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Alicia Bárcena
Favela da Rocinha in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
T
he years following the 2002 emerging market crisis the improvement was larger than 5 percentage points. Only
have been good ones for Latin America. Economies in Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, and Guatemala did
grew smartly and there was a significant reduction wealthier segments of society increase their share of total
in poverty and a slight improvement in income income. The Gini coefficient ranges between zero and 1. In
distribution—with only a small setback during the Great Re- an economy in which one person has all the income, the coef-
cession that began in 2008. But even with these positive de- ficient is 1. It is zero when everyone has the same income.
velopments, poverty, inequality, and economic and social But income distribution in the region remains heavily
marginalization remain prevalent in many Latin American skewed. The average per capita income of households in the
countries—which historically have had among the most upper 10 percent is about 17 times that of the poorest 40 per-
skewed income distribution in the world. cent, a slight improvement over 2002, when it was 20 times
The improvements reflect not only strong economic growth higher. So a number of households may have escaped poverty,
in the region, which averaged more than 4 percent during the but they are not benefiting much from economic growth.
period, but also better social policies and an increase in the That should come as no surprise. Poverty, although endemic,
number of workers toiling in the formal economy rather than responds much more to economic cycles than income dis-
the less-productive underground, so-called informal, econ- tribution. Lack of income equity is a long-standing condi-
omy, where wages and social protection are weaker. tion that reflects serious problems of social stratification and
Moreover, better monetary, spending, and tax policies—as wealth inequality that have been handed down from genera-
well as strong demand for commodities key to the region’s tion to generation.
economies—enabled Latin American countries in the main The improvements in poverty and income distribution are
Barcena, 2/24/11
to weather the global crisis better than advanced econo- explained in large part by growth and government policies
mies. In the past, worldwide downturns generally sent Latin and the interaction between them. Many economies in the
American economies reeling—and poverty rates skyrocket- region have made significant efforts to increase the resources
ing. This time the reduction in poverty recorded in the boom available to implement social policies. On average, social
years before the crisis continued into 2010. spending rose from 12.2 percent of gross domestic product
Despite sharp variation from country to country, poverty (GDP) during 1990–91 to 18 percent of GDP during 2007–08.
rates for the region as a whole dropped significantly between
2002 and 2008. On average, 44 percent of Latin American Chart 1
citizens were unable to satisfy basic nutritional and non- Declining poverty
nutritional needs in 2002; by 2008 that number had fallen to
Since the last emerging market crisis in 2002, poverty in Latin
33 percent (see Chart 1). Moreover, indigence—the level below American and Caribbean countries has declined, with only a
which people cannot satisfy their food needs—also declined tiny increase in 2009, at the height of the global recession.
markedly, from about 19 percent in 2002 to less than 13 per- (population in poverty, percent)
cent in 2008. 80
Indigence
Like poverty, income inequality has also declined in most 60
Poverty
countries in Latin America and the Caribbean during the
40
early years of the 21st century. If the so-called Gini coeffi-
cient is used to measure how equally incomes are distributed, 20
Brazil
Colombia
Honduras
Guatemala
References:
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), 2010, Time for Equality: Closing Gaps, Opening Trails
Note: Income distribution is measured by the Gini coefficient. The coefficient (Santiago, Chile).
ranges from 1, when one individual earns all the income in society, to zero,
when every individual earns the same income. ———,, 2010, Social Panorama of Latin America 2010 (Santiago,
Chile).