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3, August 199R
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1-phase
rectifier
particular case can be a complicated decision making process. The
:
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Branches
PE-086-PWRS-2-06-1997 A paper recommended and approved by
per phase
the IEEE Power System Engineering Committee of the IEEE Power
Engineering Society for publication in the IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems. Manuscript submitted May 29, 1996; made available for Fi g. 2, Possible harmonic compensation locations in a typical
printing June 11, 1997. building eleclrical power system.
(1) built-into single-phase load equipment. Using a 15 percent series inductor as the study case, the
(2) cord connected at a single-phase branch outlet, and simulated rectifier input voltage, Vm, and current, iim are shown
(3) hard-wired at a three-phase sub-panel or load center. in Fig. 4. Fig. 4(a) shows the steady-state time domain
responses where the input current tends to be continuous and
For passive filters, the frequency response models are
lagging the input voltage. Fig. 4(b) shows the harmonic
established to show tuning at selected harmonic frequencies.
contcnts. Thc THD of the input current is 47.5 percent in this
The utility source and rectifier loads arc simulated to account
case. The input voltage is not much distorted because the
[or system interactions, which are significant for some filters.
source voltage, V.I> in this simulation is assumed to be an ideal
sine wave. The main problem found in this ease is the 15-
II. HARMONIC MITIGATION BUILT-INTO EQUIPMENT AND percent inductor also drops the dc-link voltage by 15 percent,
PLVGGED-IN AT THE BRANCH CIRCUIT greatly reducing the ride through capability.
Eliminating harmonics at their source has been shown to L,
the harmonic spectra of the boost converter input voltage and uncontrolled loading from the supply, With the additional
current. Thc input currcnt THD is normally less than 5%. series inductor, the resonant frequency looking from the source
To achieve stable operation, the output voltage of a boost becomes I1JrL r + Lt)Cr . The frequency response of the PCRF
converter must be higher than the peak value of the inpul
filler circuit impedance, shown in Fig. 6(b), indicates I80-Hz
voltagc. With consideration of source voltage variations, the
trapping. Simulated input voltage and current waveforms, and
design rule is to multiply the nominal input voltage peak value
their harmonic spectra are shown in Fig. 6(c) and 6(d).
by 1.2 to obtain the dc link voltage, Vdr." For a universal
l1S/230-V system, Velc is typically designed at 38SV. This peRF
design rule implics that the boost convcrter will substantially R,. L,.
increase the ride through capability if the dc link capacitor,
C,lco is sufficiently sized. +i Rectifier
+
(a)
150
dB
Cal
l_ElJ<Hz
1.0 <rC'�'�--c-����--�
100Hz
0.8 Frequency
0.6
(b)
I- L . / 0.4
\ ff _
\ I 0.2
0.0 i"H-H--fL++-fo+-H+++4-'+l-+++-H-H-l+++-H
1 .0
0.8
0.6
.. ... .. ..
· .. · . ·
An add on appliance, this filter is usually configured to Tt should be noted that the power factor of the peRF is
plug into a convenience outlet and serve as a plug in point for leading with respect to fundamental voltage and current. The
2 to 4 electronic devices. Fig. 6(a) shows the circuit diagram current in the resonant filter branch is a function of frequency
of a commercially available peRF. The resonant branch and can be e xp re s sed as:
Like the parallel version, this is a plug-in filter that serves III. HARMONIC MITIGATION METHODS AT SUB
several other electronic devices with a typical rating of 6 amps. PANEL OR LOAD-CENTER LEVEL
The SCRF can be single-tuned or multi-tuned. For a single
tuned SCRF the impedance of the filter circuit as a function of Mitigation at the branch circuit-panel or load-center level
the supply frequency can be derived as: using 3-phase filters is the next step away from the plug
conneetcd filters. For parallel-connected filtering devices at
\Z,(W)\= �� m the load center, harmonics are allowed to travel further
I 2 2 2 '
-VR,(l-W C,L,)+w L, upstream in the power system. This leads to higher day-to-day
Harmonic Order voltage and currcnt under the conditions with and without
(c) NCF. According to this figure, the triplen harmonics are
(d)
effectively suppressed with NCF, but other harmonics tend to
Fig. 7. A double-tuned series connected resonant filter (SeRF). (a) increase. This augmcntation of high frequency components
Circuit dillgmm. (b) Fn'q""n.y «"ponses of rcwn<lnt circuit. (c)
indeed rcflect5 the prediction of the frequency re'pon,e
Time domain simulation results. (d) Harmonic spectra.
894
seRF where Vllf, Vhf, VcJ are the three-phase primary winding
v oltages , and Vab Vhb Vc2 are the secondary winding voltages.
VO\·
L,1.I' ia_in With phase to neutral windings split and wound on two
VaG different legs of a 3 legged core, each pair on a leg is reversed
in polarity as shown in Fig. 9(a). Fig. 9(b) is the phasor
Lbs -¥- ib_in
diagram showing the vector summation of the phase winding
voltages. By this method the balanced triplen harmonic
voltages are canceled in the phase voltages, i.e.,
". not present in the phase voltages, and the triplen currents are
: Neutral Harmonic
trapped in the zigzag transformer windings. By adding more
, ________ : Blocking Filter
phasc-shifted zigzag windings, with different phase angle and
winding arrangements, the positive and negative sequence
(a)
-20 -
10Hz
� --- ---------- -� lr:!te. J?9! i
189Hz
t{ -1 .8KHz
- - -- ____
5. 8KHz
J
Frequency
(b )
1.0
?tt:,�'/\��:n7\""'1 0.8
0.6
• \ I \) \ ! 0.4
0.2
l ......y...... _\.........yJ 0.0 -I'I-1"H-1'-f';·-l+4'-1+4+H-+++-4 ++1...>+1"++14
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 1921 2325272931
1.0
w: ' .... wI6
• f\f\"NCFflV0 NCF 0.8
· ··· ,
(c) (d)
Because the transformer draws a lagging cxcitatJlOn C. Active Power Filter (APF)
current, the source current could be augmented with a higher
Electronic power conditioners can be controlled to
fundamental current. Fig. 11 shows voltage and current
actively eliminate harmonics and improve power factor. The
harmonic spectra with and without ZZF compensation. I As
critical point is the fast and accurate calculation of the required
expected, the ZZF reduces current THD from about 100%
compensation current. In a three-phase power system, the
down to about 30%, and the triplen harmonics are almost
instantaneous harmonic power can be decomposed by a Park
canceled. The fundamental current, however, is almost
transformation method [8,9]. To derive harmonic power, it is
doubled at low-load conditions. Although the percentage of the
necessary to look at the instantaneous load voltages, Vabco and
current augmented hy ZZF may be reduced at higher load
instantaneous load currents, iahc. These voltage and current
current conditions, the performance dependence on load
components can be transformed into a, {3, and 0 components,
condition is obvious. It should be noted that the ZZF current iz
va{JO and ia{JO [9]. With the orthogonal relationship between a
is fixed and irrespective to the level of non-linear loading.
and {3, the active and non-active power components can be
Therefore, if the load level is low, and the system is not well
described as:
balanced, the zigzag auto-transformer will produce an over
compensated current, possibly worsening the current THD and
P = vuhe • iabc = vexPO • iapo (6)
power factor.
With a parallel-connection to the system, the effect of the (7)
ZZF on the dc-link voltage is not significant, and the ride
through is not affected. The active power, p, is a scalar, containing real power at
2 0A T ----------------------------------- l all frequencies. But the non-active power, q,,{JO, is a vector
iu,=ia_�� containing both fundamental frequency reactive power and all
SEL»:
-2SA�-----------------------------------�
the distortion components of non-real power. To fully
compensate for such a complex non-active power, an APF or a
Phase-a Load Current
power line conditioner using a high frequency switching
25A r-------_---------------------------�
inverter is required.
-2SA
W:;VVV\I\N1
r-----------------------------------�
An active filter with both series and parallel (shunt)
connected sections, as shown in Fig. 12, can compensate for
SOms Neutral Current lOOms
hoth voltage and current harmonics. Perhaps the more
(a)
common one is the paralIe:l-type current compensating filter,
which can be a fully active parallel-type filter or the
,:,:,����-J
-2SA�-----------------------------------�
combination of passive and active sections that allows a
smaller active section. The other approach to reduce the size
25A
Phase-a Load and Source Currents
-
of the active section is to use the combination of pa sive shunt s
:.�)f (�\;:;I\.�J\ �/\�-Jj �-J\�·�Pr���
:V. }\J i'J' V\\)c ·V·. \). .\j V:
and active series filters. This approach can avoid possible
- 25A r- . )- .
- - - - - �-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - �
.•
interaction between two fillters. More and more commercial
products are becoming available for different types of active
SOms -1, Load-Side Neutral and lOOms
ZZF Neutral Currents
harmonic filtering.
(b)
Fig. 10. Simulation results of a three-phase nonlinear system. (a)
Without ZZF. (b) With ZZF. �
--��OM�---
--- ---r�-
�
Source
P'WM Controlled
Series Filter
,------ --------------- -,
--
Shunt Filter
-
!W':
ill:
1 3 5 7 9 11 13151719212325272931
Harmonic Order
Fig. 11. Harmonic spectra of voltages and currents with and without Fig. 12. A power line conditioner containing a series and a shunt
a zigzag filter. active filters for harmonic voltage and current compensation.
896
In the filter shown in Fig. 12 the shunt-connected active mitigation at different locations. As was reported in [1], the
filter section operates like a current source and injects an equal most effective performance comes from harmonic elimination
and opposite current to cancel the load harmonic current. The methods that are built-in or closest to the harmonic generating
resulting source current is nearly sinusoidal but the voltage loads.
may still be distorted. At the series-connected active filler TableI. P erformance C omparison of Harmonic MltiGalion l\1eth0 ds
section voltage distortion is compensated using a coupling Location build-in at plug at load center
transformer. The coupling transformer operates as a voltage Mit i gation type none SIF BCCS PCRF SCRF NCF ZZF APF
source that forces the source voltage, and consequently the & performance
load current, to become more sinusoidal. fTHD at source 100 50 5 20 25 65 30 5
This approach provides some isolation between source side (%)
and load allowing secondary voltage to be controlled by the fTHV at load side 100 50 5 100- 25 65 100
]
100
]
� -- --i --;:;::-+ V, /'-.. /""0,. ..-.... reduction. The only concern of this method is the c os t to the
SrF
...... "-.r ....... --- :::::::
original equipment manufacturer. The may appear
r-- -
,---- -- -- - - --
potentially lower cost while meeting IEC 1000-3-2, but its loss
1/' fLoad f1 - reduction is not high enough to benefit the users. Passive
r-' -- --� resonant filters including PCRF, SCRF and NCF are effective
\i
in suppression of triplen harmonics, but they tend to distort the
The APF performs well in terms of
j--. Starting Compensation voltage waveform.
harmonic mitigation, but not the wiring loss reduction because
Fig. 13 Simulation results of an APF compensating a three-phase
its installation is typically far away from the single-phase load.
diode rectifier load.
In addition to harmonic compensation performance
analysis, the paper points out two important side effects of
IV. DISCUSSION
passive filters in the power system.
For the harmonic elimination methods analyzed in this I. Rectifier input voltage distortion and output dc link
paper wc have attempted to compare performances based on capacitor voltage reduction by series connected filters.
several chosen parameters, such as current and voltage 2. Rectifier input current augmentation by parallcl connected
distortions, energy savings and side effects. Table I filters.
summarizes this performance comparison for filter methods Regarding the first of these side effects, the paper shows
used with single-phase SMPS. that the load voltage distortion increases, and the rectifier
The numbers shown in the table are based on the output dc-capacitor voltage in-side the SMPS is reduced by the
analytical results in our model and will not necessarily be the addition of the series-connected filters including SIF, SeRF
same under different conditions or with a different system and NCF. This side effect has two consequences related to the
model. System interactions are expected to bring about a loads served:
variation in measured field data, because of the different case
(a) Reduction of ride-through capability due to voltage
by-case conditions. For e)(ample, without compensation the
distortion.
(T'D in this case is 100%, but in general it varies from 80% to
Because Vde is directly fed to the switch-mode
130%.
regulator, the reduction of Vdc would dramatically
The example building wiring system studied in this paper
reduce the ride-through capability. On the other hand.
contains 240 distributed SMPS loads on 120 branch circuits
the boost converter increases VJe by at least 20%, its
presented and evaluated in [1] and [2]. The wiring losses, not
ride - thro ugh capability can be easily enhanced with a
calculated in this paper. are used in comparing performance to
proper-sized capacitor.
emphasize the loss reduCtion and effectiveness of harmonic
897
(b) Increased heating and reduced performance in other need to comply with up-coming harmonic standards, and the
connected equipment. potential for unexpected poor performance and side effects,
the selection of the appropriate filter becomes a more
The flat-topped portion of the rectifier input voltage
is the reflection of Vdc' When it occurs at the sub complicated process. The explanation and analysis of the
panel or load-center level, the distorted voltage also different harmonic elimination provided in this paper
serves other types of loads such as lighting and illustrates what will be required to make this choice.
rotating equipment. The side effects are the increased Since only one generic commercial building case is
heating and reduced performance in these equipment evaluated in this paper, future work is needed to look at
due to high voltage harmonics. several different installation cases. This is necessary to
completely determine the sensitivity and the range of
The reduction of the dc link capacitor voltage, Vdn is
performance for different harmonic e liminatio n m ethods.
related to the series impedance in the circuit. When adding a
15% series inductance, the SIP drops Vde by 15%, as compared
to the same branch circuit with only the rectifier loading. For
REFEREl'\CE
the SCRF method, the voltage drop depends on the number of
resonant circuit stages. A double-tuned SCRF drops Vd,. by [1] T.Key and 1. S. Lai, "Cost and Benefits of Harmonic Current
Reduction fur Switch-Mode Power Supplies in a Commercial
25%, while a single-tuned SCRF drops about 12%. However,
Building," in Conf Rec. of IEEE lAS Annu. MIg., Orlando, FL,
the current THD of a single - tuned SCRF will be higher than
Oct.1995,pp. llOl-ll08.
that of a double-tuned SCRF, 45% as compared to 25% [4].
[2] J. S. Lai and T. S. Key, "Cost Effectiveness of Harmonic
With the NCF, the voltage drop in a balanced three-phase
Mitig ati on Equipment for Commercial Office Buildings," to be
system is about 12%, similar to the single-phase single-tuned presented in IEEIi lAS Annu. Mig., San Dieg o CA. Oct. 1996.
,
characteristic of some parallel-connected harmonic mitigation [4] J. S Lai, D. H urs t and T. Key, "Switch-Mode Power Supply
,
methods to increase current harmonics. In this case the SMPS Power Factor Improvement Via Harmonic Elimination
M eth ods, in Calif Rec. oJAppl. Pwr Electr. Calif, Dallas, TX,
rectifier input current generates higher-order harmonics due to
"
injects a lagging current. The injected current in effect [6] M. M. Jovanovic and D. E. Crow, "Merits and LimItations of
aug m en t s the out-of-phase fundamental current components, Full-Bridge Rectifier wi th LC Filter in M eeting IEC 1000-3-2
reducing displacement power factor. The cffect is wor:;c at Harmonic-Limit Sp ecific ati on s " in Conf Rec. of Appl. Pwr
,
light-load conditions. Electr. Calif, Dallas, TX, Mar. 1991, pp. 4 15-422.
Given the typical unknown system details, especially the [7] P. J. A. Ling and C. J. Eldridge, "Designing Modern Electrical
other connected loads, it is difficult to predict the subsequent Systems w ith Transformers that Inherently Reduce Harmonic
effect of the parallel filter. Because the other system load may
Distortion in a PC-Rich Environment," in Prac. Power Qualily,
Scpo 1994, pp. 166-178.
have either leading or lagging power factor, the injected
[8] H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa, and A. N ab ae, "Instantaneous Reactive
current could provide some useful reactive compensation for
Power Compensators Comprising Switching Devices WIthout
some of them, but on the other hand, it may over compensate
Ene rgy Storage Components," IEEE Trans. on Ind. Appl. May
and worsen the leading or lagging condition.
1984, pp. 625-631.
[9] F.Z. Peng and 1. S. Lai, "Generalized Instantaneous Reactive
V. CONCULSIONS
Power Theory for Three-P h as e Power S y s te ms," IEEE Trans. on
This paper describes basic principles, typical installation Instr. and Meas., Feb. 1996, pp. 2 93-297.
locations, performance and side effects of common harmonic
mitigation methods used in building wiring systems. With the