable for farming.
29.(provide) Two hours of skiing …………. plenty of exercise.
30.(plan) A number of people from the company ………… to attend the conference.
31.(be) The number of human skeletons found at the archeological site ……… seven.
32.(be) Every day there ………. more than a dozen traffic accidents in the city.

36
Exercise 9. Can you say in each case which sentence is to be preferred, and what
is wrong with the other sentence?
1. a) Every room, attic, cellar, and garage was searched by the police.
b) Every room, attic, cellar, and garage were searched by the police.
2. a) None of his old friends were able to help him.
b) None of his old friends was able to help him.
3. a) Neither Miss England nor Miss France was successful in the contest.
b) Neither Miss England nor Miss France were successful in the contest.
4. a) Your birth certificate as well as your passport is required.
b) Your birth certificate as well as your passport are required.
5. a) If either of the brigands is seen, he will be shot.
b) If either of the brigands are seen, he will be shot.
6. a) What does the public think about this outrage?
b) What do the public think about this outrage?
7. a) There were a great many small tables, richly carved and gilt.
b) There was a great many small tables, richly carved and gilt.
8. a) The Andover police believes it can put its hand on the man who did it.
b) The Andover police believe they can put their hand on the man who did it.
9. a) The man and his wife has arrived.
b) The man and his wife have arrived.
10. a) The man with his wife has arrived.
b) The man with his wife have arrived.

Exercise 10. Choose the appropriate form to complete the following sentences.

1. The jury (has, have) been unable to decide upon a verdict. 2. This bunch (was,
were) whispering excitedly. 3. The crew (was, were) experienced pilots. 4. Five
minutes (was, were) given to each speaker. 5. In many species, the male, as well as
female, (cares, care) for the offspring. 6. A backpack, a canteen, and a rifle (was,
were) issued to each recruit. 7. Fried ham and grits (is, are) Diane's idea of a great
breakfast. 8. That generation (has, have) sold their souls for money. 9. Each

37
generation (has, have) its own slang. 10. His closest friend and political ally (was,
were) his brother. 11. It (is, are) they who raised the question. 12. There (is, are) a
table, four chairs, and a sofa in the room. 13. The committee (has, have) arranged a
new series of programmes. 14. Many a prisoner (has, have) tried to escape. 15. All of
the money (is, are) gone. 16. All of the books (was, were) lost. 17. Seventy-nine
years (is, are) a long time to love and to hate. 18. The contents of the glass (was,
were) not hard to guess. Poison it was. 19. The number of homeless people (is, are)
great. 20. A number of women now (is, are) against the new trends in fashion.

Exercise 11. Use the proper form of the verb.

1. Of those interviewed, only 20 per cent admits/admit smoking.
2. More than one person has/have refused to join his party.
3. Many a man was/were slain in the Battle of Maldon.
4. I turned around and noticed that there is/are a couple of strangers in the hall.
5. The pink and the white dress is/are my favourite.
6. It was/were Monet’s late paintings that she liked, not his early works.
7. My cousin with her new boyfriend has/have not arrived yet.
8. To the right was/were a room and a kitchen.
9. Neither Josh nor I wants/want to know the truth about the matter.
10. There is/are one or two questions you haven’t answered yet.
11.John as well as his friends is/are eager to help you.
12.Is/Are the number of students studying French falling?
13.Half the audience was/were asleep by the interval.
14.Neither this CD nor these combs corresponds/correspond to my idea of a
decent gift.
15.Here comes/come my cousin Jane and her sisters-in-law.
16.Many a parent dreams/dream of raising a well-bred child.
17.Peter is one of those students who never cheats/cheat at tests.
18.It is you who seems/seem to be embarrassed now.

38
 19.Musical chairs is/are a party game where everyone dashes for a seat when the
music stops. The number of players is/are only limited by the size of the room.
20.It is I who is/am in charge of personnel recruitment in the company.
21.Either my brother or my parents is/are going to bring the sleeping bags.
22.There was/were a couple of people passing through the gate that she failed to
recognize.
23.A great variety of children’s toys is/are produced in the world today.
24.The grey and blue blanket has/have been washed today.
25.He tells me that most of Majorca is/are mountains.
26.The economics behind their policies is/are unreasonable.
27.The recent news from the Middle East seems/seem very encouraging.
28.My husband is one of those people who likes/like to work late at night.
29.Many a day has/have passed in leisurely reading.

Exercise 12. Put in singular or plural verb forms.

LIES, DAMN LIES?
Statistics _____ (be) a branch of economics, but it is often said that there _____
(be) lies, damn lies and statistics. Recent statistics of British life _____ (show) that
the family _____ (be) happier than it used to be. The youth of today _____ (be) likely
to live longer than the previous generation. People _____ (own) more things than
they used to, but more police _____ (be) employed to fight crime. Mathematics
_____ (be) a subject which is studied more by boys than by girls, as _____ (be)
physics. The earnings of working women _____ (be) getting higher all the time and
many women earn more than their husbands. Good manners _____ (be) declining.
The public _____ (spend) more on clothes, and clothes _____ (be) becoming more
and more expensive. Glasses _____ (be) worn by more people, but only a minority
_____ (favour) contact lenses. Statistics _____ (make) us want to grind our teeth and
can probably tell us if we have any teeth left to grind.

39
Exercise 13. Translate into English.
I. 1. Первого сентября каждый студент получает студенческий билет. 2. У
каждого из нас свои обязанности. 3. Все готово. 4. Все готовы начать
эксперимент. 5. Джон – один из тех сотрудников, которые работают сверх
нормы. 6. Джон – единственный сотрудник, который работает сверх нормы.
7. Вон там идут наши студенты и декан. 8. Вот наш декан и преподаватели.
9. Эта команда – призер чемпионата. 10. Команда мыла палубу. 11. Наша школа
закрывается на все лето. 12. Вся школа только и говорила об этом
происшествии. 13. Большинство студентов нашего университета – минчане.
14. Число членов этого общества постоянно увеличивается. 15. Большинство
детей любят цирк (to be fond of). 16. Политика меня не интересует. 17. Каковы
политические взгляды этого руководителя? 18. Акустика этого концертного
зала очень современна. 19. Акустика – это наука о звуках. 20. Это мы должны
все организовать, а не они. 21. 25 лет брака – это больше, чем любовь.
22. Сорок километров – расстояние от Минска до моей дачи. 23. Развалины
Греции полны древней истории. 24. Товар разгружают как раз сейчас
(to unload). 25. Никто так не слеп, как те, кто не хочет видеть. 26. Его знание
языков помогает ему в работе. 27. Оказалось, что полиция замешана в этом
деле. 28. Жюри разошлось во мнениях. 29. Есть целый ряд причин для его
отставки.
II. 1. Женщина с ребенком на руках стояла у ворот. 2. Оба брата, также как и их
сестра, учатся водить машину. 3. У Ольги и Кати много общего. 4. Джин и
тоник – его любимый напиток. 5. И тот, и другой вариант возможен. 6. Ни тот,
ни другой вариант не является верным. 7. Ни дети, ни их мама не занимаются
спортом. 8. Ни одно из заданий не было трудным. 9. Либо ты, либо он виноват.
10. Некоторое количество книг уже продано. 11. В моем кошельке осталось
всего 5 пенсов. 12. Ни Дик, ни его сестра не интересуются классической
музыкой. 13. Количество аварий уменьшилось. 14. Эти показания ложны.
15. Мне кажется, именно они собирались встретиться с Вами. 16. К десяти
часам вся компания собралась в парке. 17. Полиция собиралась арестовать

40
преступника и отправить его в тюрьму. 18. Остальные деньги были принесены
вчера. 19. Джейн больна и находится в больнице, но успехи, которые она
делает, вселяют надежду. 20. Ожидается, что 90 процентов примут участие в
выборах. 21. Содержание записки мне неизвестно. 22. Члены комитета были
против этого предложения. 23. Есть ряд вопросов, которые я хотел бы выяснить
с вами до завтра. 24. Вся моя семья – актеры. 25. Остальные студенты только
что прибыли. 26. Фрукты нужны всем, особенно детям. 27. Одежда была ни
дорогой, ни дешевой. 28. Барбара – одна из тех, кто собирается принять участие
в этом проекте. 29. Именно ты виноват в этой ошибке. (Use ‘it’!) 30. Ни мои
родители, ни я не играем в шахматы.

Exercise 14. Match some sayings about family and friendship with their
meanings below.
1. Charity begins at home.
2. Blood is thicker than water.
3. Home is where the heart is.
4. Birds of a feather flock together.
5. Two’s a company, three’s a crowd.
6. One good turn deserves another.

a) If someone does you a favour, you should do them a favour in return.

b) People of the same character often stay together.
c) Look after your family and friends first.
d) Two people can be happy together. A third can get in the way.
e) Wherever your loved ones are, that’s where your home is.
f) Family relationships are the most important.
Which of the sayings do you like best? Discuss your choice with a partner.

41
 THE GENITIVE CASE

Exercise 1. Replace the of-phrases and for-phrases with the nouns in the genitive
case.
I. 1. The wife of our teacher. 2. The order of the commander-in-chief. 3. The house of
Mr. Rochester. 4. The novels of Dickens. 5. The ball of the boys.
II. 1. A distance of two miles. 2. A college for girls. 3. A club for women. 4. An
interval of three hours. 5. Toys for children.
III. 1. The mother of Mary and Ann. 2. The fathers of Peter and John. 3. The novels
of Ilf and Petrov. 4. The poems of Byron and Shelley. 5. The children of my sister
Irene. 6. An old friend of Mr. Brown.

Exercise 2. Write out the following sentences inserting apostrophes where

necessary.
1. Can you show me the way to the girls school.
2. If these gloves are not yours they must be Janets.
3. How many of Dickens novels have you read?
4. In some countries mens wages are higher than womens.
5. Hunters tales are very often exaggerated for effects sake.
6. The Browns house is bigger than ours.
7. I have a fortnights holiday in the summer and I think I shall spend it at my
friends in Somerset.
8. That girls sister is my fathers pupil.
9. The suns rays give us light and also ripen the earths crops and fruit.
10. New Years Day falls on a Tuesday next year.

Exercise 3. Use ’s or s’ only where possible with these.

1. a delay of an hour
2. a journey of two days
3. the shade of the tree

42
 4. the book of the film
5. the inside of the box
6. the price of success
7. work of seven years
8. the surface of the earth
9. at the door of death
10. an absence of a year

Exercise 4. Complete the following sentences by linking the words in brackets,

using the genitive case where possible.
1. (The car/ Donald) is a Volvo.
2. (The walls/ this town) are very ancient.
3. Have you found (the newspaper/ yesterday)?
4. (Father/ Miss Weaver) is a doctor, too.
5. I think (the results/ the latest election) are very interesting.
6. (Some friends/ my sister) did particularly well in the exams.
7. (The latest album/ Paul Young) is better than I expected.
8. (The house/ my parents) isn’t in (the center/ the city).
9. Shakespeare is (the greatest playwright/ the world).
10. (The facade/ that church) dates back to the Middle Ages.
11. Do you know that (the boyfriend/ the girl next door) has had a car accident?

Exercise 5. Paraphrase the sentences using the genitive case where possible.
1. The beauty of Ireland is really breathtaking.
2. The coats of the children need cleaning.
3. The cover of the book is very bright.
4. The policy of the company is still not clear to me.
5. The TV programmes of last night were very interesting.
6. I was shocked by the opinion of Bess.
7. The children had a holiday for a week.

43
 8. We need to paint the roof of the house.
9. The back of the chair was too low.
10. There was a lamp at the head of the bed.

Exercise 6. Translate using the genitive case.

1. Чья-нибудь еще помощь, 2. друзья моей сестры Мери, 3. пятая симфония
Моцарта, 4. старый отец Джона, 5. письмо главного редактора, 6. собор святой
Анны, 7. лучшие произведения А. Кристи, 8. бывший премьер-министр
Великобритании, 9. последний концерт Джона Леннона, 10. газета за прошлую
неделю, 11. родители Джона и Мери.

Exercise 7. Correct the faulty sentences.

1. My mother’s-in-law house is on the outskirt of London.
2. Your clothes needs cleaning. I would advise you to take it to the dry cleaner.
3. Rollo Martins is a fifty-years-old writer.
4. She told me gossips about Ann and John’s mothers.

Exercise 8. Which words have been omitted after each Absolute Genitive?
1. On Sunday mornings we usually attend a service in St. Martin’s.
2. Are you going past the baker’s?
3. You coming to Peter’s too, aren’t you?
4. Lunches at Freddie’s are served until two p.m.
5. Are those your boots or are they Paula’s?
6. Our house has been spared by the floods, but not the Johnsons’.
7. Will you book a table at Maxim’s.

Exercise 9. Rewrite the following sentences using the Double Genitive.

Example: Lewis is one of Mary’s cousins.
Answer: Lewis is a cousin of Mary’s.
1. I was talking to some of my friends.

44
 2. James is one of my colleagues.
3. Some of Mrs. Blake’s neighbours complained about her dog.
4. Some of my books got lost.
5. This painting by Chagall is extremely valuable.
6. One of Michael’s teachers is in hospital.
7. Do you remember that symphony composed by Mozart?
8. She knew one of my close friends.
9. That record which belongs to Angela is scratched.
10. Some of Alan’s poetry was published in Poetry review.

Exercise 10. Match the words from group A with the words from group B to
make a true pair Noun’s + Noun.
Group A Group B
1) Achilles’s a) fool
2) a fool’s b) way
3) the lion’s c) edge
4) a baker’s d) throw
5) at one’s wits’ e) paradise
6) out of harm’s f) length
7) to one’s heart’s g) share
8) a spider’s h) apple
9) a cat’s i) content
10) at a stone’s j) lamp
11) at a snail’s k) eye view
12) Aladdin's l) breadth
13) Adam's m) dozen
14) at the water's n) door
15) nobody's o) paw
16) by (within) a hair's p) web
17) at death's q) heel

45
18) a bird's r) eye
19) in one's mind's s) end
20) at arm’s t) pace

Exercise 11. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use expressions with the
genitive case.
Example: He never trusts anyone. He is sure that the people who surround him are
hiding evil intentions.
Answer: He never trusts anyone. He is sure that the people who surround him are
wolves in sheep’s clothing.
1. He was lucky. Though the collision seemed unavoidable he managed to escape
it. It was a narrow escape.
2. It is a stereotype that the British are very reserved, but I have never noticed that
they try to avoid other people's company.
3. I would advise you not to argue with the manager to be on the safe side.
4. My sister who lives in Britain arrived yesterday. We finally managed to talk as
much as we wanted.
5. It is he who is moving very slowly. Because of him we are always late!
6. It is high time she came back. Where can she be now? I'm at a loss.
7. The Ritz is a wonderful hotel, but I would rather choose the Hilton because it is
quite near the city centre.
8. I'm so anxious to go abroad. I can already imagine myself on the beaches of
Spain.
9. The bird’s eye view of Minsk that she saw from above impressed her greatly.

Exercise 12. Translate using set expressions with the genitive case.
1. Число 13 неожиданно напугало юношу, и он попросил разрешения уйти.
2. Давайте сходим к Браунам. Их дом в двух шагах от нашей дачи. 3. Как мне
не нравится эта улыбка Джейн.  Я ей не доверяю и предпочитаю держаться от
нее на расстоянии. 4. Услышав эти новости, Джеймс был в недоумении.

46
5. Друзья долго не виделись, а когда встретились, наговорились вволю. 6. Его
дела продвигаются очень медленно (черепашьими шагами). 7. У Анны есть
привычка держать малознакомых ей людей на расстоянии. 8. Держись от греха
подальше. 9. Мы вволю наплавались. 10. Ума не приложу, где могут быть
ножницы. 11. В Гималаях можно посмотреть на окрестности с высоты птичьего
полета. В бинокль видны даже стада пасущихся овец. 12. Бильярд – это его
слабое место. Он еще не выиграл ни одной партии. 13. Дэйвид не жалел сил на
тренировки перед олимпийскими играми и часто мысленно представлял свой
триумф. 14. То богатство, которое получил полковник Браун, было львиной
долей всего наследства. 15. Если бы у людей была волшебная лампа Аладдина,
многим из них не пришлось бы влачить жалкое существование. 16. Архив
пропал сосем недавно, и я, честно говоря, в крайней растерянности и не знаю,
что делать дальше. 17. Подъем на гору Эверест оказался опасным, и
альпинисты не раз были на волосок от падения.

Exercise 13. Translate using different types of the genitive case.

1. Я провела летние каникулы у тети. От ее дома рукой подать до моря. 2. Если
нога очень болит, сходи к врачу. 3. Одной из фантазий моего тестя было
сыграть Первый концерт Чайковского в Концертном зале им. Чайковского.
4. Почему все главные редакторы держат своих подчиненных на расстоянии?
5. Дебаты были прерваны, после чего был объявлен часовой перерыв. 6. Вчера я
познакомилась с женами Тома и Дэвида. Жену Тома зовут Нора, а жену
Дэвида – Сью. Сегодня мы встречаемся у Норы, чтобы наговориться вволю.
7. Чье это стадо коров? – Этот скот принадлежит одному из друзей моего отца.
8. Лагерь туристов был расположен на берегу реки. 9. По дороге мы зашли в
цветочный магазин и купили большой букет роз – любимые цветы моей матери.
10. Наступило минутное молчание, все почувствовали себя неловко. 11. Они
прошли в отдел детской обуви. 12. Мнения разошлись. Одни предлагали
устроить новогодний вечер у Браунов, а другие – у Смитов. 13. Эти вопросы
обсуждались на вчерашнем собрании. 14. Сейчас я живу у своего дяди. 15. Том,

47
сходи в булочную и купи хлеба. 16. Это собственность моего зятя. 17. Дом моей
невестки находится в двух шагах отсюда. 18. Эта девушка – одна из студенток
моей мамы. 19. Двадцать один студент присутствует на сегодняшней
конференции. 20. Майкл – один из старых друзей моего отца. 21. Ник решил
постричься и пошел в ближайшую парикмахерскую. 22. Я чувствую себя
великолепно после 3-х часовой прогулки. 23. Свадьба Джона и Мери
состоялась 22 августа. 24. В этом магазине есть много детских книг. 25. Мать
этого мальчика – моя учительница. 26. Я провела выходные у сестры мистера
Брауна. 27. Как вам фильм о сегодняшней Великобритании? 28. Она очень
любит стихи Байрона. На сегодняшнем вечере она прочтет одно из
стихотворений Байрона. 29. Как вам последняя роль Джулии Робертс? 30. Если
у тебя нет своего словаря, ты можешь воспользоваться словарем Энн.

Exercise 14. Use the words indicated to write sentences about where to find some
famous London landmarks. Use a genitive structure when you can. But in four
cases you will need an of-construction instead.
1. a corner reserved for the tombs
and monuments of poets in Westminster Abbey
2. a cathedral dedicated to St Paul in the City
3. the ‘Houses’ where Parliament
conducts its business at Westminster
4. the famous club for travellers in Pall Mall
5. a park in honour of postmen near the General Post Office
6. an obelisk (called a needle) – on the Embankment,
not in fact connected with Cleopatra! near Charing Cross
7. the Royal Academy, a society
devoted to the fine arts in Piccadilly
8. the waxworks museum founded
by Madame Tussaud near Baker Street station
9. the museum about childhood in Bethnal Green

48
10. the most famous tower in London,
begun in the eleventh century at Tower Hill
11. a column commemorating
Admiral Nelson in Trafalgar Square
12. a gate through which traitors
used to be taken to prison
(and often execution) at Tower Hill

Exercise 14. Make up a dialogue about some famous London landmarks using
the information from the previous exercise.

49
 THE ARTICLE

Use of articles with countable nouns

Exercise 1. Write sentences using He’s …, She’s …, It’s … + a noun for each of
the following.
Example: What does he do? He drives a taxi.
Answer: He’s a taxi-driver.
1. What’s her religion? She’s Catholic.
2. Where does he come from? He comes from England.
3. What’s that? (ant)
4. What’s that? (kind of insect)
5. What political party does she belong to? She’s socialist.
6. What does she do? She teaches children.
7. What does he do? (architect)
8. What is it? (sonnet by Shakespeare)
9. What is it? (painting by Picasso)
10. What did Helen get from her mother? (letter)

Exercise 2. Expand these notes into full sentences.

1. Joe Flanagan. Irish. Works as a gardener – 3 days / week. Looking for better
job.
2. Mary King. Student. Has bad back and attends hospital for treatment –
1 / month.
3. Liz Chalmers. Teacher. Always has headache. Says she needs holiday.
4. David Jordan. Businessman. Eats ½ kilo chocolate / day. Needs exercise.
5. Kate Mellors. Widow with 6-month-old baby. Living in single room. Needs
financial help and advice on baby care.

Exercise 3. Give complete answers to these questions.

50
 1. How much are these apples? − __________(90 p / kilo)
2. How often do you take these pills? − __________(once / day)
3. What speed are we doing? − ___________(100 km / hour)
4. How often is the rubbish collected? − ____________(twice / week)
5. What does olive oil cost? − __________(3£ / litre)

Exercise 4. Try to complete these definitions; they have been taken from the
Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary.
1. A kitchen is a room that is used for cooking.
2. _____________ is a structure that is built over a river, railway, road, etc.
3. _____________ is a device which you carry to protect yourself from the rain.
4. _____________ is a building in which Christians worship.
5. _____________ is an oval or rounded object produced by female birds.
6. _____________ is a book in which the words of a language are listed
alphabetically.
7. _____________ is a place, usually in the open air, where goods are bought and
sold.
8. _____________ is a person who steals something from another person,
especially without using violence.

Exercise 5. Look at the sentences below. Decide whether the nouns indicated
refer generically to something or refer to something in particular. Try making
them plural; if there is no change in meaning, they are generic.
1. A stream is a small river.
2. An undertaker was arrested for drunken driving.
3. The best pet for a child is a dog.
4. If you don’t like public transport, you should get a car.
5. A dog is sitting listening to a record-player.
6. You can never trust a politician.
7. A car isn’t the best way to travel in a city.

51
 Exercise 6. In the sentences below, make a generalisation using the word in
brackets at the end. Use the most suitable pattern: a singular noun with a or an
(‘a chair’), a singular noun with the (‘the chair’), or a plural without an article
(‘chairs’). Sometimes there are two possibilities.
1. I couldn’t manage if there was a ban on _____ . (car)
2. If the infection spreads to _____ it can be fatal. (heart)
3. _____ must never forget who he or she is writing for. (writer)
4. The invention of _____ was a great step in the development of transport.
(wheel)
5. _____ isn’t much fun to play with. (tortoise)
6. If we don’t do something soon _____ will die out. (whale)
7. _____ is for sitting on, not standing on. (chair)
The definite article is used to make a statement about all the members of the group and not its
individual representatives: Australia is the home of the kangaroo.

Exercise 7. Answer the questions. Choose the right answer from the list. Don’t
forget the.
Animals Birds Inventions Currencies
tiger, elephant, eagle, penguin, telephone, wheel, dollar, lira,
rabbit, swan, owl, falcon, laser, telescope, escudo, rupee,
cheetah, giraffe, robin helicopter, peseta, yen
kangaroo typewriter
1. Which of the 1. Which of these 1. Which of these 1. What is the
animals is birds has a long inventions is currency of
tallest? neck? oldest? India?
2. Which animal 2. Which of these 2. Which one is 2. What is the
can run fastest? birds cannot fly? most recent? currency of
3. Which of these 3. Which bird 3. Which one is Japan?
animals are flies at night? especially 3. What is the
found in important for currency of
Australia? astronomy? your country?
52
 Exercise 8. Complete the sentences below using the suitable substantivized
adjectives.
BLIND HEALTHY HUNGRY UNEDUCATED POOR
DEAF RICH LAME UNEMPLOYED HOMELESS
1. … are people who have no job.
2. … are people who are not sick.
3. … are people who have difficulty walking.
4. … are people who have a lot of money.
5. … are people who cannot see.
6. … are people who have very little money.
7. … are people who cannot hear.
8. … are people who have not had an education.
9. … are people who do not have enough food to eat.
10. … are people who have nowhere to live.

Exercise 9. Complete the following statements using nationality words.

1. _____________ believe that their home is their castle.
2. _____________ are well known for their luxury fast cars like Mercedes or
BMW.
3. _____________ are the most populous nation on earth.
4. _____________ used to believe in gods who lived on Mount Olympus.
5. _____________ were ruled by the Tsars until 1917.

Exercise 10. Complete the table. Mind the use of articles.

Country Adjective Person Population Language
1. Russia the Russians
2. British the British
3. China a Chinese the Chinese
4. American the Americans
5. Finland Finnish
6. Spanish the Spanish

53
7. Turkey the Turks
8. Scotland Scottish a Scot
9. Holland the Dutch
10. Swedish a Swede
11. Portugal Portuguese Portuguese
12. Switzerland the Swiss
13. Polish a Pole

Exercise 11. Complete the sentences below with the substantivized adjectives

given.
Bizarr Impossibl Obviou Unexpecte Exoti Inevitabl Supernatura Unknow
e e s d c e l n
1. Kawaguchi’s behavior, always erratic, now bordered on … .
2. ‘So Vesco had a gun,’ said Martello, stating … .
3. I think he has a taste for … .
4. They have driven off into …, towards a place that officially did not exist.
5. No one can achieve … .
6. They were interested in … and looking for UFOs.
7. Expect … .
8. Nature always seems cruel and heartless when we are faced with … - death.

Exercise 12. Translate into English using substantivized adjectives.

1. Прекрасное всегда радует глаз. 2. Черный был определенно не ее цвет. 3. Не
стойте на холоде. Вы хотите заболеть? 4. Старые не всегда чувствуют себя
старыми. 5. Мне нравится ваша седина на висках. 6. Они просили о
невозможном. 7. Он принял неизбежное. 8. Большинство раненых были
спокойны. 9. Он, бывало, вознаграждал добрых и наказывал жестоких. 10. Они
русские. Русские – прекрасный народ. 11. Говорят, он не швед, а болгарин.
12. Я думал, что вы сказали, что он француз, так как он хорошо говорит по-
французски. 13. Гроза разразилась внезапно. 14. На мой вопрос она ответила
утвердительно. 15. Старые и молодые ― все принимали активное участие в
работе. 16. Шотландцы живут в горной стране. 17. Зеленое приятно для глаза.

54
18. Листья осин были ярко-красного цвета. 19. Мы заблудились в темноте. 20. У
них много общего. 21. Смелые не боятся опасности. 22. Говорят, англичане
обладают особенным чувством юмора. Хотя англичане, с которыми я знаком,
ничем не отличаются от нас.

Exercise 13. Complete the sentences below putting the in each space together
with a noun that is associated with the noun which is indicated.
1. We went into shops which had absolutely nothing on the shelves .
2. You shouldn’t ask a question if you already know __________________.
3. I have never taught a class where ____________ are so lazy.
4. It was a lovely house but ______________ were too steep for old people.
5. I’m not surprised you can’t walk in those shoes. ___________ are much too
high.
6. Before you go on a long journey in your car, check to make sure
______________ have enough air in them.
7. I bought the radio in a sale. ____________ had been slashed by 50%.

Exercise 14. Decide whether the noun groups in the sentences below should have
the, a or an in front of them.
1. She’s ______ mother of my best friend.
2. ____ height of Mt Blanc is 4807.
3. She is _____ woman of great ability.
4. We knew who the murderer was at ____ end of the first act.
5. He is ____ cousin on my father’s side.
6. We were surprised at ____ size of the bill.
7. Many children have ___ fear of rejection.
8. At ___ bottom of the page it said “Please turn over”.

Exercise 15. Comment on the functions of the articles.

1. He gave Kitty an injection to make her sleep.

55
 2. She didn’t bring me a paper, she brought me a magazine.
3. She stayed in hospital for a week.
4. He gave me a message for you.
5. A retired plumber has asked me to paint his portrait.
6. You have never bought a car yet, have you?
7. A cat has nine lives.
8. She was drinking a glass of orange juice.
9. This book is a historical novel.
10. There is something in the very expression of his face that tells me so.
11. A huge disk of the moon was rising in the east.
12. He was enjoying the conversation about tennis and all.
13. The French, he thought, are always finding occasions to block the traffic.
14. Now the only thing to do is to admit the error.
15. Could you tell me where you have put the money?
16. I picked up the package she had dropped.
17. The Tories were trying hard to attack the mining industry.

Exercise 16. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. У кошки девять жизней. 2. Она работает по 12 часов в день. 3. Ты не слышала
звонок? Наверное, это почтальон. 4. Фред ездил в Австралию. Поездка была
долгой и утомительной. 5. Большинство людей любят хорошо поесть.
6. Большинство туристов были русские. 7. В голубом небе сияло яркое летнее
солнце. 8. Кукушка – ленивая птица. 9. У него всегда была любовь
к конкретному. 10. Вы не знаете, почему англичане так любят чай?
11. Белорусы – замечательный гостеприимный народ. 12. Когда и кем был
изобретен велосипед?13. Кошка – домашнее животное уже тысячи лет.
14. Человек делает в космосе лишь первые шаги. 15. Женщину справедливо
называют душой семьи. 16. Читатель с нетерпением ждет публикаций
последнего романа Д. Донцовой. 17. Приключенческий роман – один из
литературных жанров. 18. Гитара появилась в Испании в 13 веке. 19. Во многих

56
странах есть памятники животным: в России есть памятник собаке, в Индии –
памятник слону, в США – памятник обезьяне. 20. Они вошли в вагон, в котором
не было свободных мест. 21. В вагоне, в который они вошли, не было
свободных мест. 22. Агата Кристи – создатель детективного жанра.
23. Согласно библейской легенде бог вначале создал мужчину, а потом
женщину. 24. У муравья шесть ног. 25. Детективный роман поможет скоротать
время в путешествии. 26. Компьютер – одно из величайших достижений
прошлого века. 27. Он как раз тот человек, который нам нужен. 28. Я считаю,
что вы предложили неверное решение проблемы. 29. Она была единственным
ребенком в семье Браунов. 30. Она была единственным ребенком среди гостей.
31. Журавль – большая птица с длинным клювом и шеей. 32. Встретились
однажды журавль и лиса. 33. В каждом стаде есть черная овца. 34. Они живут
на одной и той же улице.

Exercise 17. Work in pairs. Do you agree with the following quotation?

It is only shallow people who do not judge by appearances.
The true mystery of the world is the visible, not the invisible. (Oscar Wilde)
Fact: People form 90% of their opinion of someone in the first 90 seconds.
What conclusions can you draw from the following information?
1. A man who wears an earring in one ear.
2. A woman with an earring in her nose.
3. A man with a beard or moustache.
4. A woman who wears heavy make-up.
5. A 60-year-old man with long hair.
6. A child who bites his/her nails.
7. An old man who has tattoos.
8. A girl with red hair.
For example,
A man who wears an earring in one ear is …

57
 The Use of Articles with Abstract Nouns

Exercise 18. Write a or the before nouns which are being used as countable
nouns.
1. A _____ beauty is subjective.
B She’s _______ real beauty.
2. A I am fortunate to have had ______ very good education.
B ______ education does not just take place at school.
3. A My eyes are sensitive to ____ light.
B Is there ______ light in here?
4. A You have been _____ great help to me.
B I’m sorry to ask you but I desperately need ____ help.
5. A He has ____ great love of music.
B Sometimes _____ love can be very painful.
6. A You’ll get better at the job as you gain ___ experience.
B I’m so glad I did it: it was _____ wonderful experience.
7. A ______ death comes to us all one day.
B There has been _____ death in the family.
8. A _____ fear is a perfectly natural human feeling.
B He has ____ terrible fear of heights.
9. A ____ music played a very important part in his life.
B I thought ____ music used in the film was the best part.
10. A I have forgotten most of ____ French I learnt at school.
B I’m learning ____ French at night school.

Exercise 19. Write a, the, or no article to complete the sentences.

DRESS
1. She has a good sense of _____ dress.
2. _____ dress I liked was a bit too big for me.
3. I saw _____ beautiful dress here yesterday.

58
EXPERIENCE
4. I’m afraid I didn’t enjoy _____ experience at all.
5. For this job you need _____ experience with computers.
6. My first trip abroad was _____ wonderful experience.
NOISE
7. I couldn’t hear her because of _____ noise of the train.
8. She heard _____ strange noise behind the curtain.
9. What kind of _____ noise are you talking about?
CONVERSATION
10. It was _____ very embarrassing conversation.
11. I was trying to listen to _____ conversation at the table next to me.
12. I always find ______ conversation difficult in a foreign language.

Exercise 20. Supply the required article to complete the sentences.

1. As someone said, _____ life is just one damned thing after another.
2. I don’t know much about _____ life of _____ Napoleon.
3. _____ running is supposed to be good for you.
4. I ought to be fit with all _____ running I do, but I don’t feel fit.
5. ‘Which is your favourite colour?’ ‘ _____ red.’
6. I think _____ red one will suit you best. _____ red is more your colour.
7. We learnt _____ English at school, but _____ English we learnt was useless.
8. _____ watches have become very cheap and very attractive.
9. Most of _____ watches you see today work on _____ quartz.
10. What has been the longest period of _____ peace in _____ history?
11. If you study _____ History, you’ve got to read a lot.
12. _____ lives of _____ poets and _____ musicians have often been
unbearably difficult.
13. _____ time is _____ money.
14. I can never regret _____ time I’ve spent enjoying myself.

59
 Exercise 21. Write three interesting statements, each of which combines a word
from box A with a word from box B. Discuss your statements with a partner and
the rest of your group.
For example:
Time is more important than money.
A
time youth wisdom health death music war humour
+
B
life money experience love peace happiness intelligence

Exercise 22. Translate into English.

1. Он прожил счастливую жизнь. 2. Жизнь такова, какой вы ее делаете. 3. Это
неизбежно. Это вопрос времени. 4. Это было очень счастливое время.
5. Упорный труд принесет вам успех. 6. Если с ее головы упадет хоть один
волосок, то ты об этом пожалеешь. 7. Успехи, которые сделал Дэйвид, радуют
его родителей. 8. Успех улучшает (to improve) характер. 9. У меня нет опыта
работы с детьми. 10. Это был очень печальный опыт. 11. У него есть воля и
честолюбие. 12. Он говорит, что хочет составить завещание. 13. Мэрион нашла
у себя несколько седых волосков и очень расстроилась.14. Он начал работать в
раннем возрасте. 15. Эта книга для людей всех возрастов. 16. Это очень
хороший совет. 17. Совет хороший. 18. Что нового? 19. Он привез плохие
новости. 20. Не стоит трогаться в путь в плохую погоду. 21. Мы не тронемся,
пока погода не переменится. 22. Дай деньги мне. Ты ведь такой рассеянный, ты
их всегда теряешь. 23. Какая была скверная погода! 24. Это такая неожиданная
новость! 25. У нее было какое-то такое терпение, которое поражало всех ее
друзей. 26. Человек не может жить без общества. 27. В ее голосе была какая-то
нежность. 28. В глазах собаки было истинное понимание. 29. Я люблю русскую
литературу XIX века. 30. Я очень мало знаю о древней скульптуре. 31. Стояла
ясная солнечная погода. 32. Музыкант должен знать историю оперы. 33. Этому
человеку не хватает решительности. 34. Природа играет большую роль
60
в творчестве художника. 35. С ней можно говорить о чем угодно: об искусстве,
о музыке, литературе, живописи. 36. У меня хорошие новости: сегодня мы идем
на балет в Большой театр. – Я не люблю балет и терпеть не могу классическую
музыку вообще. 37. Какое блаженство сидеть в холодную погоду дома с
чашкой горячего чая!

Exercise 23. Define the word "life" paying your attention to the use of articles.
Discuss your ideas with a partner.
For example:
 Life is an adventure.
 Life is a journey whose destination is unknown.
 Life is a series of trials which are created by yourself, a superior being, destiny,
chance ...

Exercise 24. Work in two teams. Have a class discussion. Team A argues that
Fitness and good health are the most important things in life. Team B argues that
Fun and enjoyment are the most important things in life.
Team A: You can’t enjoy life if you aren’t fit.
Team B: For most people getting fit and keeping fit is hard work. Fun is not only
keeping fit. Doing lazy things is also enjoyable.

The Use of Articles with Material Nouns

Exercise 25. Explain the use of articles with material nouns in the following
sentences.
1. I’ll slip across the alley – one ham and one cheese on rye bread, lettuce and
mayonnaise, and may be one bottle of milk and a coke for later.
2. He was covered in fresh snow, his thin cheeks pink and flushed.

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 3. But look at the dirt on that suit. You must have it cleaned.
4. “Would you like to have a hot chocolate?” Mrs Page asked.
5. They’ve taken to giving you extremely bad teas in the club.
6. When the soup was finished Bertha turned round to the fire.
7. The strong black coffee that she had drunk did not bring wakefulness in its train
unless she wished it to do so.
8. “You are drinking nothing.” “You know I never do. Wine is such horrid stuff!”
9. I like French wines which are so light.

Exercise 26. Write a or the before the following material nouns which are being
used as countable nouns.
1. A I don’t usually drink ___________ coffee.
B I’ll have two teas and _______ coffee, please.
2. A The house is built of ________stone.
B This is _______ beautiful stone.
3. A He was so hungry that he ate _______ whole chicken.
B I don’t like red meat but I do like _______ chicken.
4. A I usually eat _________ fruit for breakfast.
B That’s ______ very unusual fruit. What is it?
5. A Has this soup got ________ potato in it?
B Would you like _____ baked potato?
6. A You shouldn’t drink _______ wine on an empty stomach.
B This is ______ very nice wine.
7. A Put _____ food you bought straight into the fridge.
B ______ food at that new Chinese restaurant was excellent.
8. A The world price of _____ coffee has reached a record high.
B _____ coffee we got last week from the Brazilian café was excellent.

Exercise 27. Write a, the, or no article to complete the sentences.

TIN

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 1. Could I have ten eggs and _____ tin of peas?
2. Put some money in _____ tin by the door when you leave, please.
3. The cigarette lighter is made of _____ tin.
WOOD
4. We knew that _____ wood was a very expensive material at the time.
5. There’s _____ wood at the end of the road.
6. There are some rabbits living at the edge of _____ wood.
PAPER
7. The boy who delivers _____ paper is late today.
8. It was very strange, a shirt made of _____ paper.
9. I generally read _____ paper of some sort on the train.
CHOCOLATE
10.I won’t take _____ chocolate, thanks, although they look very nice.
11.Most doctors say _____ chocolate is bad for you.
12._____ chocolates which I ate last night tasted very strange.

Exercise 28. Put into each space a converted uncountable noun in the plural.
1. ‘Which _____ do you sell?’ ‘Cheddar, camembert and gouda.’
2. ‘What are coffins made of?’ ‘Oak, teak, and other hard _____ .’
3. ‘What _____ are found there?’ ‘Gold, silver, lead and tin.’
4. ‘Which _____ are produced in this region?’ ‘A dry red and a rosé.’
5. ‘Which _______ do you sell?’ ‘Tuborg, Carlsberg and Budweiser.’

Exercise 29. Supply the required articles paying special attention to the

uncountable material nouns.
1. “I shan’t have … fish”, said Robert.
2. Her room smelled of … soot and … face powder.
3. … mud was drying rapidly, but the car was still stuck.
4. The found plenty of signs of deer in … snow.
5. The men moved heavily as though they were walking in … thick mud.

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 6. They were buying … new furniture.
7. She had … brown shining hair.
8. Your design requires … very expensive equipment.
9. Monty and I drank … beer.
10. She stirred … melting sugar with a spoon.
11. Father began to slice … hot meat.
12. Barber went to the bar and ordered … coffee.
13. … sand was special. Elsewhere around the airport, on roadways and areas
which the public used, … salt was added to … sand as a means of melting …
ice.
14. At once a draught of … cool fresh air suffused the room.
15. Bart heard Jan calling him. It was … water that she wanted. He remembered
that he had forgotten to place … water near her bed in the evening.

Exercise 30. Translate into English.

1. Он попросил стакан воды. 2. Снег был слишком глубокий. 3. Он стал белым
как снег. 4. Очень трудно ходить по глубокому снегу. 5. Чай горячий. 6. Я
люблю чай. 7. Подогрей кофе. 8. Положи лимон в чай. 9. Лимон очень полезен.
10. Нарежь лимон. 11. Купи лимон к чаю. 12. Вино кислое. 13. Я предпочитаю
сухое вино. 14. Приходи, я угощу тебя вином, какого ты никогда не пробовал.
15. Мясо, которое ты купил, жесткое. 16. Я не люблю рыбу, но рыба, которую,
ты приготовил, очень вкусная. 17. Молоко прокисло. Почему ты не поставил
его в холодильник? 18. Не хотите ли порцию пива? 19. Говорят, что зеленый
чай полезен для здоровья. 20. Официант принес холодную говядину и жареный
картофель. 21. Эта ваза сделана из цветного стекла. 22. Она смотрела
голодными глазами на сыр и кофе, которые принесла ей хозяйка. 23. Белый и
черный шоколад поднимают настроение. 24. Подарок был завернут в яркую
красную бумагу. 25. На ужин мы ели картошку с мясом. – Представляю,
сколько лишнего веса вы набрали! 26. Что за ужасный запах! Неужели рыба
протухла? 27. Свежий сок к завтраку полезен для здоровья. 28. Дом из дерева

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гораздо лучше с экологической точки зрения, чем здание из стекла и бетона.
29. Передайте мне, пожалуйста, соль. – Это не соль, это перец. 30. Поставь
минеральную воду в холодильник. – Она и так достаточно холодная.
31. Молодым девушкам уместнее носить изделия из серебра и самоцветов, чем
из золота и драгоценных камней. 32. Обычно он не покупал табак, а выращивал
его сам на своем огороде. 33. Мейбл вязала что-то из толстой красной шерсти.

Exercise 31. a) Work in pairs. Complete the following dialogue and then

dramatize it.
At the Restaurant
Waiter: Good morning, sir. Table for one?
Mr. Reevers: ________________
W.: What would you like to have, an American or English breakfast?
Mr. R.: __________________________
W.: We have eggs and bacon, bacon and sausage, boiled eggs or scrambled
eggs.
Mr. R.: ______________________
W.: If you prefer something more substantial, the roast lamb is very good.
Mr. R.: ______________________
W.: What vegetables would you like with it?
Mr. R.: ______________________
W.: As for green vegetables we have got peas, spinach and French beans.
Mr. R.: ______________________
W.: We have strawberry jam, marmalade with toast and apple tarts.
Mr. R.: ______________________
W.: Orange juice and grapefruit juice, tea and coffee.
Mr. R.: ______________________
W.: Very well, sir. Thank you, sir.

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 b) Translate the following dialogue into English paying special attention to
the nouns denoting substances. Role play it with your partner.
― Добрый день. Что бы Вы хотели?
― Стакан апельсинового сока, чашку бульона и какое-нибудь мясное
блюдо.
― У нас есть бифштекс, жареная говядина и баранья отбивная.
― Я, пожалуй, возьму отбивную.
― Какой гарнир желаете?
― Печеный картофель.
― Какой-нибудь салат?
― Да, салат из помидоров и зеленый салат отдельно.
― А на десерт? Могу предложить сливовый пудинг, фруктовый салат,
мороженое.
― Нет, только черный кофе с ликером.
― Хорошо, сэр. Сейчас я Вас обслужу.

The Use of Articles with Predicative Nouns and Nouns in Apposition

Exercise 32. Explain the use of articles with nouns used predicatively in the
following sentences.
1. He was a lawyer by profession.
2. Aunt Laura was the widow of an auctioneer.
3. When Murry was appointed editor of “The Literary Gazette” his salary became
eight hundred a year.
4. As it was, she was the best-looking woman there.
5. My father had been Chairman of an organization of doctors in New York.
6. They made him a major-general after he left the headquarters.
7. I wouldn’t be Prime Minister if they asked me on their knees.
8. Johnson is made secretary of the club.
9. She was the only Liberal in the family.

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Exercise 33. Supply the required articles paying attention to the nouns used
predicatively.
1. He was at that time … lieutenant in the British Army.
2. Mr. Richardson was … owner and editor-in-chief of the publishing house.
3. Rudy had the gift of being liked. That is why he had been elected … president
of his class three times in a row.
4. She was … wife of a doctor.
5. Henry Green was … son of a general.
6. Charlie wasn't ... fool enough as to put up the back of the Assistant Colonial
secretary.
7. My father was ... Mayor of the city and ... honourable man.
8. She was elected … Manager at the age of 30.
9. You are not …. man enough to behave like that.
10. ….child though he is, he realized al the seriousness of the situation.
11. It seemed that Aunt Milly had been … only relative to offer practical help.
12. His wife and Sheila were … active, strong women, who loved using their
muscles.
13. This fellow is … man I want for this job.
14. “She is … very silly creature”, he said.
15. There seemed no reason why he should not eventually be made … Governor.
16. She is proud of being … daughter of a poet.
17. I might be … leader of the party instead of you.
18. If anyone could tell her what Mr Potter wanted to know, Mrs Ferguson was …
woman.
19. “They have made me … head of the department,” he whispered.
20. … trained diplomat and statesman as he was, his stern aristocratic face was
upside down with … fury.
21. You should have been … woman enough to control yourself.

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Exercise 34. Explain the use of articles with nouns used in apposition.
1. The girl he loved was Laura Merton, the daughter of a retired colonel.
2. For some days Hotchkinson, the solicitor to whom Eden had deputed the case, sent me
no news.
3. He now arranged with Spender, editor of “The Times Library Supplement”, to
write articles on current French literature.
4. I was chatting with the man’s wife, a lady in purple trousers, when he was called
to the telephone.
5. He had been to the tomb of Hafiz the poet.
6. In the rear of the car, Margaret Howden, wife of the President of the firm, said to
her husband, “You look tired.”

Exercise 35. Supply the required articles paying attention to the nouns used in
apposition.
1. Then Rudy saw … Professor Denton, … head of the Economics department.
2. … Philip’s wife, … biggest snob in the family, invited me to tea.
3. Across from her sat Delaney, … producer of the film.
4. I said, “This is Mary Summers, … old friend of mine.”
5. … Admiral Lacey was … red-faced man.
6. Then he walked down Broadway, … main street of the town.
7. They had lunch at Hexley, … small village on the coast.
8. He was their favourite nephew, … son of their dead elder sister.
9. Grant got little information from Andy, … mail-car driver.
10.Sam, … man who ran an elevator, didn’t like Peter.
11. Helen Westwood, ... student of philology, studies the slang оf teenagers.
12. Vladimir Nabokov, ... world-famous Russian writer, was … master of style.
13. Hemingway, ... son of a small town doctor, was born in Illinois in 1898.
14. His laboratory, ... best institution of this kind, made Cambridge world known
in the field of experimental physics.

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 15. Madame Suzanne, ... wife of an officer, has supported herself and her daughter
by means of her talent.
16. Edmund Halley, ... President of Greenwich Observatory, was among them too.
17. Everybody likes lilies-of-the valley, …..beautiful spring flowers.
18. Will ... Prime Minister Gordon discuss it with ... Queen?

Exercise 36. Translate into English.

1. Байрон, великий английский поэт, сражался за свободу Греции. 2. Нам очень
понравился их дом, небольшое двухэтажное строение на берегу реки. 3. Он –
президент маленькой южноафриканской республики. 4. У президента были
переговоры с премьер-министром. 5. Зимний дворец был построен
архитектором Растрелли. 6. Профессор Браун был избран деканом
математического факультета. 7. На Рождество тетушка Мэрион и дядя Джон
приезжают повидать нас. 8. Картина, небольшое полотно, стоила целое
состояние. 9. «Овод», известный роман Л. Войнич, был переведен на многие
языки. 10. По этому случаю она надела свое самое лучшее платье, подарок тети
Анны. 11. Мистер Браун, президент компании, сейчас подойдет. 12. Мэри,
очаровательная девушка, несла в руках букет ландышей. 13. Мы все ждем
июля, самого теплого месяца лета. 14. Линкольн был президентом США во
время Гражданской войны. 15. Джим начинал простым рабочим, а теперь он
стал директором завода. 16. В каком возрасте ваш отец стал ректором
университета? 17. Несмотря на то, что он был ребенком, он понимал всю
ответственность положения. 18. Я не настолько глуп, чтобы следовать его
советам.
The Use of Articles with Proper Names

Exercise 37. Explain the use of articles with proper names.

1. Mother and Aunt have just come.
2. Late in the afternoon Colonel Johnson reached the village of Sosnovka.
3. Why don’t you approve of poor Thornton?

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 4. They drove away in an old Ford.
5. President Washington was an outstanding man.
6. Uncle Elliot was a man of force and intellect.
7. Would you distinguish a Shagal from a Malevich?
8. The meeting of the Prime-Minister and the President wasn’t official.
9. In the evening the beautiful Gwendolen appeared on deck.

Exercise 38. Supply a / an, the or leave the space blank (-).

1. Are we talking now about _____ John Smith who led the Labour Party?
2. We’re going to a barbecue with _____ Simpsons.
3. There’s _____ Linda Jones to see you.
4. A special award was given to _____ film director Ingmar Bergman.
5. The prize is to be given each year in memory of _____ late Ayrton Senna.
6. We met our old friend _____ Romey Thompson in Sydney.
7. That surely can’t be _____ Jenny Watson we knew in Zimbabwe.
8. I found myself sitting next to _____ Boris Yeltsin! Not _____ Boris Yeltsin,
of course, but someone with the same name.
9. I didn’t realise how rich he was until I heard that he owns _____ Picasso.
10. He’s really keen on football. He likes to think of himself as _____ Paul
Gascoigne.
11. Have you heard that _____ Woodwards are moving house?

Exercise 39. Supply the or leave the space blank (-).

1. I’ve always understood ___ Dark Ages to refer specifically to ___ Medieval
Europe.
2. Ferguson has travelled everywhere from ___ Central Asia to ____ Arctic.
3. I’ve been to ___ Brazil and ___ Argentina, but I’ve never been to ___
USA.
4. I’d love to do a tour of European capitals and visit ___ London, ____ Paris,
and ___ Vienna.

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 5. What’s your address? – I live in ___ Montague Road, number 27.
6. I could never afford to stay at hotels like ___ Brown’s or ___ Hilton.
7. Karl was born in ___ Bavaria, but he now lives in ___ Ohio.
8. You can’t visit London without seeing ___ Buckingham Palace.
9. I’ve been climbing in ___ Alps, but I’ve never managed to get up ____ Mont
Blanc.
10.A lot of people have tried to cross ___ Sahara without being properly
prepared.
11.I’d love to travel down ___ Nile as far as ___ Luxor.
12.There’s a splendid view of ___ Lake Geneva from this hotel.
13.We had an early dinner at ___ Leoni’s and then went to a play at ___ Globe
Theatre.
14.Go down ___ Oxford Street till you come to ___ Oxford Circus, then turn
right.
15.Do you know the song about ___ London Bridge?

Exercise 40. Fill in the missing articles.

1. What is ___ capital of ____ France?
2. Does ___ River Seine run through ___ Paris or ___ Madrid?
3. Is ___ Indian Ocean larger than ___ Mediterranean Sea?
4. Is ___ New York in ___ USA or in ___ Canada?
5. Does ___ Amazon run through ___ Africa or ___ South America?
6. ___ Grand Canyon is in ___ Arizona.
7. He visited ___ Pyramids while he was in ___ Egypt.
8. Anna comes from ___ Netherlands but she lives in ___ USA now.
9. ___ Malta is in ___ Mediterranean.
10. ___ Victoria Coach Station is near ___ Apollo theatre.
11. When we went to ___ Paris we saw ___ Eiffel Tower and ___ Louvre.
12. ___ Smith’s bookshop is in ___ High Street opposite ___ Barclays Bank.
13. ___ Buckingham Palace is where ___ Queen of England officially lives.

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 14. The supermarket is in ___ Kendell Street opposite ___ Lloyds Bank.
15. Anna was born in ___ Italy but she lives in ___ Philippines now.
16. His favourite newspaper is ___ Guardian.
17. ___ Gatwick Airport is in ___ southern England.
18. ___ Statue of Liberty is in ___ New York.
19. There are three cars parked outside: ___ Mercedes, ___ Jaguar and ___
Fiat. Mine is ___ Fiat.
20. ___ Harrods is a huge department store near ___ Kensington Gardens.
21. ___ Hilton Hotel is situated near ___ River Thames.
22. ___ Tate Gallery is quite far from ___ Science Museum, so you’d better
take a bus.
23. A fire at ___ Windsor Castle destroyed all ___ Queen’s paintings.

Exercise 41. Choose the correct form, with or without the.

1. Have you ever been to British Museum / the British Museum?
2. Hyde Park / The Hyde Park is a very large park in central London.
3. Another park in central London is St James’s Park / the St James’s Park.
4. Grand Hotel / The Grand Hotel is in Baker Street / the Baker Street.
5. We flew to New York from Gatwick Airport / the Gatwick Airport.
6. Frank is a student at Liverpool University / the Liverpool University.
7. If you’re looking for a good clothes shop, I would recommend Harrison’s / the
Harrison’s.
8. If you’re looking for a good pub, I would recommend Ship Inn / the Ship Inn.
9. Statue of Liberty / The Statue of Liberty is at the entrance to New York
harbour / the New York harbour.
10.You should go to Science Museum / the Science Museum. It’s very interesting.
11.John works for IBM / the IBM now. He used to work for British Telecom / the
British Telecom.
12.“Which cinema are you going to this evening?” “Classic / the Classic.”
13.I’d like to go to China and see Great Wall / the Great Wall.

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 14.Which newspaper shall I buy – Independent / the Independent or Herald / the
Herald?
15.This book is published by Cambridge University Press / the Cambridge
University Press.

Exercise 42. In the sentences below, only one of the indicated noun groups is
appropriate. Cross out the one that is wrong.
1. Italy won a World Cup / the World Cup in 1982.
2. Are you staying at home for Christmas / the Christmas?
3. Wimbledon / The Wimbledon is the most famous tennis event in the world.
4. Don’t forget it’s Mother’s Day / the Mother’s Day next week.
5. I can remember Easter / an Easter when it snowed all the time.
6. Olympic Games / The Olympic Games were restarted in Athens in 1896.

Exercise 43. Translate into English.

I. Бедный Джек, прекрасная Елена, художник Репин, профессор Блэк, врач
Робинсон, королева Виктория, студент Олсон, старый Сэм, тетушка Анна,
президент Обама, уставшая Джейн, маленький Том, лейтенант Шмидт, поэт
Пушкин, Капитан Немо, великий Моцарт, разозленная Мэри, Эрмитаж,
красавица-Нева, пустыня Сахара, Англия 19 века, южная Африка, древний Рим,
пирамиды, средние века, Мерседес, аэропорт Орли.
II. 1. Вас ждет какой-то Смит. 2. Она вышла замуж за Робинсона, с которым нас
познакомили в прошлом году у Браунов. 3. Вам нравится эта картина? Это
Айвазовский. 4. Она была Добсон и, как все Добсоны, очень умна. 5. Туземец,
спасенный Робинзоном Крузо, был назван Пятницей, так как именно в пятницу
Крузо нашел его. 6. Приезд полковника Джонсона и его молодой жены,
красавицы Виктории, явился для всех полной неожиданностью. Только старик
Альфред, один из друзей полковника, выслушал эту новость без удивления.
7. Смиты поселились здесь два года тому назад. 8. Писатель Моэм родился в
конце XIX века. 9. Некий Томас нашел Джека в саквояже. 10. На стене висело

73
несколько оригинальных картин. Там я увидел Моне, Гогена, Рембрандта.
11. Бедная миссис Смит была в растерянности. 12. Дядюшка Чарли уехал на юг
Франции еще в прошлом году. 13. Наконец-то я приобрел полное собрание
сочинений Ч. Диккенса. 14. Я знаю одного заурядного драматурга,
воображающего себя Шекспиром. 15. “Мой муж – настоящий Отелло!” –
прошептала бедняжка Сью, и в голосе ее было какое-то отчаяние.
16. Посмотрите на фотографию красавицы Моники.
III. 1. Художник Клод Моне родился 14 ноября 1840 года в Париже, где его
отец держал бакалейную лавку. Затем семейство Моне переехало на северное
побережье Франции, где река Сена впадает в Ла-Манш. 2. Москва наших дней –
это не Москва XIX века. 3. Берингов пролив разделяет Америку и Азию.
4. Самолет приземлился в аэропорту Майами. 5. Амударья течет через пустыню
Каракум и впадает в Аральское море. 6. Байкал – самое красивое озеро, которое
я когда-либо видел. 7. Турция располагается на двух континентах – Азии и
Европе. 8. Официальная столица королевства Нидерландов – Амстердам. Гаага
– резиденция голландского правительства и королевского двора. 9. Суэцкий
канал разделяет Африку и Азию. 10. Эти новости только что передали по BBC.
11. Давайте встретимся перед Днем победы. 12. Лувр – один из крупнейших
художественных музеев мира. 13. Моя двоюродная сестра закончила
Оксфордский университет. 14. Во Францию была отправлена большая партия
памятников Древнего Египта. 15. Мы заказали номер на двоих в Гранд отеле.
16. Я никогда не забуду Париж 1945 года. 17. Среди достопримечательностей
Москвы можно назвать Красную площадь, Кремль, Тверскую улицу, Большой
театр и многие другие.

Exercise 44. a) In pairs, discuss the following questions.

1. What countries would you like to visit? Why?
2. What countries have the most interesting landmarks?
3. What countries in Europe have you visited? Which sights did you see there?
4. What countries would you not like to visit and why?

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 5. What are the most popular tourist destinations in your country? Have you been
to any of them?
b) Which attractions and famous landmarks of London do you know? Your
partner is a visitor to London and you are a guide, so your task is to tell your
partner what you know about the landmarks given below. Which of them would
you like to see and why?
Buckingham Palace, St.James’s Park, St. Paul's Cathedral, Westminster Abbey, the
river Thames, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, Hyde Park, 10 Downing Street, the
Houses of Parliament, the London Eye, the Tower of London, the National Gallery,
the Science Museum, Picadilly Circus, Covent Garden.

The Use of Articles with Some Semantic Groups of Nouns

Exercise 45. Supply a / an, the or leave the space blank (-).

1. We’re setting off at _____ sunrise.
2. We must be home before _____ midnight.
3. I’m often wide awake at _____ night.
4. We reached the village before _____ sunset.
5. _____ lunch I ordered was burnt.
6. We’re invited to the Smiths for _____ lunch.
7. Let’s have _____ breakfast on the terrace.
8. Do you always have _____ tea at four?
9. We’ve come here to see _____ sunset.
10. I had _____ nice lunch at the Ritz.

Exercise 46. Write the where necessary in these sentences.

1. Can I drive you to university? It’s on my way.
2. When I’m in London, I always go to theatre.
3. Margaret believes that all children should go to church every Sunday.
4. In Sweden, children start school when they are six or seven.

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 5. Jim’s been in hospital for six weeks now.
6. He lives near church on the hill.
7. She’s going to university to do French.
8. There was a fire at school in Newtown.
9. Even her most dedicated fans wouldn’t call her new play a great work of theatre.
10. Have you heard hospital is going to close?
11. It’s time the children went to bed.
12. He’s been in and out of prison since he left school.

Exercise 47. Choose the correct form in the sentences given.

I. 1) In a summer/ summer it’s hot but in winter/ a winter it’s very cold.
2) During a day/ the day it was very hectic but at the night/ at night it was desolate.
3) Past/ The past is forgotten.
4) It was summer/ a summer of intense heat.
5) I did a lot of work in Hamburg in the eighties/ eighties.
II. 1) Both of them found work in hospital/ the hospital.
2) She couldn’t imagine people going to church/ the church looking so dull and
unhappy.
3) The door was closed when I went to bed/ the bed.
4) We drove to the university/ the university, opposite which was a temple.
5) Robert moved closer to the bed/ bed.
6) How are we going to get from the church/ church to the reception?
7) I wanted to go to university/ the university but I wanted to be an actor more.
III. 1) He was a supreme master of ballet/ a ballet.
2) She has returned to a theatre/ the theatre after an absence of five years.
3) Our lives are dominated by television/ a television.
4) The town is boring. What we need is a cinema/ the cinema.
5) ‘You’re dressed up.’ – ‘Yes, we’re going to opera/ the opera.
6) Film/ The film is both a respected art form and a form of mass entertainment.
7) ‘What can we do tonight?’ – ‘Well, we could go to movies/ the movies.’

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Exercise 48. Put a / an, the or zero article (-), whichever is most likely, in the
spaces in these sentences. In some cases, you can use either the or zero article (-).
1. a She starts work on _____ Monday next week.
b I last saw her in town earlier in the year. I’m sure it was _____ Monday,
because that’s when I go shopping, but I can’t remember the exact date.
c They phoned on _____ Monday before the accident.
2. a I remember when Frank was last here. It was _____ Christmas I got my new
bike.
b It was _____ Christmas to remember.
c We’re returning after _____ Christmas.
3. a The race is always held in _____ June.
b We last saw Dave _____ June your mother was staying with us.
c Even though it was March, the weather reminded me of _____ hot June day.
4. a With the wedding and the new job, it was _____ summer she would always
remember.
b There was a long drought in South Africa in _____ summer of 1993.
c I’m hoping to visit Italy in _____ summer.
5. a We had a really good time over _____ New Year.
b Have _____ happy New Year!
c I’ll contact you in _____ New Year.

Exercise 49. Supply a / an where necessary. Note where you can use a / an or

zero article (-).
1. I’m going to bed. I’ve got _____ headache.
2. I was awake all night with _____ toothache.
3. I think Gillian’s got _____ flu.
4. The children are in bed with _____ mumps.
5. Mind you don’t catch _____ cold.
6. _____ measles can be very unpleasant.

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 7. Don’t come near me. I’ve got _____ sore throat.
8. I think I’ve got _____ cold!
9. I’ve had _____ terrible backache.
10. I often suffer from _____ backache.

Exercise 50. Translate into English.

1. Какое унылое лето нас ожидает впереди! 2. Я работаю в саду в любую
погоду. 3. Какая сегодня погода? 4. Это был грандиозный обед, были
приглашены многие знаменитости. 5. Сколько мы должны заплатить за обед?
6. Обед готов, пожалуйста, садитесь все к столу. 7. Боюсь, у нас сегодня будет
очень простой ужин. 8. Ночь. Скоро наступит рассвет. 9. Мой сосед – фотограф.
Он обычно проявляет пленки по ночам. 10. Мы встали ранним утром, чтобы
увидеть восход солнца. 11. На моих часах полночь. Вот и закончился день.
12. Мы встретились в одну из пятниц. 13. Ребенок вырос, нужно купить ему
новую кровать. 14. Граф Монтекристо провел в тюрьме много лет. 15. Он
прорыл подземный ход под тюрьмой и сбежал. 16. Городок становится больше,
и людям нужна новая церковь. 17. Моя бабушка ходит в церковь по
воскресеньям. 18. Весна – это время года между зимой и летом. 19. Весной
становится теплее. 20. Он уехал весной 1997 года. 21. Париж прекрасен весной.
22. Была ранняя весна. 23. Пойдем посмотрим, в постели ли ребенок. 24. Ваша
дочь больна гриппом. Ее следует отправить в больницу. Вы можете навещать ее
в больнице каждый день. 25. Скарлет вернулась из больницы уставшей,
завершился еще один трудовой день. 26. Давайте приготовим шикарный ужин.
27. Занятия в школе начинаются в 8 утра. 28. Она преподает историю в одной
из школ Москвы. 29. Какой красивый сегодня закат! 30. Не тяни щенка за ухо,
это причиняет ему боль.

Exercise 51. Make up sentences of your own with the following phrases.

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1. to be at a loss 2. to play the piano 3. to put an end to 4. by mistake 5. in the plural
6. at first sight 7. to take an interest in 8. it is out of the question 9. by sea 10. all of a
sudden 11. to tell / speak the truth 12. to catch sight of

Exercise 52. Translate into English. Use set expressions with / without articles.
1. Женщина вела ребенка за руку. 2. Книга такая интересная, я уже несколько
раз прочел ее от корки до корки. 3. Когда бы я к нему ни пришел, он всегда за
работой. 4. К сожалению, у меня нет словаря под рукой. 5. В XIX веке все
домашняя работа выполнялась вручную. 6. Я хочу, чтобы вы перестали
говорить одновременно. 7. Брат Джека – моряк, и большую часть времени он
проводит в море. 8. Мне бы хотелось поговорить с вами лично. 9. Не стойте на
холоде. 10. Джонсоны прибыли в отель на рассвете. 11. Если вы не ответите ей,
она придет в ярость. 12. Она всегда говорит тихо. 13. Вы принесли мне не тот
журнал по ошибке. 14. Давайте прогуляемся вдоль берега моря. 15. Вдалеке мы
увидели сверкающие огни приближающегося города. 16. Случилось
невероятное: Дэвид влюбился с первого взгляда.

Exercise 53. Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Discuss

them in pairs paying special attention to the use of articles.
1. Money cannot bring happiness.
2. Love is more important than success.
3. Getting a good job depends mainly on being in the right place at the right time.
4. It is impossible to have a happy family life and a successful career.
5. The number of friends you have depends on how nice a person you are.
6. A good leader expects people to decide for themselves what they should do.
7. English food is terrible.
8. Couples should not be allowed to kiss in the street, on the bus, at the cinema, at
school, at work.
9. Quality of life will greatly improve in the future.

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 VERB COMPLEMENTATION

Intransitive and Transitive Verbs

Exercise 1. In each pair of sentences below one sentence has a transitive verb
and the other an intransitive verb. Mark the sentences T (transitive) or I
(intransitive). In the sentences which have a transitive verb underline the object.
1. The postman calls at about 7 am every morning. ……I…..
They are going to call the new town Skelmersdale. …T….
2. You’re not allowed to drive a car until you’re seventeen. ….
She learned to drive when she was eighteen. ……….
3. I’ve never deliberately hurt anyone……….
My leg was beginning to hurt quite a lot. ……..
4. You look just the same. You haven’t changed a bit. ……
You can’t change human nature. ……….
5. Could you stop the car, please. ……
Do you think you could stop in front of the post office? ……

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences below using the correct form of the following
verbs.
begin boil cook crack handle increase
open ring sell tear stop wash
1. The door ..opened… and a young man came out.
2. Be careful with that paper. It will ……….easily.
3. The glass will probably ……… if you pour boiling water in it.
4. Has the kettle …….. yet?
5. Those jeans are very good value. They should ….. ..quickly.
6. The bus …….. right outside the house.
7. The meat will ……. quite quickly. It’ll be ready in half an hour.
8. The meeting …… with a short welcome from the new chairman.

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 9. The doorbell ……. several times before anyone answered.
10.This shirt is dreadful. It just won’t …….. clean.
11.Prices have …………. by 10 per cent since last year.
12.The plane still ………. well at over twice the speed of sound.

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences below using the following nouns.

building, car, hand, material, pace, potatoes
ship, shirt, train, vase, water, window
1. What time does the …ship… sail?
2. Has the … boiled yet?
3. This … doesn’t stain. It’s protected by a special chemical.
4. The … fell off the shelf and broke.
5. The first lap was very fast but the … slowed later.
6. He was killed when his … ran into the back of a bus.
7. His … caught on a nail and tore.
8. The whole … shook in the storm.
9. Her … rested on the arm of her chair.
10.Suddenly the … opened and a woman poked out her head.
11.The … stopped just outside the station.
12.The … were cooking in a large pan.

Exercise 4. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it is as

similar as possible to the sentence before it.
1. Leaving that dress in the sun has made it fade.
That dress …………………………………………………………
2. The men were sailing the boat into the harbor.
The boat …………………………………………………………..
3. I dropped the glass and cracked it.
The glass …………………………………………………………..
4. I added flour to the sauce and thickened it.

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 The sauce …………………………………………………………..
5. They are selling a lot of copies of that new single.
That new single …………………………………………………….

Monotransitive verbs

Exercise 5. Complete the following sentences using the phrasal verbs in brackets
and a personal pronoun. The pronoun must come between the verb and the
particle.
1. I am in charge here. Don’t …answer me back… . (answer back)
2. We’re very cold out here. Aren’t you going to … ? (ask in)
3. I’d like to speak to him again. Will you please … ? (call back)
4. They were fighting so fiercely that it took two of us to … . (pull apart)
5. I’m afraid we’re just on our way out, so I can’t … . (invite in)
6. I’m afraid the money is lost. We’ll never … . (get back)
7. She knows all the answers. Nobody can … . (catch out)
8. They took us to dinner last month. It’s our turn to … for a meal. (invite out)
9. It certainly is a difficult problem. I just can’t … . (work out)
10.It’s difficult to find your way out. Wait a minute and I’ll ask someone to … .
(show out)
11.Their parents were overseas so their grandparents … . (bring up)
12.I want to put these blankets away. Could you help me to … ? (fold up)

Exercise 6. Match the verbs in Column A with the correct parts of the body in
Column B.
A B
wink your shoulders
nod your nose
shrug your eye
pick your fist
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clench your hands
clap your head

Delexical verbs

Exercise 7. Complete the sentences with a suitable form of do or make.

1. What research are you … right now?
2. They … their best to make their guests feel comfortable.
3. How many mistakes did you … in your last test?
4. Smoking … a lot of harm to your health.
5. Try not to … so much fuss about it.
6. Excuse me, can I … a phone call?
7. She’s … great progress in her studies.
8. What kind of sport do you …?
9. When did you … your last exam?
10.I was too nervous to … a speech.

Exercise 8. Complete these sentences with an appropriate form of have or take

and one of these nouns. If either verb is possible, write them both.
care, a dislike, an effect, a fall, a holiday, a look, power,
a say, a sip, a stroll, a word
1. Mr Hammond, may I ..have a word.. with you, please. It’s about my salary.
2. I … to Cathy’s new boyfriend the moment I met him.
3. After breakfast yesterday we … around the park.
4. Can you … of Peter on Sunday while I go shopping?
5. Olivia’s recent illness obviously … on her performance in the match.
6. It’s very important for the workers to … in how the company is run.
7. She … of her coffee, but it was still too hot to drink.
8. I felt much better after I had … in the sun.
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 9. I … on a patch of ice and broke my glasses.
10.When the present government … in 1996, inflation was 250%.
11.If you are thinking of buying the house, come and … around.

Exercise 9. Refer the following nouns to the right column to make expressions
with delexical verbs (sometimes more than one variant is correct).
make do have take go

 an exam  a choice  a noise

 a rest  a mistake  a course
 a message  a meal  progress
 for a swim  a favour  homework
 sport  a risk  the shopping
 a cup of tea  a contribution  a phone call
 a drink  money  a baby
 a bus/train/  jogging  part in smth
plane/taxi  a party  a promise
 a photo  a chat  a word with smb
 the cleaning  lunch  a shower
 care of  friends  shopping
 a decision  one’s hair  a plan
 research  for a ride  one’s best
 a mess  an attempt  for a walk
 skydiving

Exercise 10. Choose the correct variant.

1. I made/did/took a few mistakes in the exam.
2. I had to make/do/have my own dinner last night.
3. I made/went/did a one-week course in word processing.
4. They had/took/made a long rest after the game.
5. I always make/do/take a lot of photos when I’m on holiday.

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 6. We were late, so we had to have/take/go a taxi to the station.
7. I’m making/doing/having a party next week.
8. How often do you usually do/take/go shopping?
9. We are making/doing/taking research in chemistry now.
10.You look different. Have you had your hair made/done/had?

Exercise 11. Complete the sentences below using the appropriate form of have,
give, take, make, do or go.
1. She looked up and …gave… me a friendly smile.
2. I always … a bit of gardening at the weekend.
3. Skiing is dangerous enough as it is. You shouldn’t… unnecessary risks.
4. I’m awfully nervous. I have to … a speech after dinner.
5. You must be hot. Would you like to … a cold shower before supper?
6. It’s half past twelve. Let’s … a short break before lunch.
7. Oh dear. I didn’t know you were there. You … such a dreadful scream.
8. The chairman … a few final remarks before bringing the meeting to a close.
9. We … some great photographs on holiday this year.
10.I’m not thirsty. I … a drink just before I left home.
11.A horse can … you a very nasty kick.
12.They … arrangements to get everything ready on time.
13.George … a useful suggestion.
14.It wasn’t working, so I … it a good kick.
15.You obviously … a lot of trouble over it.
16.I … the washing up before going to bed.
17.We … a swim every morning before breakfast.
18.We … a short break over the weekend.
Exercise 12. Replace the predicate-verb by a verb+noun combination using the
verb suggested in brackets.
Example: The man shouted. (give)
Answer: The man gave a shout.

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 1. “We'll look,” he said doubtfully. (take)
2. Julia glanced at her. (give)
3. Then he saw the gramophone. (catch)
4. She sighed deeply. (give)
5. Rowley started violently. (give)
6. He chuckled a little. (give)
7. He laughed harshly. (give)
8. Mrs.Driffield looked at me in that peculiar way of hers. (give)
9. We've fought for a long time. (have)
10.Her heart jumped greatly. (give)
11.The pianist grinned weakly. (give)
12.She shrugged her shoulders a little. (give)
13.She smiled warmly at the kind lady. (give)

Exercise 13. Translate from Russian into English paying special attention to the
collocations with make/do/have/take/go.
1. Вам пора принимать решение. 2. Кто делал тебе причёску? 3. Мы любим
заниматься разными видами спорта. 4. Как ты мог допустить эту ошибку?
5. Давай составим план наших действий. 6. Ты всегда создаёшь такой
беспорядок? 7. Я думаю, тебе нужно хотя бы сделать попытку. 8. Не могли бы
Вы оказать мне услугу? 9. Мне было тяжело сделать этот выбор. 10. Мы
сделали всё возможное, чтобы решить эту проблему. 11. Мы с ним условились
встретиться через неделю. 12. У тебя есть минутка? Можно с тобой
переговорить? 13. Что это? Можно посмотреть? 14. Это сложное задание. Тем
не менее, попробуйте его сделать! 15. Давай попьём кофе чуть позже. Или,
может, мы что-нибудь выпьем? 16. Надеюсь, ты хорошо проведёшь время в
Испании. Счастливого пути! 17. За границей нелегко завести друзей. 18. Как
дела? Ты делаешь успехи в английском? 19. Не шумите, пожалуйста. Я готовлю
доклад. 20. Как часто ты ремонтируешь машину (отдаёшь её в сервис)?

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Exercise 14. Discuss the following questions with your partner.
1. How good are you at remembering names, dates, facts for exams, books, films,
appointments, lists, speeches, jokes, etc.? What techniques do you use?
2. Why do we remember some people and forget others? Why are we embarrassed
about forgetting people’s names?
3. Do you buy souvenirs when you go to new places? Do you take photographs to
remind you of places and people?
4. What methods do people use to record their memories (diaries, photo-albums,
videos)?

Ditransitive Verbs

Exercise 15. Make up sentences using the following verbs with two objects.
cause, pay, deny, make, save, fetch, leave, refuse, do, lend, pass, get, promise

Exercise 16. Insert the preposition to where necessary.

1. I have told this … you so that you may take precautions. 2. John gave the book …
me so that I might learn this poem. 3. Not finding him at the office she left … him a
note informing him of our arrival. 4. They showed … us a list of the goods to be sold
at the auction. 5. We have sent invitations … the parties participating in the
agreement. 6. No difficulties would have arisen if he had explained everything … me
in due time. 7. He mentioned … me the title of the novel that he had read long ago. 8.
I remember introducing you … to her. 9. Pass … me the salt, please. 10. Why can’t
you prove … your brother that you simply had to do so? 11. What did you suggest …
them?

Exercise 17. Rewrite these sentences putting the words into the correct order.
him / money / have / the / all / I / paid.
………………………………………………………………………
lovely / brought / flowers / me / of / he / a / bunch.

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………………………………………………………………………
present / grandmother / have / I / your / for / a / hope / you / bought.
………………………………………………………………………
some / money / give / shoes / the / new / can / for / me / you.
………………………………………………………………………
fruit / you / mother / like / this / your / take / to / I’d / to.
………………………………………………………………………
give / hoping / job / will / new / they / am / a / me / I.
………………………………………………………………………
timetable / please / find / Rose / train / can / for / the / you.
………………………………………………………………………
Andrew / gave / to / your / letter / I.
………………………………………………………………………
the / show / why / garden / her / you / don’t.
………………………………………………………………………
a / everybody / make / for / will / drink / I.
………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 18. Work in pairs. Do you agree or disagree with the following

statements?
1. Nobody does something for nothing.
2. There's no point in giving money to beggars, they only spend it on alcohol.
3. Adults should try to teach young people lessons, such as the dangers of drinking
too much or taking drugs.
4. It is better to offer compulsory education to pensioners who want to learn rather
than young people who prefer not to be in school.
5. Older people should spend their money on themselves and not save it for their
children.

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 Copular (Link) Verbs

Exercise 19. The link verbs turn, come, go refer to a change of state. However,
they differ in their specific meanings and their preferred collocations. The
following sentences represent the typical collocations of the three verbs with
adjectives. What meanings are shared by these adjectives following each verb?
How would you describe the meaning differences among these three link verbs?

Turn
1. I didn’t realize he had twisted it that bad but it swelled up
and turned purple.
2. I heard the pumpkins this year either turned yellow too soon
or turned orange too soon.
3. Now the picture has turned darker.

Come
1. The defense is coming alive.
2. It was about this time that we seemed to come awake again.
3. Think of all the things that come loose around the house.

Go
1. It’s enough to make you go crazy you know.
2. Yeah, otherwise you would go nuts.
3. This is what you call an experiment that went
wrong.
4. Are those coals really cold? – You don’t want
them to go cold.
5. They may have gone completely broke.

Now use the proper link verb (turn, come or go) in the following sentences:

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 1. I blushed and … pale.
2. If I don’t complain, I’ll … mad.
3. Yeah. Maybe it will … true.
4. They … completely insane.
5. Onions are so flavourful, and as they … golden brown in the pan, they really
increase the flavour of food.
6. What if all the meat … bad because we turned off the air conditioning?
7. The layers of secrecy … unstuck with time.
8. The leaves … limp after this subterranean pest has nibbled at the roots.
9. You just sit down with a sponge and they … clean.
10. The gun exploded – I … deaf and into shock at the same time.

Exercise 20. Fill in the blanks with one of the following copular (link) or
intransitive verbs.
was going, became, grew, fell, went, stayed, felt, go, rang, sounded, seems,
drives, run, stood, dropped, stay, went, remained, appears, rang
1. In the middle of the talk the line … dead. 2. She counted to one hundred to … cool.
3. The detective … motionless behind the door. 4. Carl Ray’s mouth … open. 5. That
dog … me crazy. 6. It … reasonable to me. 7. The music … too loud. 8. His words …
true. 9. She … icy cold. 10. They … impatient. 11. To everybody’s surprise, he … a
feminist. 12. The book … open at the end. 13. The sounds … sharp and clear in the
quiet of the evening. 14. Dad … frantic. 15. The North Sea oil supplies … short.
16. But today, nothing … wrong. 17. His face … from red to green like a set of traffic
lights. 18. The words, unfortunately, … unspoken. 19. It … a capital idea. 20. I think
your memory … deeply buried, repressed.

Exercise 21. Fill in the blanks with one of the following copular verbs.
become, fall, get, go, grow, keep, remain, run, turn
1. The cloud lengthened out until it … a narrow line. 2. And how are you? – We (not)
… younger. 3. I have known the family, father and son, so long that I … confused

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sometimes. 4. James … more and more alarmed. 5. His hands, slack behind him, …
fists. 6. I can stand the strain no longer, I … mad if it goes on like this. 7. At my cry
he … as pale as death. 8. The ship … smaller and smaller in the distance. 9. He …
yellow, then blue; suppressed anger showed on his face. 10. When I entered they all
… silent. 11. The boy … silent for a long time. 12. A gale from the west … stronger.
13. Carrie … rapidly famous. 14. Something must … wrong. 15. We … awake all
night. 16. (Not) … excited! 17. They came back before it … dark. 18. This river …
dry every summer. 19. The weather … cold and windy. 20. Hurry up! It … late.
21. The bread … stale.

Exercise 22. Supply suitable forms of verbs other than be in these sentences.

Example: When I ……….…… old, I hope I’ll have lots of grandchildren.
Answer: When I ….grow…. old, I hope I’ll have lots of grandchildren.
1. You must be very careful you don’t ……….…… ill when you are travelling.
2. I think this milk ……….…… sour.
3. Food ……….…… bad very quickly in hot weather.
4. It hasn’t rained for months and our local river ……….…… dry.
5. It’s no good ……….…… impatient every time I ask you a question.
6. She always wanted to retire before the age of 40 and her dream ……….……
true.
7. I had to cut my trip short because I ……….…… ill.
8. I must get these shoes repaired. The soles ……….…… rather thin.
9. Don’t you ……….…… bored listening to political broadcasts?
10. My son is determined to ……….…… a pilot when he grows up.
11. Personally, I think he’ll ……….…… a very good pilot.

Exercise 23. Complete the following sentences.

1. Put the milk in the fridge or it (прокиснет).
2. Bread usually (черствеет) after a couple of days, unless you wrap it up
carefully.

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 3. We are supposed to become wiser as we (становимся старше).
4. Are you sure the fish is all right? It certainly (странновато пахнет).
5. The lecture was so boring that I (заснул).
6. My patience (лопается).
7. The town was flooded with gossip, but the press (молчит).
8. There came a scream of terror. My blood (похолодела).
9. She (пропала).
10. The abandoned well (высох).
11. Rumors always (распространялись) in the village.
12. Don’t let the child (отбиться от рук).
13. You should buy new jeans. These jeans (протерлись).

Exercise 24. Read the sentences and give their Russian equivalents.

1. Still waters run deep. 2. The new broom sweeps clean. 3. Take it easy. 4. Go slow,
go easy, look before you leap. 5. The words cut deep into her very soul. 6. The
detective is trying to dig deep into the matter. 7. Raising teenagers right is not an easy
thing. 8. There are some things that sit so heavy on my conscience.

Exercise 25. Translate into English.

1. Он был непреклонен в своем решении. 2. Дом оставался пустым в течение
двадцати лет. 3. Он выглядел победоносно. 4. Уши Рона стали пунцовыми.
5. Металл оставался твердым (solid). 6. У Гарри онемело все тело. 7. Дверь
моментально распахнулась. 8. У меня вдруг пересохло во рту. 9. Подошла
официантка, и обе женщины умолкли. 10. В чем дело? Ты вдруг так
побледнела. 11. Он разорился. 12. Яблоко кислое на вкус. 13. Этот ручей
пересыхает летом. 14. Сад пришел в запустение. 15. Иногда слова могут звучать
так холодно. 16. Снег лежал толстым слоем под деревьями. 17. Солнце
погрузилось в море, огромное и пунцовое. 18. Его отец умер бедным. 17. Тут и
там окна светились желтым светом в темноте. 19. В ту ночь Гарри долго лежал
без сна. 20. Книги лежали открытыми на столе. 21. Слова не идут легко. 22. Его

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нашли без сознания на полу. 23. А.С.Пушкин умер молодым. 24. Взошла луна,
огромная и яркая. 25. Он стоял, никем не замеченный, в углу комнаты.
26. Огромные богатства лежат скрытыми на дне океана. 27. Он с ума сойдёт,
если узнает об этом. 28. Эти ягоды так хорошо пахнут. 29. Относитесь к этому
легче! 30. Новая метла по-новому метет. 31. Он заблудился. 32. Ей исполнилось
70 в этом году.

Exercise 26. Analyse the predicate in the following sentences.

1. Why don’t we have a drink after work?
2. One day a strange man appeared on the threshold of my house.
3. Jasmine taught music to a large number of children at the school.
4. My friend suggested spending a few days in the country.
5. That perfume smelled so fresh.
6. The soup is cooking.
7. He was living a life of leisure spending money right and left.
8. This grapefruit tastes very bitter.
9. Would you mind my opening the window?
10.Unfortunately he couldn’t afford to go on this trip.
11.She looked up and gave a friendly smile.
12.This secretary seems very efficient.
13.These cakes sell well.
14.I sat motionless for a while.
15.He became a successful business man.
16.He made an effort to speak.
17.We had a good laugh yesterday, didn’t we?
18. The glass will probably crack if you pour boiling water in it.
19.The suspect confessed his crime to the police.

Exercise 27. Discuss the following questions in pairs using copular (link) verbs.
1. How important is it to look young and beautiful?

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2. What things do people do to make themselves look younger and more
beautiful?
3. Do men remain attractive longer than women?
4. Some people say that men never grow up, they just get bigger. Do you agree?
5. How do you feel about your parents growing older?
6. Are you afraid of getting old?
7. Some people say that youth is a state of mind. Do you agree?

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 SECONDARY PARTS OF THE SENTENCE
THE OBJECT AND THE COMPLEMENT

Exercise 1. Point out the kind of object and say what it is expressed by.
1. She wrote her mother a letter every week.
2. The librarian will reserve the copy of the book for you.
3. Give this note to your mother.
4. He had been thankful for that chance.
5. An honest man will always tell people the truth.
6. I will insist on his doing it.
7. Fill me this jug with water.
8. The two girls took their sick friend some flowers.
9. He thought that I ought to try again.
10. I know all about it.
11. He was with you at the banquet.
12. Don’t show it to me.
13. Laura helped her mother with the tea.
14. She read the letter to the woman who was sitting next to her.
15. What have you got there?
16. They offered us a cup of tea.
17. Finally we agreed on the plan.

Exercise 2. Distribute the following sentences according to the structural types

of the objects used in them and fill in the table given below.
1. He insisted on my coming.
2. I hate visiting clubs.
3. Meet her tomorrow.
4. He was amazed by what he saw there.
5. I want him to succeed.
6. I saw a brown box there.

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 7. I wish you were here.
8. She remembered meeting her last year.
9. I want my photo taken.
10. I suggest that you should go there.
11. I talked to your brother today.
12. I want this book to be published.
13. I had my hair cut last month.
14. I hate your being late.
15. I like reading books.
16. I don't know how to help her.
17. Do you know where she lives?
18. He ordered them to come.

Simple Phrasal Complex Clausal

Exercise 3. Consider constructions with cognate objects. Translate into Russian.

Replace the cognate-object combinations with single verbs making other
changes in the sentences if necessary.
1. The old couple have lived a long and happy life. 2. The hostess smiled a
welcoming smile to the entering guest. 3. You must sleep a sound sleep, and your
headache will cease without taking medicine. 4. I dreamed such a strange dream last
night! 5. The commander fired three shots in the air.

Exercise 4. I. Choose the suitable preposition from the central column which fits
the rest of the sentence.
1. Give your share John.
2. Buy a drink the rest of the group.
3. Do a favour a friend.
4. Reserve a table a) to me.
5. Leave all your money your grandchildren.
6. Save a place Joe.

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7. Offer a job the best applicant.
8. Pass the draft the technical advisor.
b) for
9. Spare something the rest of us.

II. Replace the noun-phrase after the preposition with a pronoun. Paraphrase
the sentence according to the model.
Model: Give your share to Robert. – Give him your share.

Exercise 5. Put the three elements into the correct order. Add the preposition to
where necessary.
1. The inspector refused to say / anybody / anything.
2. Would you like to read / the children / a bedtime story?
3. I have promised / a party / the children.
4. Don’t tell / anything / the others.
5. Edward teaches / chemistry / students.
6. The Dean explained / the colleagues / the situation.
7. The President announced / his resignation / the press.
8. I shall have to report / this / the authorities.
9. He forgot to mention / his boss / the matter

Exercise 6. Correct the mistakes in the following sentences.

1. He picked up the bag and then disappeared it.
2. She said me that she had had fun.
3. Please, let me introduce you my friend john.
4. Prices were rose sharply last year.
5. They saved for my friend a seat.
6. The teacher explained us the point.
7. She gave to the girl sitting in the next cabin instructions.
Exercise 7. Complete the sentences using the information given. Add suitable
prepositions and make any other grammatical changes necessary.
Example: The hotel gives you everything except a toothbrush!

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 Answer: It provides you with everything except a toothbrush!
1. She looks like my cousin. – She reminds me ……………………………….
2. “Well done. I’m so glad you’ve passed your exam”. – I congratulated her
…………………..
3. They said I’d borrowed the car without asking. – They accused ………….....
4. My aunt sent me a wonderful present. – I must write and thank ……………
5. Some people ruin their own lives. – But you can’t prevent ………………….
6. I’d like to meet your parents. – Please introduce ……………………………..
7. £100 sounds reasonable for that camera. Have you looked at prices in other
shops? – Have you compared ………………………………………………….

Exercise 8. Translate into English.

1. Может ли кто-нибудь объяснить мне, в чем дело? 2. Не думаю, что кто-
нибудь может диктовать нам, что делать. 3. В своем романе писатель часто
ссылается на политические события. 4. Это информация, на которую можно
ссылаться в будущем. 5. В своих мемуарах актриса часто ссылается на многих
известных людей. 6. Джон попросил меня представить его Мери. 7. Мы
встречаемся целый год, а ты еще не представила меня своим родителям.
8. Позвольте представить вам нашего нового управляющего – мистера Брауна.
9. Моя няня, бывало, читала мне сказки перед сном. 10. Очень сомневаюсь, что
ты сумеешь объяснить своим друзьям этот поступок. 11. Пожалуйста, никогда
больше не ссылайся на меня в подобных ситуациях. 12. Если вы мне напишите,
то я буду счастлив. 13. Они написали нам из Гааги. 14. Он посвятил свои стихи
родному городу. 15. Адвокат предупредил своего клиента об опасности. 16. Кто
будет оперировать больного? 17. Положитесь на Джима, он не подведет.
18. С чем он вас поздравил? 19. Манекенщицы продемонстрировали публике
последние модели. 20. Какой климат характерен для этой местности?
Exercise 9. Discuss the following questions in pairs.
1. Which book have you enjoyed reading?
2. What have you been learning for a long time?

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 3. What do you want for your birthday?
4. What are you really good at?
5. What are you most looking forward to this week?
6. What sort of music did you listen to ten years ago?
7. Are you interested in fashion?

THE COMPLEMENT

Exercise 10. Define the type of the complement in the following sentences.

1. My sister is a nurse.
2. The soldiers found the village destroyed.
3. John married Susan last year.
4. You look upset. What’s happened?
5. My decision remains the same.
6. We used to live in this place.
7. She dyed her hair green.
8. This is how you should have done this task.
9. We found your advice very helpful.
10. He went out of the room.

Exercise 11. Complete the following sentences with an adjective formed from

one of the verbs or nouns in the box, plus a suffix.
act, care, change, comfort, enjoy, forget, grace, motion, power, rely, tire,
1. We had a lovely weekend; it was thoroughly enjoyable .
2. He never remembers my birthday; I don’t know why he’s so __________.
3. The problem is that there’s nothing we can do about it; we’re completely
__________.
4. She never seems to run out of energy; she’s completely __________.
5. Don’t worry. If he’s said he’ll be there, then I’m sure he will. He’s very
__________.

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 6. You’re so __________ : you’re always dropping things.
7. I love to watch good ballet dancers: they’re so __________.
8. The cat stayed _____ as it waited to pounce on the bird.
9. It’s a very __________ climate; the weather can be completely different from
one day to the next.
10. It’s important to keep __________ after you retire.
11. The seats in first class were really __________. I could easily have fallen
asleep in them.

Exercise 12. Some predicative adjectives are often followed by a particular

preposition. Use words from the table to rephrase the sentences. Use the words
in the first and last column once each. You will need to use two of the
prepositions twice.

answerable satisfactory references

glad about the opportunity
grateful at the difficulties
different for any aspect of the work
aware from the board
dependent of coping
subject on negotiation
good to your remarks
bored with all my previous jobs
worried my last job
1. I realise it won’t be easy. – I am aware of the difficulties.
2. The job is yours provided your references are satisfactory. – The job offer is
….
3. I welcome the challenge. – I am … .
4. It’s unlike anything I’ve tackled before. – It is … .
5. Is there anything about the job that worries you? – Are you …?

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 6. Can we discuss salary? – Is the pay … ?
7. We have every confidence in your ability to manage. – We’re sure you’ll be
….
8. I appreciate what you’ve just said. – I am … .
9. I’ve just left a very dull job. – I was … .
10. You’ll have to report to the directors. – You’ll be … .

Exercise 13. Complete these verb + object + complement sentences using these

objects (once each).
(a) the club (b) the membership (c) the present state of the club
(d) the job (e) the bar (f) Janet (g) everyone (h) her (i) herself (j) it
1. We’ve appointed (f) Janet treasurer.
2. We expect her to make………………..a success.
3. She called…………………………….a mess.
4. She declared………………honoured to have been chosen.
5. She finds………………….challenging.
6. She hopes to keep………………happy.
7. She plans to make……………….larger, to raise subscription income.
8. She wants………………………open at lunch-time.
9. We think………………..a good idea to improve the bar.
10. I call…………………a super person.

Exercise 14. Put the appropriate verb of measurement into the sentences making
any changes necessary.
cost, drop, gain, last, lose, measure, rise, take, weigh
1. It was a long film: it lasted three and a half hours.
2. It was a cheap trip: it only … $44.00.
3. It was a big job: it … three weeks to finish.
4. The time is 8.00. My watch says 7.55. It has … five minutes.
5. The time is 8.00. My watch says 8.05. It has … five minutes.

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 6. That looks heavy. How much does it …?
7. The sun came out and the temperature soon … several degrees.
8. It was a cold evening, and the temperature … 10 degrees in an hour.
9. The field mouse is quite a small animal: it … about 4 cms from nose to
tail.

Exercise 15. Comment on the object(s) and complement(s) in the following

sentences.
1. The milk turned sour.
2. They built a new house for us.
3. The graduate students are in Room 106.
4. She has her hair cut once a month.
5. Can you bring me some milk from the shop?
6. The professor explained the whole procedure to me.
7. John appeared happy when the company promoted him.
8. I made him a cup of coffee.
9. I felt something crawling on my leg.
10. We elected him Captain of our team.
11. Jasmine taught music to a large number of children at the school.
12. They have lived a long and happy life.
13. The suspect confessed his crime to the police.
14. He raised a lot of money for charity.
15. He became a successful business man.

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 THE ATTRIBUTE AND PATTERNS OF COMPARISON

Exercise 1. State the structural types of attributes in the following sentences. Say
what the attributes are expressed by.
1. All the people present were deeply shocked by the nature of the crime the
defendant was charged with.
2. Everything imaginable was done for the capture of the fugitives.
3. Samuel Grey, the then President of the firm, was definitely against the dubious
deal.
4. Is there any purpose in trying to bypass this problem?
5. I doubt whether Major Bell will approve of the plan, so casually outlined.
6. The second plane, a huge Boeing, was about to touch the runway.
7. I’m afraid there is nothing to rely on in his account of the case.
8. On the third day there was sudden excitement down at the bend.
9. There’s no chance of our seeing him again.
10.There are changes I would like to see.
11.It was a typical “touch-me-not” look.
12.He is the one to take the consequences.
13.That was the best course for me to follow.
14.Then there came children’s voices.
15.Do you know your neighbours above?
16.He took the risk of being accused.

Exercise 2. Which words or phrases in B best explain the words or phrases in A?

A B
1. The concerned doctor phoned for an a) correct
ambulance. b) worried
2. The doctor concerned is on holiday c) who was blamed
now. d) complicated
3. It was a very involved question. e) with sense of duty

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 4. The person involved has left the f) now employed
company. g) here now
5. Present employees number 3000. h) connected with this
6. The employees present should vote i) itself
on this. j) connected with this
7. It was a proper question.
8. The question proper has not been
answered.
9. Janet is a responsible girl.
10.The girl responsible has been
expelled.

Exercise 3. Rewrite the following using the required form of the adjective.
1. a shirt made of cotton
2. silence like stone
3. a raincoat made of plastic
4. a shirt made of cotton / worn in the summer
5. hair like silk
6. a table-top made of glass
7. a rake made of wire
8. a voice like silver
9. a wall made of stone
10. a clock used in the kitchen
11. eyes like glass
12. a wallet made of leather
13. a spoon made of stainless steel
14. a clock made of plastic / used in the kitchen
15. a shirt made of silk
16. nerves like steel
17. a pullover made of wool

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 18. a blouse made of cotton
19. a teapot made of silver
20. a tile made of ceramic
21. a nailbrush made of nylon
22. a note for fifty pounds
23. a tongue like leather
24. a spoon made of wood

Exercise 4. Pick the appropriate variant.

1. Jack gave everyone a (stone, stony) look and left the room.
2. The water rose to a (surprised, surprising) level for this time of the year.
3. He is an outstanding sportsman; he’s won two (gold, golden) medals.
4. At the water’s edge the (glass, glassy) surface of the lake seemed unreal.
5. He believes there are (living, alive) creatures on the Moon.
6. This (involved method, method involved) is very costly, too.
7. Many of them will disagree with the (taken decision, decision taken).

Exercise 5. Put the following in the correct order.

1. a rectangular / brass/ lovely picture frame
2. two white / porcelain / pretty statues
3. some English / old / valuable books
4. a wooden / rocking / traditional chair
5. a(n) leather / Italian / expensive bag
6. a glass / small / blue dish
7. a(n) English / wooden / old desk
8. a(n) china / oval / lovely plate
9. a Chinese / little / pretty girl
10. a(n) wedding / expensive / satin / white dress
11. a detective / new / brilliant / French film
12. a(n) Greek / ancient / fascinating monument

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 13. a(n) pair of / leather / black / walking / old shoes
14. a(n) German / brown / enormous / beef sausage
15. a red and white / lovely / marble / Turkish / chess set.

Exercise 6. Rewrite the sentences in the correct non-emphatic order. Insert

articles and conjunctions if necessary.
1. The Robertsons kept a (old/ well-designed/ flower/ English) garden.
2. I absolutely adore (men’s/ elegant/ silk/ such) shirts.
3. She looks lovely even in (white/ cotton/ plain/ baggy/ her/ black/ Granny’s)
robe.
4. The house had a (old-fashioned/ lovely/ marble/ French) fireplace.
5. She was given a (plastic/ red/ old/ little) toy.
6. Everybody admired (black/new/velvet/nice/my sister’s) dress.
7. The prince didn’t like (two/ugly/Cinderella’s) sisters.
8. That was (detective/the most interesting/modern /imaginable/French) story.

Exercise 7. Translate into English.

1. Новое синее платье моей сестры, 2. восхитительные кожаные английские
перчатки, 3. две ужасные собаки Джона, 4. блуза в красную полоску, 5. спящий
ребенок, 6. письмо, оставленное без ответа, 7. караван в 300 верблюдов,
8. деревня в 20 домов, 9. тонко нарезанный сыр, 10. летная погода, 11. ботинки
с коньками, 12. пейзаж, написанный маслом, 13. волосы длиной до плеч,
14. девушка с золотистыми волосами, 15. свежезамороженные овощи,
16. свежевыкрашенный забор, 17. 5-долларавая купюра.

PATTERNS OF COMPARISON

Exercise 8. Complete the sentences using the comparative or the superlative

form of the adjectives given in brackets.

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1. Boris is certainly (clever) than his brother. — Yes, and he is (attractive) than his
brother Peter. In fact, he is (smart) boy I've ever taught. 2. Nothing could be
(extravagant) than buying such an expensive car. You will have to be (careful) with
your money in future. 3. Life is getting (hard) and (complicated) with every passing
day. 4. It is (effective) method of all, but it is naturally costly. 5. Stephen is
(intelligent) than any other boy in his group. 6. It has been (cold) day in Moscow for
thirty years. 7. It's (little) I can do for you, I'm afraid. 8. That was (bad) than he had
expected. 9. That was indeed (bad) experience in his career. 10. They naively think
that things can only get (good). 11. This is (unbelievable) news I have ever heard.
12. He ate (few) French fries than you did at the picnic. 13. Angela is (little)
organized than Mike. 14. If you ask me, Moscow is (beautiful) than any other city in
the world. 15. They had (little) and (little) to talk about.

Exercise 9. Compare the following.

1. two different fruits 2. a cat and a dog 3. two flowers 4. rock music and classical
music 5. two academic subjects 6. a comedy and a tragedy 7. reading and writing
8. being single and being married 9. two of your friends 10. your life now with what
it was like ten years ago 11. two movie stars 13. two holidays

Exercise 10. Choose the right form of the adjective.

1. Send the book without (further, farther) delay. 2. We need no (further, farther)
explanation. 3. We found him in the (farthest, furthest) corner of the park. 4. What
are your plans for the (nearer, nearest, near) future. 5. What is his (nearest, next)
move going to be? 6. What is the (latest, last) news? 7. This is the (latest, last) thing I
have expected to see. 8. Anthony was the (older, elder) of the two brothers. 9. No, I
am much (older, elder). 10. My (older, elder) son is six years old.

Exercise 11. Talk on the suggested topics.

1. Your proudest achievement. 2. Your most important decision. 3. Your biggest
inspiration. 4. Your most memorable dream. 5. The strangest coincidence in your life.

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6. The best year of your life. 7. The thing that interests you most in people. 8. Your
greatest regret or disappointment. 9. The three most important principles you follow.
10. The most unusual experience you've ever had.

Exercise 12. Complete the following comparisons.

1. Barbara is nearly ... old ... her stepmother. 2. There are more ... two thousand
books in my mother's library. 3. Bob talks just ... his father. 4. I am not ... naive ... to
believe all he promises me. 5. After your heart attack you should walk ... slowly ...
possible. 6. The Volga is not now ... wide ... it was. 7. I have ... many working hours
a week ... any other employee. 8.  This house is two times ... big ... the old one.
9. They use twice ... much electricity … compressor machines. 10. He can lift a box
thrice ... heavy.

Exercise 13. Complete the sentences using the given information and one of the
phrases from the left-hand column.
The British Royal Family
Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip have four children:
 Charles was born in 1948.
 Anne was born in 1950.
 Andrew was born in 1960.
 Edward was born in 1964.
1. Charles is older than … the four.
2. Anne is not as old … the family.
3. Anne is not the oldest in … the brothers.
4. Anne is the second oldest of … his brothers.
5. Andrew is the second oldest of … than all the others.
6. Andrew is not as young as … of all.
7. Edward is younger … as Charles.
8. Edward is the youngest … as Edward.

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Exercise 14. Finish each of the sentences in brackets in such a way that it means
exactly the same as the sentence printed before it.
1. Venice is more picturesque than Rome. (Rome isn’t ... .)
2. Sandro doesn’t work as hard as Sandra. (Sandra ... .)
3. Ana plays the violin better than Rose. (Rose ... .)
4. This is perhaps the best play that I’ve ever seen. (This is one ... .)
5. Jo is the best swimmer in his class. (Jo swims ... .)
6. Gerald is a more amusing writer than Lawrence. (Gerald writes ... .)
7. Alla paints better than Bea and Chris and Maria. (Alla is ... .)
8. She dresses more smartly than him. (He doesn’t ... .)
9. Dan is less quick-tempered than his brother. (Dan isn’t ... .)
10. It was perhaps the most frightening experience I’ve ever had. (It was one ... .)

Exercise 15. Choose the correct phrase in each of the brackets.

A romance
Alison first saw David at a party. She had gone to the party with Ronald but he
had met some old friends and was talking to them. Alison saw David on the other
side of the room. Suddenly he turned and saw her watching him. She felt a little
embarrassed and looked away. When she looked again, he was walking towards her.
1
(The closer / Closer) he came 2(more she felt nervous / the more nervous she felt).
He introduced himself and they talked. They talked for a long time, and
3
(more/ the more) they talked 4(she liked him more / the more she liked him).
They met again the following week, and again a few days later. 5(The more
they became friendly / The friendlier they became) the more often she wanted to see
him. 6(More often / The more often) she saw him 7(the more happily / the happier) she
was, and 8(more she felt lonely / the lonelier she felt) without him.
9 10
(Ronald the more he / The more Ronald) saw them together the (more
jealous / more jealously) he became. However, 11(worse / the worse) he felt the less
he said.
Then Ronald fell in love with Mary, and everybody was happy.

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Exercise 16. Complete the given phrases.
1. The sooner, ... . 2. The longer the day (is), ... . 3. The more we learn, ... . 4. The
more expensive the wedding, ... . 5. The later one goes to bed, ... . 6. The better the
idea, ... . 7. The sunnier the weather, ... . 8. The more knowledge you get... . 9. The
broader your outlook, ... . 10. The richer your vocabulary, ... . 11. The less chocolate
you eat, ... . 12. The farther from home, ... . 13. The more kids you have, ... . 14. The
smarter a person is, ... . 15. The longer we study English, ... .

Exercise 17. Complete the sentences and then say if you agree or disagree.
Personal relationships
1. If you get married early, it’s better; in fact, … the earlier you get married the
better it is.
2. If you are generous, you will be popular; in fact, …
3. If you have many boy/girlfriends, you will be happy; in fact, …
4. If you are honest, you will have fewer problems; in fact, …
5. If you smoke, you will be kissed less often; in fact, …
6. When you are kind, people respect you less; in fact, …
7. If you put a lot into a relationship, you get a lot out of it; in fact, …
8. If you are hard to catch, you will be more desirable; in fact, …
9. When you win an argument, you may lose a friend; in fact, …
10. When you love someone, you have fewer arguments; in fact, …

Exercise 18. Read and translate the sentences. Say how degrees of comparison
are intensified.
1. Are the profits that poor? 2. The weather is no better today than it was yesterday.
3. It’s ever so interesting to meet new people. 4. It’s most important you stay here.
5. This is a most rewarding job. 6. His is the finest car available on the market.
7. Thank you ever so much, you've been most helpful. 8. Your offer is much (a lot)
better than any other's. 9. They give you the best chance imaginable. 10. He is no
worse than any other boy of his age. 11. She was by far the camp's best swimmer.

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12. He never ever wears a hat. 13. Mr. Parker is by far the biggest share holder.
14. This idea is pretty interesting. 15. Ron was having far worse problems. 16. He
gave her a most loving smile.

Exercise 19. Intensify the adjectives in the following sentences.

1. He was shorter than I was, and not more than an inch or two taller than Irene,
but his shoulders, neck and wrists were strong.
2. I want Mrs Lash flown to New Orleans by the fastest means.
3. Clive says there must be about ten blankets on the bed, and with each one you
take off he gets colder.
4. “He is not tall, not good-looking,” he said. I shook my head and said, “It’s not
important.”
5. He brought his project in the simplest way.
6. The dispute grew more violent.
7. I told you, doctor, my headache wasn’t bad.
8. Philip grew better.
9. His voice became low.

Exercise 20. There are also a number of intensifiers specific to a particular

adjective. These are known as common collocations. Select the correct intensifier
for the sentences below.
bone, fast, wide, brand, rock, fully
1. How old is this cake? It’s _____ hard!
2. I slept like a log and now I’m _____ awake.
3. She’s _____ conversant with the problems.
4. He’s _____ idle and won’t do a stroke of work.
5. Ssh. The baby’s _____ asleep at last!
6. The boss has got a _____ new car again.

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Exercise 21. Six of these sentences contain mistakes. Tick the correct sentences,
then find the mistakes and correct them.
1. We thought the state rooms in the White House were real impressive!
2. I’m afraid there’s nothing to eat; the fridge is very empty.
3. The tour bus is completely full so I’ve only got six seats left to offer you.
4. I love these ‘awayday’ tickets; they’re nice and cheap.
5. We chose the hotel because it was very recommended by our neighbours.
6. If you were really serious about your studies, you would have given up that
evening job.
7. Everyone in our class loves Jackie – she’s dead friendly.
8. Jack was a very built man with massive shoulders and a menacing stare.
9. I found the funeral ceremony absolutely moving.
10. The Ambassador would be really delighted to accept this honour on behalf of
the President.

Exercise 22. Use the required form of the adjective.

1. He was the (amusing) lad you’d ever met.
2. He’s a far (intelligent) person than my brother.
3. She was the (practical) of the family.
4. When they told me I was cured and could go, I can tell you I was (afraid) than
glad.
5. I wanted to ask you both what you thought of my (late) films if you saw them.
6. He is (talkative) than his sister. He won’t tire you so much.
7. He turned out to be (angry) than I had expected.
8. Today I’m no (wise) than yesterday.
9. This wine is the (good) I’ve ever tasted.
10. Jack is the (clever) of the two brothers.
11. Sue is the (clever) of the three sisters.
12. He felt (bad) yesterday than the day before.
13. She waited until the silence became the (noticeable) thing in the room.

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 14. The (near) house is three miles away.
15. The (near) item on the program is a piano sonata.
16. He is the (tall) of the two.
17. Uncle Nick was the (old) son of the family.
18. It’s not always (bright) students who do well in tests.
19. Which is (deep), Lake Garda or Lake Iseo?
20. She is much (self-confident) than she used to be.
21. (Tall) man in Manresa is a basketball player.
22. Most people are (well off) than their parents were.
23. She has a lot to be thankful for – (sad) thing of all is that she doesn’t realize it.
24. I want to rent a car – (powerful) one you have.
25. You look a lot (well) than you did last time I saw you.
26. There is nothing (irritating) than locking yourself out of your own house.
27. ‘Is Cambridge (old) university in Britain?’ ‘No, Oxford is about 50 years
(old)’.
28. If you were (tidy) and (well-organized) than you are, you would not keep
losing things.
29. The boys in our school are much (good-looking) and a lot (good) at football
than the boys in other schools in the town.

Exercise 23. Translate the following into English using various sentence patterns
to express comparison.
1. Чем меньше ты будешь говорить, тем лучше.
2. К сожалению, я не смог прийти так рано, как обещал.
3. Кошка упала с крыши, но чувствует себя нисколько не хуже от этого.
4. Комната хорошая, но все же не такая хорошая, как бы мне хотелось.
5. Чем больше человек имеет, тем больше ему хочется.
6. Я не так молод, как вы.
7. Погода меняется к лучшему.
8. Окно узкое, как дверь.

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 9. Суп хорошо пахнет, а на вкус он еще лучше.
10. Как пройти к ближайшей почте?
11. Если он поможет нам, тем лучше.
12. Если он не делает уроков, тем хуже для него.
13. Чем скорее ты сделаешь это, тем лучше.
14. Он становится все слабее и слабее.
15. На этот раз у вас меньше ошибок.

Exercise 24. Discuss your responses to the following statements and explain your
reasoning.
1. English is more difficult than my native language.
2. Women need men more than men need women.
3. City people are more cultured than those from the country.
4. Women talk more than men.
5. Dogs are better pets than cats.
6. People watch too much television nowadays.
7. Women are better drivers than men.
8. There is too much advertising in society.

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 THE ADVERBIAL MODIFIER

Exercise 1. Point out adverbial modifiers in the following sentences. State their
structural and semantic types.
1. Mary descended the slope very easily. 2. The people in the bus remained silent till
the end of the ride. 3. It spite of their lively talk each of them had something in
reserve. 4. Caroline, not knowing what to say, looked at her companion. 5. But for
sheer coincidence, you would hardly be likely to run into him in this busy place.
6. He was looking at me as if he knew me. 7. The village is large enough to organize
a drama society for the young folk.

Exercise 2. Add still or yet to these sentences making any necessary changes.
1. Do you work at Bowmaker’s?
2. Have you finished your exams?
3. They will be here when you get back.
4. He hasn’t come back. (He’ll be here soon)
5. He hasn’t come back! (I wonder what has happened to him?)
6. He won’t be back for some time.
7. Are you here? I thought you were leaving.
8. Hasn’t the mail arrived?
9. It isn’t raining, is it?

Exercise 3. Write the following sentences using the adverbials in brackets. Make
changes where necessary.
Example: Public transport is not reliable. (always)
Answer: Public transport is not always reliable.
1. She doesn’t arrive on time. (usually)
2. You don’t phone. (hardly ever)
3. We don’t complain. (generally)
4. The things people lose are umbrellas and keys. (most often)

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 5. There are items that are not very common. (sometimes)
6. Over 150,000 items a year are dealt with by London Transport’s Lost Property
Office. (regularly)
7. I am in bed before midnight. (usually)

Exercise 4. Put the adverbials in parentheses in final position in their correct

order. As a rule, adverbials of place precede adverbials of time. If there is an
adverbial of manner in addition, it comes before place and time.
1. Walter worked. (yesterday, more energetically)
2. I put the cake flour away. (on the next to the top shelf, after baking)
3. I didn't see you. (last night, there)
4. The old man is walking (up the path, feebly)
5. The children are playing. (in the garden, without supervision, today)
6. We'll stay (for a month, at the lake)
7. I'll meet you (at 10 o'clock, in front of the office)
8. We are going camping (this summer, in the mountains)
9. They have to go. (tomorrow, downtown)
10. We'll see you. (there, in a little while)
11. Alex spoke. (at the meeting, very angrily, yesterday)
12. I landed. (at 6 o’clock, on the 25th of June, in America, 1995, in the morning)

Exercise 5. Rewrite these sentences in the correct order.

Example: We had / at the party / a good time / yesterday.
Answer: We had a good time at the party yesterday.
1. The children / in the garden / quietly / played / this afternoon.
2. He / all through the afternoon / in his chair / sat / quietly.
3. They / in the rain / waited / for two or three hours / patiently.
4. The plain / for about thirty minutes / slowly / flew / around Heathrow airport.
5. We / on Sunday / in the studio / worked/ hard.
6. We / thoroughly / searched / the field / for several hours.

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 7. I / after getting the news / slowly / walked / to the end of the road.
8. He / with a sharp knife / cut the bread / carefully / into thin slices.
9. You / violently / can / for reacting / blame / hardly / her / actually.

Exercise 6. Translate into English the adverbial modifiers arranged in the lists
below and use them in sentences of your own.
Adverbials of Place: на перекрестке, через дорогу, на четвертой полке снизу, в
самом углу, в музее истории, на той же странице.
Adverbials of Time: с того самого вечера, в древности, в течение всего года, с
самого начала, никогда ранее, очень давно.
Adverbials of Manner: громким голосом, нежно, согласно вашим указаниям,
устало, привычным способом.
Adverbials of Cause (Reason): из-за его упрямства, из уважения к вам, усвоив
правила, понимая необходимость.
Adverbials of Purpose: чтобы не опоздать на самолет, для мира на земле, чтобы
помириться с ними, чтобы не вызвать ее раздражения.
Adverbials of Result: слишком хорошо, чтобы было правдой; достаточно, чтобы
понять; слишком громко, чтобы было приятно; слишком холодно, чтобы пойти
гулять.
Adverbials of Condition: в случае опасности, при таком условии, если бы не
Мери, если бы не их вмешательство.
Adverbials of Concession: несмотря ни на что, вопреки их советам, несмотря на
их возражения, при всей вашей осмотрительности.
Adverbials of Attendant Circumstances and Subsequent Events: не поднимая глаз,
со слезами на глазах, вздохнув, с книгой на коленях, переходя улицу.
Adverbials of Comparison: как будто в пустыне, как после тяжелого рабочего
дня, как прежде, как цветок.

Exercise 7. Translate the expressions in brackets using different adverbial

modifiers. State their types.

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1. Let's meet (на днях) and drop in on the Smiths’. 2. I met Susan (на днях) and she
told me the latest news. 3. A dog ran (из-за дома) and barked at me. 4. Mr. Traffy
drank his wine (одним глотком). 5. I'm (бесконечно) obliged to you. 6. It all
happened (позавчера). 7. The boy has his French lessons (через день). 8. She
listened to me attentively (чтобы не пропустить ни одного слова). 9. My granny’s
house is situated (в двух шагах отсюда). 10. He walked rapidly (с опущенной
головой). 11. Sam saw a figure (вдалеке). 12. When Kate returned home she changed
(до неузнаваемости). 13. They got into the same train (по странному
совпадению). 14. He got very early that morning (чтобы успеть на поезд). 15. She
doesn't like anybody (кроме себя) 16. They day was too cold (чтобы нам идти
кататься на коньках).

Exercise 8. Translate into English paying attention to adverbial modifiers of

different types.
1. Солнце печет довольно сильно. 2. В случае отказа обратитесь к
заведующему. 3. Вы хорошо себя чувствуете? 4. В ту же секунду прозвучал
выстрел. 5. Докладчик замолчал совершенно неожиданно. 6. Несмотря на
трудности, задание было выполнено в срок. 7. Помня наш уговор, я не стал ему
возражать. 8. Приготовьте все приборы согласно инструкции. 9. Из-за дождя
игру пришлось прервать. 10. Джон слишком ленив, чтобы стать отличником.

Exercise 9. Fill in the correct adjective or adverb using the words in brackets.
1. Gillian behaved very ……. (bad) at the party last night.
2. Think about it ….. (careful) before you make a decision.
3. It makes me feel ….. (sad) to think of you living alone.
4. I was not ….. (whole) convinced by her reasoning.
5. I ….. (true) believe this to be the finest novel ever written.
6. You had better work ….. (hard) if you want to keep your job.
7. Please, don’t drive so ….. (fast).
8. Linda washes her hair …… (daily).

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 9. Although I had only met him once, he greeted me ….. (friendly).
10. He spoke to us ……… (unfriendly).
11. He speaks French as ….as he speaks Italian (good).
12. Your car runs even …… than mine does (bad).
13. He writes English quite ………, but he speaks it very ……… (good / bad).
14. She sings ………. than anyone I know (beautiful).
15. He spoke to me …. (fatherly).

Exercise 10. Change the adjectives into adverbs or adverbial phrases in the

following sentences.
1. That was a cowardly thing to do. – You acted ……..
2. That was a quick response. – You responded ………
3. That was a silly thing to do. – You acted ……..
4. The orchestra gave a lively performance. – They performed ……
5. She is a slow runner. – She runs ………..
6. The singers gave a bad performance. – The performed ………..
7. She can’t control her motherly feelings. – She looks after him ……..
8. She is a lovely teacher. – She handles young children ……

Exercise 11. Translate the adverbs in brackets into English.

1. He could (едва) speak. 2. We shan’t get out of this muddle except by thinking
(усиленно) and realistically. 3. Piggy took off his glasses, (глубоко) troubled. 4. The
geologists dug too (глубоко) to find oil. 5. The boy came (близко) and peered down
at Ralph. 6. The lantern held (высоко) was in his left hand. 7. He had thought
(высоко) of Margaret. 8. He will be here at ten (ровно). 9. He spoke (резко) to the
children, and told them to go in to their tea. 10. He lives (близко) the Institute.
11. She put her arm round my shoulder and (почти) wept over me. 12. Jon’s eyes
opened (широко). 13. It is (широко) known that John is the best sportsman in our
town. 14. It is (весьма) probable that they are in the Crimea now. 15. But we really
got a beast, though I can (едва) believe it. 16. He always came away (глубоко)

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depressed. 17. “Never mind my reason!” said Soames (вскоре). 18. The champion
(справедливо) deserves the prize he received. 19. The wind was blowing so (сильно)
that I could (едва) stand on my feet. 20. (Вскоре) after graduating from the
University I went to the Far East. 21. (Легче) said than done. 22. Lanny bit his lips
and held his head (высоко).

Exercise 12. Choose the appropriate adverb.

1. His heart was (deep, deeply) moved. 2. The tunnels of the Moscow Metro are dug
(deep, deeply) below the surface of the earth. 3. The idea seemed (high, highly)
improbable to everybody. 4. The plane soared (парил) (high, highly), we could
(hard, hardly) see it. 5. You will have to work real (hard, hardly) to get everything
planned. 6. The mechanic (close, closely) examined the machine. 7. He was (near,
nearly) run over by the car. 8. He lives quite (near, nearly). 9. I have seen very little
of him (late, lately). 10. You have come too (late, lately). 11. She always came
(pretty, prettily) dressed. 12. It is (pretty, prettily) difficult to speak to her. 13. Do I
speak (loud, loudly) enough? 14. You paid too (dear, dearly) for this radio set.
15. The father loved his daughter (dear, dearly). 16. Through a space in the trees I
could see the house door; it was (wide, widely) open. 17. Gorky’s works are (wide,
widely) known throughout the world. 18. You don’t play (fair, fairly). 19. She cut
him (short, shortly) saying it was not to the point. 20. Speak (short, shortly). 21. I
found him (deep, deeply) in thought. 22. I found him (deep, deeply) engrossed in
reading the manuscript. 23. Here is some work for you; see that you do it (right,
rightly). 24. The Pamir is (right, rightly) called “the roof of the world”. 25. How are
you? – Very (good, well), thank you. 26. How’s life? – Very (good, well), thank you.
27. How are you getting on? – Very (good, well), thank you.

Exercise 13. Find the mistakes and correct them. There are sentences with no
mistakes in them.
1. She speaks French fluent.
2. I think you behaved very cowardlily.

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 3. Everyone says that he’s now enormous rich.
4. We’ll never catch them up if you walk as slow as that.
5. She turned to him astonishedly. ‘I don’t believe you,’ she said.
6. Wearing a white shirt and new suit, he thought he looked really well.
7. He plays the guitar remarkably good for his age.
8. Chop the herbs finely and sprinkle them on top of the pasta.
9. He stepped back and looked satisfiedly at the newly-painted door.

Exercise 14. Tom and Angela are at Lynn’s party. Complete their conversation
by choosing the correct adjective or adverb in brackets.
Tom: Well, the party is going very (nice/ nicely), isn’t it? Have one of these sausages.
They taste (good/ well).
Angela: No, thanks.
Tom: You don’t sound very (happy/ happily), Angela. And you look (pale/ palely).
Are you all right?
Angela: I feel rather (tired/ tiredly). And I’m (hot/ hotly).
Tom: It is getting a bit (warm/ warmly) in here, isn’t it? Well, I can (easy/ easily)
open this window.
Angela: Thanks. Actually, my head aches quite (bad/ badly) too. I think it’s (slow/
slowly) getting worse.
Tom: I’m (sure/ surely) the music isn’t helping. It seems rather (loud/ loudly), doesn’t
it? Look, would you like me to take you home?
Angela: No, it’s all right thanks. But if I could sit (quiet/ quietly) somewhere for a
few minutes, I might be OK.
Tom: I’ll ask Lynn if there’s somewhere you can go.

Exercise 15. Choose the correct adverb.

1. The soldier near/ nearly died as a result of being hit full/ fully in the chest by a
bullet, which penetrated deep/ deeply inside him.

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2. Simon told everyone he would pass the exam easy/ easily, so he was deep/ deeply
embarrassed when he came last/ lastly in the class, with 20%.
3. “I am happy to meet you,” said the reporter to the high/ highly respected singer.
“You’re pretty/ prettily famous around here, you know.”
4. When he almost full/ fully recovered from his illness the doctor told him to take it
easy/ easily and said that he would be able to return to work short/ shortly.
5. As he was found near/ nearly the scene of the murder with a knife in his hand, it is
hard/ hardly surprising that he was wrong/ wrongly accused.
6. Although he arrived an hour late/ lately, he started work direct/ directly and tried
hard/ hardly to make up for the lost time.
7. Lately/ Late she has been getting all her clothes freely/ free from the fashion
company, so I can't understand why she can't dress more pretty/ prettily.
8. It's wide/ widely believed that there is a bus that goes direct/ directly from here to
the airport, but it's not true.
9. Last/ Lastly, I would like to say that I would free/ freely give my life for the cause
of world peace.

Exercise 16. In pairs, discuss the following questions paying special attention to

the use of adverbials.
1. How fast do you eat?
2. Do you think bus drivers and taxi drivers in your city drive well or badly?
3. Have you ever met someone who eats very loudly?
4. What is something that you do very cautiously?
5. Do you work hard at studying?
6. What can you do quickly?
7. Have you ever accidently hit someone really hard or accidently pushed
someone down?
8. What have you successfully completed?
9. Do you own anything that was poorly made?
10.What is something of yours that you have gladly given to another person?

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 SECONDARY PREDICATION STRUCTURES
Objective Predicative Constructions

Exercise 1. State the type of the predicative construction used as a complex

object.
1. She always had tea brought in rather early. 2. I can’t bear you shutting yourself up
like this. 3. Miss Dove was waiting for the sixth grade to file in for its geography
lesson. 4. He had had a novel published that had caused some stir among the public.
5. They never forgot Miss Dove. Years afterwards they would see her lifting her long
stick to point out the location of mountains and valleys. 6. I will insist on his doing it.
7. I like a story to have a beginning, a middle and an end. 8. I remember Harry
speaking about it. 9. We shall have the house painted. 10. He watched the buses
filling up and starting out. 11. She wanted the picture removed to the other
wall.12. Everybody knows her to be a kind-hearted woman. 13. I don’t like your
husband smoking indoors.

Exercise 2. Paraphrase the following using complex objects with the Infinitive.
Example: I heard how my mother came back home from work.
Answer: I heard my mother come back home from work.
1. He heard how one of the girls in the shop addressed Jane. 2. He felt that the eyes of
his fellow students rested on him. 3. Janet sat and waited till they went away. 4. What
I want is that your uncle shouldn’t be left alone. 5. He waited till she spoke. 6. What
she wanted was that he would come and see her. 7. I have never heard how he spoke
of his life in Canada. 8. Sandy stood at the kitchen door waiting till Miss Brodie came
for a walk by the sea. 9. She saw that the door of the sitting room opened and her
mother entered. 10. She smiled when she heard how she locked the door loudly.

Exercise 3. Use to before the Infinitives where possible.

1. We did everything we could ... make him ... join us. 2. You can't... make me ... do
what I don't want .... 3. Let the next student... come in now.4. We heard the

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postman ... come up to the front door and then we saw him ... slip a thick envelope
into the box. 5. It would be very foolish ... let the child ... have his way. 6. What made
you ... terrorize me? – I was made ... do it. 7. We got them ... rebuild the house.
8. Will you be able ... let your son ... decide his future?

Exercise 4. Put each verb into the appropriate sentence. Choose either the
Infinitive or Participle I according to the meaning of the sentence.
burn, crawl, cut down, get, move, play, pull, switch on, tap, try, walk
1. I can feel something … up my leg!
2. I saw her … the light and … into the room.
3. For a while she stood and watched the men … trees.
4. He smelt something …, so he rang the fire brigade.
5. We could definitely hear someone … about downstairs.
6. We listened to the school orchestra … the whole of the Jupiter
Symphony with hardly a mistake.
7. I felt someone … me on the shoulder, but when I turned round, there
was no one there.
8. Look at that poor old lady … to cross the road.
9. I watched the man … out of his car and … out a gun.

Exercise 5. Point out the complex object with Participle II. Translate the
sentences into Russian.
1. I am not accustomed to having my word doubted. 2. I want my head examined for
making this dangerous journey. 3. “I want to get the grass cut,” he said. 4. “Do people
have their own photographs taken?” said Paul. 5. Your sister would like a bottle
opened. 6. At last she heard her name called. 7. He also kept his hair dyed black. 8. If
you insult me I shall have you turned out of here. 9. Shall we have Nevill brought
down to say good night?

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Exercise 6. Rewrite each sentence with a causative have construction, beginning
as shown. Include the agent (the person who performed the action) if this is
important.
Example: Katie’s car was stolen by one of her friends.
Answer: Katie …had her car stolen by one of her friends …..
1. A photographer is going to take a photo of us.
We ……………………………………………………………..
2. Can you come quickly? Someone has broken into my house?
Can you come quickly? I ……………………………………..
3. Tracey Emin, the well-known British artist, is going to paint Laura’s portrait.
Laura ………………………………………………………….
4. A well-known architect designed their house.
They ……………………………………………………………
5. A local tailor makes all my suits.
I …………………………………………………………………
6. Someone repaired Dave’s bike at a shop in the High Street.
Dave ……………………………………………………………
7. A surgeon is replacing my hip next week.
I …………………………………………………………………
8. Someone broke one of Tony’s fingers while he was playing cricket.
Tony …………………………………………………………….
9. A local firm is going to redecorate Maria’s flat.
Maria

Exercise 7. Finish each of the following sentences in a such a way that it is as

similar as possible in meaning to the sentence before it.
Example: Hasn’t that film been developed yet?
Answer: Haven’t you had the film developed yet?
1. Can it be true that you’re really going to deliver my sofa today?
Can it be true that I’m …………………………………………

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2. One of the others agreed to post my letters for me.
I got ………………………………………………
3. My dentist is supposed to be capping my two front teeth this morning.
I’m ……………………………………………………………………
4. My car really needs servicing.
I really ……………………...
5. Why did you let them go without signing the receipt?
Why didn’t you ……………………………………..

Exercise 8. Read the following letter written to Pamela’s advice column.

Combine each pair of sentences using a gerundial construction in each new
sentence you write.
PAMELA’S ADVICE
Dear Pamela:
My friend Helen married Tom last year, against my advice. They didn’t know each
other very well at the time, as they had met only three weeks prior to their wedding.
Now they are discovering things about each other that they don’t like.

1. Tom smokes cigars in the bedroom. Helen can’t stand this.

…Helen can’t stand Tom’s smoking cigars in the bedroom. …
2. Helen talks on the phone to her boss on weekends. Tom is annoyed by
this.
3. Tom is rude to Helen’s family. Helen can’t tolerate this.
4. Helen’s cooking is terrible. Tom dislikes this.
5. Tom swears at other drivers. Helen is disturbed by this.
6. Tom spends hours in front of the TV. Helen resents this.
7. Helen snores. Tom hates this.
8. They fight all the time when I’m around them. I can’t stand this.
9. You always have good advice. I really appreciate this.

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So please tell me – what should Helen and Tom do?
Bothered in Boston

Exercise 9. Put each adjective into the appropriate sentence. Make any
necessary changes.
dead, free, green, ill, insane, long, open, shut, undone, wet, white
1. She has dyed her hair___ : her head looks like a GO sign!
2. When I was younger, I grew my hair ___ : it was down to my waist.
3. ‘How did you manage to get your clothes ___?’ ‘I fell in the river.’
4. Would you hold the door ___ so that I can carry the food in?
5. If you eat any more, you will make yourself ___ .
6. I always leave the top button ___ : it’s more comfortable.
7. We keep the windows ___ to keep the noise out.
8. The guerrillas attacked the prison and set their comrades ___ .
9. We wanted a bright kitchen, so we painted it ___ .
10.The doctor certified him ___.
11.They declared him ___, although he wasn’t.

Exercise 10. Translate the sentences using complex objects where possible.
1. Я видел, как ты танцуешь, и никогда этого не забуду.
2. Я слышал, что ты прекрасно танцуешь.
3. Мы слышали, что она прекрасно станцевала во вчерашнем спектакле
«Щелкунчик».
4. Хозяйка наблюдала, как ее гости упаковывали чемоданы, видела, что им
было очень жаль уезжать.
5. Я чувствую, что ты не согласен со мной, и меня это огорчает.
6. Я чувствовал, что что-то двигалось в комнате, и увидел большую
бабочку, летавшую под люстрой.
7. Он почувствовал, как кто-то шумно дышит у него за спиной.
8. Мы почувствовали, что у него есть чувство юмора.

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 9. Она чувствовала, что подходит для этой работы.
10.Присутствие молодой девушки заставляло его чувствовать себя молодым.
11.Я верю, что это важно.
12.Мы начали рассказывать шутки, и это позволило нам скоротать время.
13.Через некоторое время он заметил, что его преследует полицейская
машина. Он почувствовал, как у него заколотилось сердце.
14.Я почувствовал, как у меня свалился камень с души.
15.Мы слышали, что они уехали в Лондон. Вот бы и нам с ними!
16.Вы когда-нибудь слышали кого-либо говорящим по-креольски?
17.Я считаю его экспертом в этой области. Мы почувствовали, как кофе
закипает, и поспешили на кухню.
18.Вернувшись домой, он обнаружил, что дети лечили собачку.
19.Они услышали, как сработала ночная сигнализация, и увидели двух
охранников, бежавших ко входу в банк.
20.Она поймала себя на том, что опять думала о нем.

Exercise 11. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use constructions with

complex objects of various types.
1. I want it: the room should be done. 2. They found it so: the windows of the
bungalow were wide open. 3. They painted the roof: the roof was bright green.
4. Next morning saw us: we were approaching the sea in an air bus. 5. I’d prefer it:
my coffee is white. 6. I believe it: the dispute is settled. 7. Betsy shook the carpet: it
was clean. 8. Do you want to call me that? Am I a liar? 9. They found it: he was
preparing for his morning report. 10. She dyed her hair: her hair was honey colour.
11. The chose him: he was their chief representative. 12. You should keep the wine: it
should be cold.

Exercise 12. Translate into English.

1. Я помню, что он когда-то заходил к нам. 2. Многие люди не любят
фотографироваться. 3. Брайэн отошел в сторону и наблюдал, как мы разжигали

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костер. 4. Они рассчитывали, что мы поможем им упаковывать вещи. 5. Мэрион
хочет записать свой голос на пленку. 6. Он приказал вызвать такси. 7. Нам не
было смысла думать об этом. 8. Я должен отнести часы в часовую мастерскую,
чтобы их починили. 9. Извините, что я вошел без стука. 10. Ей удалили три
зуба. 11. Он пришел в медпункт, где ему измерили давление. 12. Мы
наблюдали, как корабль уплывал все дальше и дальше. 13. Я никогда не
слышал, чтобы сестра упоминала Ваше имя. 14. Барбара беспокоится о том,
чтобы ее сын поступил в институт. 15. Мы видели, как Том вышел из дому.
16. Она хотела, чтобы нарисовали ее портрет. 17. Вы когда-нибудь слышали,
как Ольга говорит по-английски?

Exercise 13. In pairs, analyse the following situations from the various

viewpoints and decide who is in the most difficult position. Choose one situation
and improvise a dialogue between two of the people in that situation.
1. A father sees his daughter kissing with her boyfriend who is of a different race
and colour.
2. A child sees his / her parents shouting at each other.
3. You see someone suspicious hanging around outside a neighbour's door.
4. Someone watches a woman reversing her car into a parked car with a man
inside.
5. Someone watches a store detective catching an obviously poor woman stealing
food.
6. Someone watches the mother telling her child “the monsters” will get him if he
doesn’t behave.
7. Someone hears the doctor saying to his patient that he has six months to live.
8. You see some children teasing and taunting another child.

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 Nominative Absolute Constructions

Exercise 14. Find nominative absolute constructions, state their function and

analyse what their elements are expressed by.
1. Then, the house search proving that she (Esta) was not there, Asa had gone outside
to look up and down the street. (Th.D.) 2. This search revealing nothing, Clyde and
Asa had walked to a corner, then along Missouri Avenue. No Esta. (Th.D.) 3. She
was standing on the rock ready to dive with the green water below inviting her.
(D.D.M.) 4. The wind being favourable, our yacht will reach the island in no time.
5. He lifted the lid and kept it in his hand till she drank, both standing. 6. I had long
tasks every day to do with Mr. Mell; but I did them, there being no Mr. and Miss
Murdstone here; and got through them without disgrace. (Ch.D.) 7. It being now
pretty late, we took our candles and went upstairs. (Ch.D.) 8. He being no more heard
of, it was natural to forget everything. (H.Wd.) 9. She stood mute, her lips pressed
together. 10. Jupiter, at a signal from his master, began to gather up his tools. This
done and the dog having been unfastened, we turned in profound silence toward
home. 11. The visit over, they would set forth home, walking very slowly in the high
narrow streets.

Exercise 15. Replace the parts given in bold type with the nominative absolute
construction.
Example: As the front door was open, she could see straight through the house.
Answer: The front door being open, she could see straight through the house.
1. He stood leaning against the wall, his arms were folded. 2. Rip had no desire to
work on his farm, for it was to his mind the worst piece of land in the
neighborhood. 3. They stood there; the night wind was shaking the drying
whispering leaves. 4. The mines in Blaenelly were dusty and unhealthy, and many
miners were suffering from consumption. 5. As the situation was urgent, we had to
go ahead. 6. When the greetings were over, Old Jolyon seated himself in a wicker
chair. 7. The town of Crewe is known to be one of the most busy junctions in

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England; many railway lines pass through it. 8. We set off; the rain was still
coming down heavily. 9. There was very little time left; we had to hurry.
10. Dinner was served on the terrace, as it was very close in the room.
11. Thoughtful, almost subdued, Andrew finished his omelette, his eyes were all the
time fixed upon the microscope. 12. There was in fact nothing to wait for, and we
got down to work. 13. The question was rather difficult to answer at once, and I
asked for permission to think it over.

Exercise 16. Make up sentences using the following phrases as nominative

absolute constructions.
Example: The concert over
Answer: The concert over, the audience went home.
There being no time to lose, it being late, hands in pockets, with his eyes wide open,
his tone full of admiration, our car being damaged, people singing and dancing, with
all the windows lit, a cup of tea before him untouched.

Exercise 17. Translate into English using absolute nominative constructions.

1. Миссис Пейдж была очень мелочной и жадной женщиной, и Эндрю презирал
ее. 2. Он вошел в комнату с чемоданом в руке. 3. Так как дверь была открыта,
мы вошли без стука. 4. Джек и Эмма были очень непрактичные люди. Они мало
заботились о будущем своих детей. 5. Так как было тепло, гости долго не
хотели покидать сад.6. Когда письмо было написано, Джейн вызвалась отнести
его на почту. 7. Она спокойно лежала на диване с книгой в руке. 8. Оставалось
еще полчаса до отхода поезда, и мы решили поужинать на вокзале. 9. За ночь
река разлилась, и переправа оказалась невозможной. 10. Солнце село. Начало
быстро темнеть. 11. Когда стол был накрыт, мама позвала гостей. 12. Мы долго
разговаривали: он задавал мне вопросы, я охотно на них отвечал. 13. Она
продолжала слушать своих друзей с широко открытыми от удивления глазами.
14. Мы вымокли до нитки, а �