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  • Skopje Resurgent-1

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    ognenmarina
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    The document summarizes a competition to design a new city center for Skopje, Macedonia after it was destroyed by an earthquake. The United Nations sponsored the competition, inviting 8 firms (4 local and 4 international) to submit plans. The jury selected plans from Kenzo Tange of Japan and a local firm as winners, praising Tange's bold design but also finding things to criticize. It provided an opportunity for the local planning authority to consider innovative ideas from top international designers.

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    The document summarizes a competition to design a new city center for Skopje, Macedonia after it was destroyed by an earthquake. The United Nations sponsored the competition, inviting 8 firms (4 local and 4 international) to submit plans. The jury selected plans from Kenzo Tange of Japan and a local firm as winners, praising Tange's bold design but also finding things to criticize. It provided an opportunity for the local planning authority to consider innovative ideas from top international designers.

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    695 просмотров37 страниц

    Skopje Resurgent-1

    Загружено:

    ognenmarina
    The document summarizes a competition to design a new city center for Skopje, Macedonia after it was destroyed by an earthquake. The United Nations sponsored the competition, inviting 8 firms (4 local and 4 international) to submit plans. The jury selected plans from Kenzo Tange of Japan and a local firm as winners, praising Tange's bold design but also finding things to criticize. It provided an opportunity for the local planning authority to consider innovative ideas from top international designers.

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    из 37
    gun CENTRAL AREA had taken the brunt of the earthquake’s destructive force. And Skopje’s central area was not only the heart of the city but also the nerve-centre of Macedonia and the com- mercial capital of a much wider region. For these reasons it was necessary to get the City Centre’s fabric substantially rebuilt and effec- tively functioning as soon as possible. But for the same reasons it was imperative that full advantage should be taken of such an opportunity to get the City Centre’s layout radically replanned to the highest pos- sible standard. Hence the decision taken by the Board of Consultants at its first meeting (as the International Consultative Group) to urge the enlistment of the best available talents by the holding of a world- wide design competition, if possible with United Nations help. The United Nations had never before sponsored such an under- taking, but “Standard Regulations for International Competitions in Architecture and Town Planning” had already been devised for such competitions, and were the subject of a recommendation by the General Conference of UNESCO to Member States (New Delhi, 1956). These regulations, and the internal rules of the United Nations, allowed it to participate in the organizing and financing of a compe- tition open to a limited number of entrants, half of them selected from the international field and the other half “counterpart” firms of Yugoslav nationality. Accordingly, the United Nations Special Fund and the Yugoslav Government, in co-operation with the Inter- national Union of Architects, the Association of Yugoslav Town Planners and the Association of Yugoslav Architects, jointly invited 297 four Yugoslav and four foreign firms to submit “study plans” for the reconstruc- tion of Skopje’s City Centre in accordance with a development programme and con- ditions approved by the TUA as con- forming with Article 51 of its code for international competitions in architecture and town planning. An international jury under the chairmanship of Mr. Ernest Weissmann was to award or apportion e of US $20,000. With the approval of the Board of Con- Meeting with the participants sultants, invitations to compete were sent to and accepted by the im the City Cnire competion fottowing : Slavko Brezovski and his associates in the Makedonija- Mr. Ciborowski, Mr. Jordanovski, proekt of Skopje, J. H. van den Broek and Bakema of Rotterdam, Mr. Galie, Prof. Piecinato \ Jeksander Djordjevic and his colleagues in the Belgrade Institute of Town Planning, Radovan Miscevic and Fedor Wenzler of the Cro- atian Institute of Town Planning at Zagreb, Luigi Piccinato (with Studio Scimemi) of Rome, Eduard Raynikar and associates of Lju- bljana, Maurice Rotival of New York and Kenzo Tange of Tokyo. Two representatives from each firm were invited to visit Skopje in February, 1965; all questions on the brief had to be asked by 15 February and answered by 15 March; the closing date for entries was 31 May and the jury began judging them on 12 July, so that its findings could be submitted to the Board of Consultants at its fourth session at the end of that month. It was made clear in the competitors’ brief that the purpose of the competition was not to pick the firm to be entrusted with the pre- paration of adetailed city-centre plan : that remained the responsibility of the Skopje 1rPa. The intention of the organizers, it was explained, was to obtain an ideal town planning scheme by enabling the 17a to draw upon a fund of ideas contributed by a variety of highly skilled firms with a wide range of experience. To this end, it was stipulated that the Irpa should be free to use any part of any entry ; that the authors of the winning entry (or entries) should be invited to act as the 17pa’s consultants in the production of a definitive city-centre plan, as should the authors of other entries from which ideas were taken ; and indeed that any competitor might be called upon by the 298 local authorities to serve in this capacity. It was further prescribed a that while the study plan must accommodate all the developments itemized in the programme supplied, it could also include any others which the competitor thought might enhance Skopje’s attractiveness as a regional capital. Copies of the Outline Plan approved by the City Council in October, 1964, and data about the centre’s cultural and historic monuments were also supplied “for information”. At the behest of the Board of Consultants, the area to be covered by the competition entries (290 hectares) embraced the old Turska CarSija and the Bit Bazaar (open air market) beyond it, as well as the central business district on the right bank with a substantial resi- dential belt around it. The guidelines laid down in the competitors’ brief indicated that the Car’ as the traditional centre for the han- dicraft sector of the city’s trade, should be treated as an integral part of the central area ; that the plan should include residential develop- ment, at net densities of 350-400 persons per hectare and a space standard of 20 square metres of gross (21.6 net) floor area per person, for a population that might exceed the 20,000 already living in the defined area ; and that the green areas along the Vardar should be ex- tended as a continuous system through the centre. No restrictions were placed on the street pattern within the centre : even its peripheral highways might be realigned if a competitor thought he could thereby achieve a valuable improvement in the spa- tial or functional organization of the central area. But it was empha- sized that pedestrian and vehicular traffic should as far as possible be separated (with preference for pedestrians), that sufficient space should be provided for all suburban and most regional commuter traffic in off-street car-parks (at specified standards), and that a bus terminal should adjoin the specified site of the new central passenger railway station. The obligatory elements listed in the programme included govern- ment and university buildings, schools, theatres, cinemas, opera house and concert hall, museums, art galleries, libraries, clubs, banks, stores, catering and service establishments, post offices and telecom- munication facilities, each with specified accommodation and floor space requirements. Sites were also to be chosen for two new monu- ments—to Liberty and to International Solidarity—and it was sug- gested that the world’s response to Skopje’s plight should be further symbolized by the grouping of appropriate functions in a single building complex, such as a World Youth Centre. 299 The international jury evaluating one of the entries in the competition Attention was drawn to the fact that Skopje’s historic monuments were protected by law from demolition, but not from changes in use. For example, the Church of the Holy Saviour, famous for its wood carvings, had been converted into a museum ; so had Skopje’s most precious inheritance, the Kursumli Han ; another treasure, the Cifte Amam, was to become a café-restaurant. Some individual buildings, like the Mustapha Pasha Mosque that dominates the valley east of Kale Hill, had been listed on their intrinsic architectural merits ; others, though ruined or repeatedly rebuilt, were valued as parts of historic groups, such as the traditional Turkish trinity of mosque, Amam (bath) and Han (caravanserai). Others again, like the work- shops lining the CarSija’s labyrinthine alleyways, were not in them- selves of any architectural or historic significance, but collectively ser- ved to perpetuate a mediaevel street pattern and to form an appropriate setting for the real gems. A few outstanding landmarks, such as the Kale Citadel, the Old Stone Bridge and the Clock Tower, were obvi- ously integral features of the city’s physiognomy, whose claims to preservation did not depend upon their aesthetic or cultural value. The jury evaluated each entrant’s concept of the future City Centre in its spatial, functional and social aspects, with particular reference to such questions as how successfully developments on the right and left banks of the Vardar were knit together, how well the scheme as a whole fitted into the outline plans for the rest of the city and the region, how economically it made use of existing buildings and utili- ties, how flexibly it could be implemented and how much regard it paid to historic and natural features, seismic safety, traffic require- ments and convenience in the relative location of main functions. In due course the jury reported that no single entry was suitable for unqualified adoption as the basis on which to work out a defini- tive city-centre plan, but that every entry had promising ideas to contribute. By a majority vote it recommended that three fifths of the prize-money should go to the Kenzo Tange team, because of the high quality of its over-all design composition and detailed ensemble layouts. The other two fifths should be awarded to Miscevic and Wenzler, because their proposals made such a valuable contribution to the efficient and practical realization of the programme. HESE two winning study plans differed markedly in character. The Japanese concept was boldly positive. It enclosed the core of the centre with residential “city walls’—high slabs rising from banked ramparts, with slender barbicans at entrance points—sharply dividing it from the rest of the central area. It funnelled city-centre traffic through one imposing “city gate”, which also served as an administrative citadel and formed the nucleus of a new east-west axis. It emphasized the higgledy-piggledy diminutiveness of the Car- Sija buildings by juxtaposing massive rectangular towers. The jury found much to admire in the Japanese plan but also much to criticize. Its distribution of main functions along the new axis was “skilfully handled in design and scale”. The new cultural facilities and monuments were “well sited and integrated into the plan in a convincing manner”. The multi-level pedestrian circulation was generally “well developed”. The architecture of the larger structures and the planning and design of urban ensembles were “of high qua- lity”. In sum, this entry had “dealt with many aspects of the plan ina serious, original and inspired way”. The jury had doubts, however, about the desirability of concen- trating traffic on one entry point, about the elimination of roads serv- ing many existing buildings, and about the creation of vast open spaces to the north and south of the “city gate” by the clearance of important housing and industrial areas. It thought the “city gate” itself excessive in scale and likely to generate too much traffic, and the right-bank road likely to reduce the value of the pedestrian 301 connexion between the river banks. It considered the undergrounding of the railway station neither convincing nor economically warrant- able (involving as it must a tunnel under the Vardar through water- logged and seismically sensitive ground); it disliked the location of the University on a site where the possibilities of expansion were limited ; and it found the tall blocks outlining the Old Town both inappropriate in their proximity to its ancient monuments and out of sympathy with the valley formation between the Kale and Gazi Baba hills. The Zagreb concept, by contrast, evoked neither high praise nor explicit criticism. It was judged to be modest in its proposals, avoiding exaggeration in building heights, the size of open spaces or the location of use zones. Its foremost advantage was “the opportunity it pro- vides for realization in stages, and thus for flexibility”. (As the jury pointed out, any plan for Skopje’s central area would take many years to carry out, and must therefore be adaptable to changing social and economic circumstances.) It achieved a “good relationship” be- tween the banks of the Vardar through a series of pedestrian ways, and its wide pedestrian bridge and riverside layouts were “ agreeably treated”. It respected natural features and historic monuments and retained most existing streets and rehabilitated buildings. Generally, its vehicular traffic scheme was “simple and efficient”: with some amendments to avoid tunnelling under Kale Hill and building a north- em viaduct, it “might provide a satisfactory and economical solu- tion for the circulation problem”. Among the other entries the jury found several points to commend for further serious consideration. It liked Mr. Ravnikar’s use of lawns, shade trees and vine curtains to improve the microclimate, his “atrium-type” dwellings to raise the residential density of the area be- tween Kale and Gazi Baba without violating the traditional way of life of its present inhabitants, and his location of centres symbolizing international solidarity on the eastern slopes of Kale Hill. Mr. Picci- nato’s approach was even more evolutionary and conservative than that of the Zagreb team ; in his distaste for obtrusive, grandiose and monumental developments he went so far as to advocate the demo- lition of existing apartment blocks on Boris Kidrié Street, and the jury clearly sympathized with his preference for a modest, human scale. Mr. Djordjevic, with a concept described as “diagrammatic rather than realistic”, went to the opposite extreme, outdoing Kenzo Tange opposite: Entry of Kenzo Tange, Tokyo 303 ic EN a 2) ogee Se eae ells Cis 7 Fat aif oA ; = CY lsat = 4

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