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3/15/2011

Miniaturization
Introduction of • Product

Micro Forming
– about 1/1000-1/2 inch in size
– 3D with complex features
• Machines and Process
– Micromachining
– Microforming
– Microinjection
– Micro EDM
– Micro Metrology

Dr. Jenn-Terng Gau – Micro Assembly


– Micro Welding
• Factory
Department of Mechanical Engineering – Energy
– Efficiency
Northern Illinois University – Accuracy

1 2

Miniaturization cont- Applications of Micromanufacturing


• Homeland Security and Defense
• Healthcare
• Automotive
• Aerospace
• Energy
• Electronic Devices
• Consumer products
• Etc.

www.mirdc.org.tw 3 4

Micromachining Machines More Examples on Micro Machines

5 6

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NIU Micro Stamping Machine Concepts of Microfactory

See the demonstration at NIU lab


See the demonstration at NIU lab.

7 www.reallco.com 8

Concepts of Microfactory cont- Microfactory -cont

Microfactory by MMC  Assembling Microfactory
(Olympus Co.)

www.reallco.com 9 10

Portable Microfactory A Micro Deep Drawing R&D at NIU


• As a basic process of
production, deep drawing
provides a great application
potential for the
manufacturing of parts with
complex shapes. But the
smaller the dimensions of the Micro ddeep ddrawing
Mi i parts
t
part the more difficult the (From microPEP.com)
manufacturing because of the
size effect.
• Thickness to grain size ratio
(T/D) influences will rise.
Micro parts (From
www.qualitydigest.com)

11 12

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3/15/2011

Experimental Setup for Micro Deep 
Drawing Drawing of Tooling Setup
• MTS Sintech 2/G with 1250 Newton load cells was used to conduct the  Dp=punch diameter (2mm)
tensile test and stretch bending experiments.  Dd=die diameter
Db=blank diameter
Pr= PUNCH RADIUS
0.25mm, 0.5mm and 1mm
T bl k thi k
T= blank thickness
Sr=die shoulder radius
where
Dd=2mm + 1.1*T 
(10% die clearance)
Sr= 4*T

MTS Sintech 2/G The Setup for Stretch Bending Experiment

13 14

Microstructure of Specimens Experimental Results


Thick- Rolling Trans. Ave. T/D
ness Direct. Direct. Grain Ratio Blank Thickness
(μm) Grain Grain Size
Size Size (μm) 200μm 150μm 100μm
(μm) (μm) β* IBHF** IBHF IBHF
200 11.45 10.42 10.94 18.28
((+3.39,
3.39, ((+3.88,
3.88, 22
2.2 all torn N/A N/A
-1.97) -3.24)
150 17.14 18.29 17.71 8.47 2.1 3-4.69 all torn N/A
(+1.47, (+5.53,
-1.91) -2.86)
(A) 200µm (B) 150µm and (C) 100µm 2.0 3-41.26 3-22.33 all torn
100 19.24 20.13 19.69 5.08 (a) (b) (c) 19.48-
(+8.93, (+4.33, 1.9 N/A N/A
58.84
-3.63) -4.43)
Drawn Cups with Earring (Pr =0.25mm)
*:   β: Blank Diameter/Punch Diameter
(a) T=200µm, Db=4.2mm
**: IBHF: Initial Blank Holder Force   
(b) T=200µm, Db=4mm (NEWTON) 
(c) T=200µm, Db=3.8mm

15 16

Experimental Results -cont (2) Experimental Results -cont (3)


Punch Radius
1000μ
250μm 500μm
m
β* IBHF** IBHF IBHF
2.3 N/A all torn all torn
2.2 all torn 3-4.69 3-7.52 (a) (b)
2.1 3-4.69 3-220 3-35.78
(a) (b) (c)
2.0 3-41.26 N/A N/A
Drawn Cups with Earring (Pr =0.25mm)
*:   β: Blank Diameter/Punch Diameter HL: The Largest Cup Height
(a) T=200µm, Db=4.2mm
**: IBHF: Initial Blank Holder Force    HS: The Smallest Cup Height
(b) T=200µm, Db=4mm (NEWTON) 
(c) T=200µm, Db=3.8mm

17 18

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Experimental Results -cont (4) Experimental Results -cont (5)


Thickness (T) T=200μ m Punch Radius (Pr )
200μm 150μm 100μm 0.25mm 0.5mm 1mm
Max.Db Max.Db
4.20 4.00 3.80 HL HS HL/(Db*T) HS/(Db*T) 4.20 4.40 4.40 HL HS HL/(Db*T) HS/(Db*T)
(mm) (mm)
2.2 9 2.7 4
LDR 2.1 2.0 1.9 Pr/Dp 1/8 1/4 1/2

HL & HS)
HL & HS)

Cup Height //(Db*T)

Cup Height //(Db*T)


2.08 1.79 1.63 2.08 2.29 2.60
HL(mm)
( ) (+0 07
(+0.07, (+0 06
(+0.06, (+0 04
(+0.04, HL(mm)
( ) (+0 07
(+0.07, (+0 07
(+0.07, (+0 01
(+0.01,

Cup Heights (H
Cup Heights(H
(mm)

(mm)
1.5 5.5 2.1 3
-0.08) -0.03) -0.03) -0.08) -0.12) -0.01)
1.84 1.57 1.47 1.84 2.00 mm 2.45
HS(mm) (+0.02, (+0.03, (+0.07, HS(mm) (+0.02, (+0.08, (+0.03,
-0.02) -0.03) -0.08) 0.8 2 -0.02) -0.05) -0.03) 1.5 2
100 150 200 0.125 0.25 0.5
HL-HS 0.24 0.22 0.16 Blank Thickness (μm)
HL-HS 0.24 0.29 0.15 (Pr/Dp)

HL/(Db *T) 2.477 2.983 4.289 HL/(Db *T) 2.476 2.602 2.954
HS/(Db *T) 2.190 2.617 3.868 HS/(Db *T) 2.190 2.273 2.784

19 20

Experimental Results -cont (6) Experimental Results -cont (7)

Thickness (T)
200μm 150μm
HL((mm)) 1.86
86 ((+0.05,-0.08)
0 05, 0 08) 1.79
9 ((+0.06,-0.03)
0 06, 0 03)
HS(mm) 1.62 (+0.07,-0.06) 1.57 (+0.03,-0.03) (a) (b) (c)
HL/T 9.30 11.93
HS/T 8.10 10.47
Drawn Cups with Earring (T=200µm) Drawn Cups with Earring
Pr =0.25mm & Db=4.0mm (a) Db=4.2mm, Pr =0.25mm T=150µm , Db=4mm, Pr =0.25mm
(b) Db=4.4mm, Pr =0.5mm
(c) Db=4.6mm, Pr =1mm

21 22

Drawn Stainless Steel 304 foils


1mm and 2mm SS304 Cups
Cup with 20μm Thickness

23 24

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Stainless Steel 304 Micro Cups with


Different Thickness Micro Extrusion on Al

(a) 150μm (b) 100μm (c) 50μm (d) 20μm

25 26

Questions

? Engineering impact on
Engineering impact on 
energy and environment
Nicholas A. Pohlman, PhD
27
Mechanical Engineering

What is energy? Energy definitions
A. A ubiquitous term unable to be harnessed  • Webster’s: 1. force of expression 2. inherent 
in a single sentence power; capacity for action 3. a resource from 
which energy can be produced 4. Physics the 
B. A drink I can purchase to battle sleepiness
A drink I can purchase to battle sleepiness capacity for doing work
capacity for doing work

C. A capacity to do work
• Mechanical engineering directly relates to all 
aspects of definition
D. An inherent foundation of life

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Describe your “Environment” Environment depends upon the scope
A. My dorm room and classrooms
B. All the places I have visited and will see in the  • Each layer influences the next
future – Wearing a T‐shirt or a sweater? (personal)
– Determines thermostat setting (room)
C. It’s the air around us all that we breathe
– Adjusts different HVAC system requires (building)
D. The plants and trees and all the creatures within a  – Conversion of energy from fundamental form [fuel] to 
space that co‐exist usable form [mechanical work] (regional)
– Harvest energy from storage location (global)
E. It has to be the whole wide world!!

Conservation of Energy Classification of sources
• “Energy is neither created … • Non‐renewable • Renewable
– Sources that have  – Relying on the 
already gone through a  immediate natural 
nor destroyed” transformative process resources
• Coal • Hydro
• Petroleum  • Wind
• Natural Gas • Solar
• Biomass
• Therefore the efficiency and availability of 
transformation determine the value of energy 
resources

Types of sources Actual Origin: The Sun
• Imparts somewhere from 2.5 – 5.5 kilo‐Watt 
hours of energy per day 
– More energy imparted in one hour than 
consumed by planet annually
consumed by planet annually
– Exceeds total needed by humans by factor of over 
20,000 
• Problem is the efficiency of transformation … 

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Consuming energy Energy must go into the environment
• Should we be more efficient or have more  • Transformation is never ideal
conservation? – Dumping heat into the air
– Remaining ash after coal is burned
• Efficiency:
Effi i – Spent fuel rods from fission reaction
Spent fuel rods from fission reaction
– Doing same task with less energy
• What to do with these secondary products?
• Conservation:
– Behavior that reduces energy consumption

Best current measure … Scientific correlations
• Green house gas emissions • Increasing greenhouse gases have been 
– Multiple types measured in last 150+ years
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Methane (CH4)
Methane (CH
• Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
• C
Correlates with recent increase in average 
l ih i i
• Industrial gases (fluorocarbons) temperatures
– Up by 1.1° to 1.6° in past century
• Typically consider just “carbon” – Indicator of “global warming” or new PC term 
“climate change”

Concern is in future consumption Fuel types to be covered
• New emerging  • Hydrogen • Alternatives
economies need energy – Efficient, but difficult to  – Hydro
purify • Rivers and waves
• Seek to emulate U.S.  • Nuclear – Wind
model • Dynamics of air
– Beneficial non‐
– 84% of our energy is from  renewable – Solar
fossil fuels • Radiant transfer
• Coal
• How to reduce the  – Biomass
– Gasification technology
slope? • Newest technology

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Storage as Hydrogen?
Storing energy
• Batteries are inefficient 
transformation • H2 facts:
– Single proton‐electron 
atom
• Easier to store as original  – Therefore the smallest
resource – Most abundant element 
on earth
– Carload of coal – Readily reacts/combines 
– Mounds of corn with other elements
– Tanks of liquid fuel

Using hydrogen? Latest idea
• Benefits
• Highest energy by  • Fuel cell technology – No moving parts
weight ☺ – Initially used to power  – Output is H2O 
spacecraft
– …
• Smallest
Smallest energy by 
energy by
volume 
• Challenges
• Readily burns – Production
– … violently – Storage

Separating hydrogen Nuclear properties
• Steam reforming
• Breaking it from water – From CH4 • “Strong” forces hold protons and neutrons in 
– Electrolysis / lightning – Lots of greenhouse gas  nucleus of atom
– More energy to pull  emission
apart 
• Changes in nucleus imply nuclear reaction
Ch i l i l l i
• Conversion by natural 
forms
– Algae and bacteria
– But production rate is too 
slow 

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Reaction types Reaction requirements
• Fusion • Fusion
– Combining nuclei to  – Available fuels (free hydrogen)
generate new more 
massive atom – Massive heat and pressure

• Fission • Fission
– Breaking down nuclei to  – Radioactive materials with fairly unstable nuclei
decrease the mass of the 
atom – Instigator to reaction …

Initial attempts … Fission fuel rods
• Casing provides 
• Fusion radioactive protection
– “Cold fusion” by Fleischmann‐Pons – Easily handled and 
• Claimed success at fusion reaction (1989) stored
• Results were not repeatable by scientific community
Results were not repeatable by scientific community
– Exchanged in reactor 
core after 5% fuel 
– National Ignition Facility … consumed
• Based at Lawrence Livermore Lab
• Inching toward main testing

Future outlook of fission Coal for energy
• Supports 20% of current electricity production  • Solid form of fossil fuels
in U.S. – Same process of 
– Primary source for France pressure and heating
– Nearly 25% for Germany and Japan
y y p
• Leading source for 
• Last plant came online in 1996 electricity generation

• Many approved … costly to construct
• Considering recycling facilities

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Coal is unique to region Why coal so prevalent?
• Abundance
– Plenty throughout  • Cost
United States – Production rates 
increased by six times in 
past 30 years
– Estimates predict 
140‐230 years of 
confirmed supplies  – Least expensive resource 
remain per energy unit

Coal impacts the Environment What about “clean” coal?
• Direct combustion produces • Processing steps incorporated into output 
– Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
streams
• Acid rain and respiratory illness
– Nitrogen oxides (NOx) – More like “cleaner” coal
• Smog
– Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Greenhouse gas
– Mercury (Hg)
• Poisons in water and fish
– Particulates
• Ash particles  that fill atmosphere

National Mining Association

Emission re‐location  program New technologies exist
• Sulfur to synthetic gypsum • Integrated gasification 
– Used in drywall manufacturing combined cycle (IGCC)
– Controlling temperature, 
fuel and oxygen content
• Particulates
• Produces syngas
– Char used as soil additive for agriculture – Hydrogen
– Carbon monoxide
• CO2 sequestration – Other gases
– Place in old natural gas reserves or deep in ocean 
for dissolving

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Gasification benefits link Fuel types considered
• Environmental
– Low SO2, NOx and  • Efficiency • Hydrogen • Alternatives
particulate emissions – Like natural gas  – Efficient, but difficult to  – Hydro
combined cycle purify • Rivers and waves
• Hot gases to turbine – Wind
– Direct capture of CO2
• Heat exchangers with 
Heat exchangers with • Dynamics of air
• If source is pure oxygen,  water/steam • Nuclear
then no separation work 
– Beneficial non‐ – Solar
from nitrogen • Radiant transfer
– Syngas as fuel cell source renewable
– Biomass
• Achieve up to 70% 
efficiency! • Newest technology
• Coal
– Gasification technology

Profile of a hydropower dam Limited use
• Change in 
height from top  • Less than 3% of all dams in U.S. generate 
of reservoir  electricity
gives fluid the  – Most control flooding or irrigation
g y
high velocity to  – Scale of project requires government support
Scale of project requires government support
impact the 
turbine
• Concentrated primarily on west coast (CA, OR, 
WA)
– High mountains and wide rivers 

Environmental impact Dual capture
• No emissions of combustion • Research into methods for capturing CH4 from 
water
• However, reservoir causes ecological changes
– Decreased land for vegetation
– Wildlife habitats disrupted
• Turbines making caviar
• Spawning salmon can’t get upstream
– Stagnant water causes methane build‐up

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Wind power Limiting rotation rate
• Airfoil design to generate lift • Steam turbines had 
fixed orientation

• Air blades 
– Adjustable pitch
Lift
– Engage or disengage the 
wind 
• Place airfoil on hub – Maintain constant 
rotation rate
to turn the rotor

Steady mechanical input Wind is not uniform
• Spinning shaft to gear box • Yaw drive turns 
assembly
• High speed rpm – Points into prevailing 
wind
– Drives wires and
magnets of the
generator • Electrically driven 
instead of freely 
rotating
• Brake included 
as well …

Wind availability Environmental Effects
• A localized phenomena … position is critical! • Zero emissions
– Except for construction

• Approximately 45 trucks to deliver all components
– Building deep structural foundations

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Disrupting environment? Solar energy moves differently
• Three ways to move heat
• Destroying bird 
• Visual eyesore? migration? – Conduction: two solids of different temperature 
touching
– May be 6,400 birds per 
year … – Convection: exchange of energy through fluid 
• Other structures  molecules
already achieve this: – Radiation: transfer through particles and waves 
– 130M in utility lines requiring no medium
– 60M with automobiles • All can happen 
on your stove

Upon arrival to earth Converting to useful energy
• Electricity
• Radiant energy is  • Illumination – Photovoltaics (PV)
absorbed – Windows and skylights
– By atmospheric gases in  – Concentrating solar power 
air
• Direct heat
Direct heat plants
– By solid surfaces on 
ground – Solar collectors increase 
• Plants
water temperatures
• Roofs – “Power” greenhouses
• Animals

PV basics PV Materials
• Semiconductors
• Light is made up of  • Three things can  – Electron movement is not “free”
photons happen at surface – But holes exist to allow limited 
– Wave‐like to transmit through  – Reflect motion
radiation
– Pass through
– Particle
Particle‐like
like to impact a 
to impact a
surface – Absorb into material
• More photon energy absorption 
• PV materials absorb  increases movement of 
photon energy  electrons
– Same feature of digital cameras

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Benefits and Limitations Benefits and Limitations
• Inefficient • Inefficient
• Passive device – Approximately 10% of  • Passive device – Approximately 10% of 
– No moving parts beyond  photonic energy converted – No moving parts beyond  photonic energy converted
electrons electrons
• Production costs • Production costs
• Deployable –R
Raw materials are not 
t i l t • Deployable –R
Raw materials are not 
t i l t
– Sun hits surface  abundant – Sun hits surface  abundant
everywhere everywhere
• Conversion • Conversion
• Direct current – Need alternating current  • Direct current – Need alternating current 
– Supports basic electronic  for industry – Supports basic electronic  for industry
devices devices

New technology Solar to electric through heat
• Generating steam to rotate turbine
• Biological inspired  • Integrated structures
materials – Solar shingles
– Copy plant photosynthesis • Simple absorption not sufficient
– Need concentration of energy

– Use angle of reflection of light

– Replacement foils

Solar concentration methods Environmental impacts: good and bad
• Parabolic troughs Great aspects:
– Multiply solar intensity by  Challenges:
• No emissions
100 – All heat transfer is passive  • Low efficiency
• Solar dish without combustion – Requires large spaces
– Collect
Collect ray paths in all 
ray paths in all • Not consistent
Not consistent
directions – Atmospheric conditions 
• 2,000 times multiplier
• Few mechanical pieces
absorb some energy
– Active tracking can be self 
• Power tower powered • Exotic materials
– Flat mirrors reflect to  – Lots of chemistry
central point

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Biomass materials New biomass resources
• Any organic material • Weed‐like plants
– Plants – Switchgrass
• Sugar converters in leaves – Water hyacinth
• Structural components in stalks • Secondary materials
y
• Storage pieces in seeds – Corn stover
– Animal waste – Sugar‐cane bagasse
• Dried livestock manure
• Self‐replicating 
organisms
• The natural conversion of heat and light to  – Algae
useful energy

How much energy in algae?
Benefits and Drawbacks
• Rapid growth is key • No competition for land • High production cost
– Some strains can  • All types of water  • Still finding ideal strain
double their weight  possible • Open systems (ponds) 
in hours • Balances greenhouse 
alances greenhouse have other 
have other
• Doesn't waste  emissions environmental factors
energy making  • Scalable
cellulose

(www.nrel.gov)

Dried biomass not simple combustion Pyrolysis components
• Latest technology
– Pyrolysis gasification
• Burning has same 
• Heat fuel for breakdown of 
difficulty as coal chemical bonds
– Inefficient heat transfer • Biogases mix with air (N2 and O2)
– Emission of greenhouse  • Biogas and air combustion 
gases
– Remaining energy within 
the “fuel”

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Pyrolysis benefits Sources versus spending
• More effective consumption of fuel
– Only 20% of weight remains • Most buzz about new energy technologies 
• Emissions of particulates and greenhouse gases  – “Need to harness the sun, wind, and waves …” 
minimized Any politician, 2011
– Free and clear smoke stacks
Free and clear smoke stacks
• Remaining biochar acts as soil amendment  • Greater impact can be achieved with methods 
(fertilizer) to SAVE energy instead!
• May use any type of biomass source 

Conservation in building Construction Numbers
• Humans have used buildings since emerging from  • Habitat for Humanity averages:
caves – 1,000 – 1,200 ft2 home
– Quantities:
• Typically used local resources • 600 pieces of lumber (2
600 pieces of lumber (2”x4”x8’)
x4 x8 )
– Log cabins • 40,790 nails
– Sod huts • 50 gallons of paint
– Buffalo hide teepee

• Population growth leads to use of more resources

Increasing Scale LEED Categories
• Commercial and industry have multiple users • Equivalency to caloric and nutrient intake for 
– 2,000 ft2 home for 3‐4 people food
– Stevenson and Grant Towers enclose 519,000 ft2
– Barsema Hall has 130,000 ft
Barsema Hall has 130 000 ft2

• Need tools to help select most efficient 
commodities

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Certification levels Interdepent pieces
• Cumulative scores (similar to grading):
– 40+ points 
– 50+ points 
– 60+ points
60+ points
– 80+ points

Categories for credits Categories for credits
• Sustainable sites: • Water efficiency:
– Use already developed land – Need to cut 20% from baseline
• Reduces urban sprawl – Possibilities
• Smaller impact on environment through preservation of  • Efficient fixtures 
natural ecosystem – Automatic shut‐off valves
– Utilize existing infrastructure – Hi‐low volume flow toilet flush
• Adjacent to rail terminal • Better fittings
– Few pipe bends or network splits
• Existing access roads
• Appliances
– Control environmental parameters – Front load washers
• Storm water run‐off (Erosion) – Instant heat water heaters
• Light, sound, air pollution

Categories for credits Categories for credits
• Energy & Atmosphere: • Materials & Resources:
– Confirm use of renewables – Waste management practices
• Solar, wind, biomass • Re‐using prior building material
• On‐site generation or explicit green power purchased  • Separation of waste‐recycle streams
from utility – Selection of materials
– Limiting CFCs • Regionally produced
• Managing refrigerant • Rapidly renewable (not just wood)
• Low‐volatile organic compound (VOC) paints – Efficient use of raw materials
– Tracking performance and usage • Not everything needs to be cut from a standard 8 foot 
• Close loop to adjust operation piece of lumber

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3/15/2011

Categories for credits Bonus points!
• Indoor Environment: • Innovations:
– Adjust comfort levels – Designs not included in prior
• Temperature, humidity, ventilation categories
• Is 68° setting appropriate? • Flexibility to stay on cutting‐edge of science
– Lighting quality • Freedom for creativity
• Natural daylight is best – Holistic approach
– Skylights and automatic shades
• Integrate all aspects of planners, builders, and end users
• Automated switches
– Operational protocol that is part of closing the loop
– Improved acoustics
• Soundproof high decibel levels

Bonus points! Not limited to new construction
• Regional Priority:
– Separated according to the  • Considers other types:
local ZIP code and associate priority – Core & Shell
– Example: DeKalb (60115) • Structure, HVAC, etc used by builder
• Reduction in Materials and Resources above 75% of  – Commercial Interiors
baseline provides bonus • Selection by tenants for aesthetics
• Improvement in water savings by 30% – Schools
• Different needs of learning space
– Existing buildings
• Operations and Maintenance
• Confirm all is working effectively

Growth rate is substantial In review
• Energy is important  • Conservation is critical
commodity to  – Less materials consumed
sustainable earth – Sustainable construction
– Individual decisions 
• Much effort placed in  leading to environmental 
generating new forms impacts!
– Small return on 
investment

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3/15/2011

Marketing and  What is a Market?

Insurance Industry  • A public gathering held for buying and 


selling merchandise

in the U S A
in the U.S.A. • A place
A place where goods are offered for sale
where goods are offered for sale
• The opportunity to buy or sell; extent of 
demand for merchandise

Dr. Kurt Sheu • Demand for goods

What is Marketing?
• The act or process of buying and selling in a  • “Marketing is the art and science of creating 
market.  and managing successful exchanges.” ‐
• The commercial functions involved in  Northwestern University Kellogg School of 
transferring goods from producer to
transferring goods from producer to  Business Professor Alex Chernev
Business, Professor Alex Chernev 
consumer. 

• Marketing is a system of business activities • Marketing is something of value want‐
satisfying goods and services
• Marketing is designed to plan, price, promote, 
and distribute
d di ib • M
Marketing is to the benefit of the market ‐
k i i h b fi f h k
present and potential household consumers 
or industrial users

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3/15/2011

Exchange Between 
Buyer and Seller
• Why do people buy? 
• Who pay list price? 
• What products do people sell?

Buyer Seller

Why are Distributors Necessary?
The Role of Marketing in Society

Producers
Producers Distributors

Transactions

Customers
Consumers

Reduced Transactions Producers (Suppliers or Manufacturers)

Producers
• Process raw material or goods to produce 
brand‐named products for customers
• Regulated by law from where they operate
Distributor • Compete with one another

Consumers

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3/15/2011

Distributors (Retailers, Wholesalers and 
Customers
Sales Representatives)

• Supply customers with products more suited to  • The consumer is the most important single force in 


their needs the external environment of the firm.  Without a 
consumer there is no need for marketing. 
• Research customer attitudes
customer attitudes • Consumer awareness
Consumer awareness (i.e. General Motors recalling 
(i e General Motors recalling
• Sell, buy and set price specific models of cars)
• Transport and inventory products • Cultural and social environment
• Lifestyle and quality of life
• Provide customer service and support locally
• Consumer behavior (i.e. consumers refer the 
• Advertise at local level product to other consumers)
• Share the risk of doing business

Product
The 5 P’s

• First impressions are important, but performance
of the product over time is more important for 
Product Placement product repurchase and referrals.
• Product planning
Product planning
• Quality control and assortment
Personnel • Breadth and depth of line
• Warranty and service
• Package
Price Promotion • Product development

Price Placement

Why does a customer use your product?
• The list price is often an important element.  When and where is your product available to 
• Customers like discounts and special offers.
Customers like discounts and special offers customers?
• Price / customer relationships • Timing, timing, timing
• Price / cost relationships • Location, location, location
• Price / competitive relationships • Example: Wal‐Mart

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3/15/2011

Promotion Personnel or People

How do you communicate with your  Almost all businesses offer a variety of 
customers? human contacts to customers.
• Advertising • Sales, service, collections shipping, billing 
Sales ser ice collections shipping billing
• Sales promoting repair and other personnel.
• Sales force: motivation, selection and  • Organization, i.e. Ford, Mazda, etc.
training.
• Could have more Ps (politics, public opinion, 
• Public relations
policy, etc.)
• Direct Marketing, i.e. HP, Dell, etc.

What should I do regarding those Ps?
The 3 Cs (uncontrolled factors)

Company
• Analyze your Ps
?
• Determine what works best for each P
Consumer Competition
• Deciding which P is most important
Strategic Marketing

Marketing Tactics Which one should I choose?

McDonalds

Product Brand Promotion


Burger King
? Wendy’s

Service Price Distribution

Subway

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3/15/2011

Marketing Management, Decisions  Component of Strategic Marketing (1)
and Strategy

Producers
Product Target

Service
Price C
Place
Distribution Brand
Customers

Component of Strategic Marketing (2) Component of Strategic Marketing (3)

Product

Customer Price Distribution

Promotion

Example of 
Component of Strategic Marketing (4)
Socio‐cultural Forces

U.S. Population

Economic  250

200
Millions of People

Competitive Political White


150 Hispanic
Black
Socio‐ Legal 100 Asian
Forces Native
50
cultural Regulatory
0
Technology 2000 2050
Year

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3/15/2011

Consumer Make‐up by Income
Marketing Research

Average Income per Family Hyundai


Toyota Kia
6% 10%
0%
10% $15000 Ford
$35000
12% 23% $50000 Mazda
$75000
$100000
Jaguar
$150000 Honda
22% over $150000
17% BMW
GM

Tips:  Do’s and Don’ts Tips:  Do’s and Don’ts

• Do break down plan into simple sub‐plans
• Don’t ignore the details
• Do write an executive summary
• Don’t imitate the competitors
D ’t i it t th tit
• Do clarify and quantify your objectives
• Don’t feel confined by last period’s budget and 
• Do prepare a situation analysis plan
• Do build a competitor analysis table • Don’t engage in unnecessary spending
• Do combine strategies and objectives

Global Marketing
Regional Alliances

European Union (EU)
North American Free  Asia‐Pacific 
40 Million Companies
40 Million Companies
Trade Agreement  Economic 
200 Countries (NAFTA) Cooperation 
3000 Headings (APEC)
Common Market of 
1 Friendly Database the Southern Cone 
(MERCOSUR)

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Marketing on the Internet Marketing in Changing Environment
• The environment includes natural and human
• Addressability • The interrelationship of environment and 
• Interactivity marketing

• Memory
• Control
• Accessibility
• Digitalization

Case Study Insurance 
Q: How many automobiles are 
produced each year in China?  If 
Industry 
you are a manager of an 
automobile headlight company, 
what is your marketing strategy? in the U.S.A.
Dr. Kurt Sheu

Challenge‐Growing Interdepencies Challenge‐Things Change Faster
• We are more dependent on others’ operations • Katrina: a one‐week event (2005)     1,326 
• The world is now so interdependent that  victims, $45 billion loss
actions taken today 3,000 miles away from  • Southeast Asia Tsunami: a one‐day event
you might affect you tomorrow
you might affect you tomorrow (12/2004) 280 000 victims
(12/2004) 280,000 victims 
• Your actions will affect mine • 9/11 Attacks: a one‐hour event (2001) 3,025 
victims, $35 billion loss  
• Disasters have caused severe insured losses in 
recent years                             

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3/15/2011

What is Insurance? What is Insurance?

“A device for the elimination or reduction of  It is a method of shifting risk from you, one 
an economic risk, to all members of a large
an economic risk, to all members of a large  g p p p j
individual to a group.  As people join this 
group by employing a system of equitable  group in ever increasing numbers in order 
contributions out of which losses are paid.” to avoid a particular type of risk to which all 
‐ Webster’s Third International Dictionary are exposed, the risk for the group 
becomes more and more certain.

What is Insurance? Its Development (17th Century)

“A plan by which large numbers of people  The business of insurance as we know it in Great 


associate themselves and transfer risks that  Britain and the United States grew out of what 
attach to individuals to the shoulders of all ” 
attach to individuals to the shoulders of all. initially was risk‐taking participation in the fruits 
y gp p
of commercial enterprises.  They were doing 
– David L. Bizkelhaupt business for spices, tea, sugar, dyes, fabrics and 
other desired commodities.  It evolved to insure 
It means that insurance is an arrangement for  the risks of loss of damage to others.  The insuring 
paying for inevitable losses and is thus a risk  entity, known commonly as Lloyd’s of London, 
grew up out of those risky commercial endeavors.
financing method.

Its Development (18th Century) Its Development (19th Century)

The business of insurance found its roots in the 
growing peril of fire as urban centers developed in  Due to the importance of agriculture to the 
Great Britain and later in the American colonies.
Great Britain and later in the American colonies.   United States economy, agriculture was 
No running water existed at the time.   conducted largely by means of family farms 
– lenders required farmers to take out crop 
Example: mutual fire protection societies work as  insurance when mortgaging their 
part of bucket brigades when fire broke out properties to obtain crop loans. 

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3/15/2011

Its Development (Latter 19th Century  Its Development (20th Century)


& 20th Century)

As society and industry grew, so did the risk of 
The growth of the business of 
j y and the resulting passage of 
industrial injury gp g
ins rance came ith the
insurance came with the  workers compensation laws.  When those laws 
development of the internal  were enacted, commercial insurers entered 
combination engine, the widespread  the market and began providing workers 
ownership of cars and trucks and the  compensation insurance to employers. 
risks of loss that operation of these 
vehicles posed.  

Its Development (20th Century) Its Development

There are at least three different kinds of 
Recent times have seen the  business insurance.
development and marketing of  • Property‐casualty insurance, i.e. 
long‐term care insurance and  homeowners, auto and business property 
insurance policies aimed at e‐ and liability coverage)
business. • Life and disability insurance
• Health insurance

Its Organization Its Function – Risk Management

The business of insurance differs from most other 
businesses.  Because insurers sell an intangible product – a 
• Avoiding risk
promise to pay in the event of contingent losses – and 
because these promises potentially affect so many the
because these promises potentially affect so many, the 
business of insurance is regulated more heavily than most  • Reducing risk
other businesses.  
• Capital stock company (corporation) such as AIG
• Mutual insurance company such as State Farm Mutual • Retaining risk
• Reciprocal insurer such as Automobile Club of Southern 
California
• Transfer risk

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3/15/2011

Risk Management – Six Sigma Risk Management – Six Sigma

Six sigma at many organization  To achieve six sigma, a process 
simply means a measure of quality  must not produce more than 3.4 
that strives for near perfection.  Six  defects per million opportunities.  
Sigma is a disciplined, data‐driven 
approach and methodology for 
eliminating defects.

Risk Management – Six Sigma DMAIC  Risk Management – Six Sigma DMADV 


Process Process

• Define the project goal and customer deliverables • Define the project goal and customer deliverables


• Measure and determine customer needs and 
• Measure the process to determine current 
p
specifications
performance
• Analyze the process options to meet the customer 
• Analyze and determine the root causes of the 
needs
defect
• Design the process to meet the customer needs
• Improve the process by eliminating defects
• Verify the design performance and ability to meet 
• Control future process performance customer needs

Its Function – Using Automobile  Its Function – Using Automobile 


Insurance as an example  Insurance as an example (2)

• Liability insurance – manage your lawsuit risk Premium


• Medical payments coverage
• Uninsured Motorists: when the other driver is  Liability limit $120
• Personal injury protection $300 000
$300,000
unidentified (hit and run) or has no liability 
d f d (h d ) h l bl • Comprehensive with  Medical payment $12
insurance at all deductibles $10,000
• Under‐insured Motorists: when the other driver  • Collision damage with  UM / UIM $6
deductibles Comprehensive $30
has less auto liability coverage than you and the 
• Road service / car rental  Collision $125
economic value of your injury exceeds the other  $250 deductible
driver’s liability limit. coverage
Road service $5

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3/15/2011

Its Operation Its Operation (2)

Product / 
Insured Product / 
Company Insured
Company

Agents Insured buy insurance directly 
• Insured buy insurance from agent or directly through company through company, e.g. Geico
• Company sell products to insured directly or through agent
• Insured report a claim to agent or company
• Company handle the claims and losses.

Its Operation (3) Its Management 
(Cross Management)

• Underwriting/Customer Service department • Chief executive officer (CEO)
• Claim/human resource department
Claim/human resource department • Chi f
Chief operating officer (COO)
ti ffi (COO)
• Financing/investment department
• Chief information officer (CIO)
• Information/network department
• Chief risk officer (CRO)
• Risk control/legal department
• Actuarial/statistics department • Chief financial officer (CFO)

Its Influence to Society Business 
• Without insurance, local state, national and international 
businesses would quickly grind to a halt.
Opportunities 
• Without insurance, a simple claim could put a small 
business owner out of business.
• Manufacturers could not sell products without liability 
insurance.
in USA
• Myth: All the insurance companies in the U.S.A own the 
country through its policies and investment. 

Dr. Kurt Sheu

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3/15/2011

What is Business ? What is Business ?
1.  A business (also known as enterprise or  3.  Businesses may also form not‐for‐profit or be 
firm) is an organization designed to provide  state‐owned.
goods, services, or both to consumers. 4.  A business owned by multiple individuals 
2 Businesses are predominant in capitalist
2.  Businesses are predominant in capitalist may be referred to as a company
may be referred to as a company.
economies, in which most of them are 
privately owned and formed to earn profit to 
increase the wealth of their owners.

Definition of OPPORTUNITY Synonyms of OPPORTUNITY
• A favorable or advantageous circumstance or  • Occasion suggests the proper time for action.
combination of circumstances. • An opening is an opportunity affording a good 
• A favorable or suitable occasion or time. possibility of success.
• A chance
A h f
for progress or advancement.
d • Chance
Ch often implies an opportunity that 
f i li i h
arises through luck or accident.
• A break is an often sudden piece of luck, 
especially good luck.

Examples of OPPORTUNITY Business OPPORTUNITY
• You'll have an opportunity to ask  • A business opportunity involves the sale 
questions after the presentation. or lease of any product, service, 
• Studying abroad provides a great  equipment, etc. that will enable the 
opportunity to learn a foreign language. purchaser‐licensee to begin a business.
h li b i b i

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3/15/2011

Is America the Land of Opportunity? 
Is America really the land of 
Opportunity?
• United States of America is known as the land of 
opportunity for many immigrants who dare to dream 
of a better life. • No
• United States has focused more about equal  • A land is just a land
j
opportunity than any other country.
• It is the system that they practice is what 
• There are many people who strongly believe that 
once they come to United States it is guaranteed to  gives opportunity to all American.
find success to achieve their American Dreams.

Testimony ‐ How Apple make It Entrepreneurship: A Perspective

• Watch “Steve Jobs gave his personal  • Entrepreneurship is more than the mere 
testimony at Stanford University” creation of business.
• Entrepreneurship is the symbol of 
business tenacity and achievement

Entrepreneurs: Challenging The  Our Entrepreneurial Economy: The 
Unknown Environment For Entrepreneurship

• Their sense of opportunity, their drive to innovate, 
• Entrepreneurs are individuals who 
and their capacity for accomplishment have become 
recognize opportunities where others see  the standard by which free enterprise is now 
chaos or confusion measured.
• They are aggressive catalysts for change • We are experiencing an Entrepreneurial Revolution in 
the US.
within the marketplace

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3/15/2011

The Age of the Gazelles (New and 
Predominance of New Ventures
Smaller Firms)
• During the past ten year, new business  • Innovation: They produce twice as many products 
incorporations averaged 600,000 per  innovations per employee as larger firms.
year • Growth: 30 millions firms exist today up from the 
Growth: 30 millions firms exist today up from the
• Only 15,000 employ 500 or more people  22.5 millions firms existing in 2000
• More than half of all businesses employ • Survival: “None”, “Sooner or later all die”, “ 85% of all 
fewer than 5 people  small start‐up firms fail in the first year”

Emerging Trends Entrepreneurial Opportunities
• The Internet Explosion • It means that any individual is free to 
transform an idea into a business.
• The E‐Commerce Challenge(200% annual 
growth rate) • The opportunities for potential entrepreneurs 
are unlimited
are unlimited.
• The constantly economic changing
environment provides a continuous flow of 
potential opportunities.

Consider the Following Facts Three Types of Person
• Home‐based business ownership represent at  • A visionary person invents a business and 
least 52 % of all small firms and 10%  of all  makes a business unique by imbuing it with a 
revenue. special and exciting sense of purpose and 
direction.
• Women
Women’ss share of self‐employment is equal to 
share of self employment is equal to
• The manager actualize vision through 
that of men. planning, implementation, and practice.
• Business Opportunities will continue to arise  • The technician gets works done and provides 
for individuals willing to take risk. input for improvement of systems and 
standard

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3/15/2011

Three Stages of Growth Variables in New Business Creation

• Presence: Build an excitement about the  Individual(s)

offerings of the venture in the marketplace
• Penetration: Gain market share and establish  Environment Organization
greater virtual integration
greater virtual integration
• Profitability: Increase operational efficiencies 

Process

Businesses owned by  Businesses Owned by Immigrants –
Immigrants 21th Century

• Laundry, Restaurant, Grocery
• Yahoo
• Garage, Construction
• B
Beauty Salon, Travel Agent
S l T lA • YouTube
• Accounting, Medical Clinic
• Law Firm, Insurance Agent
• Educational Institute

Robotics
Case Study – A Real Story

• An immigrant made a new business in 
United States of America. by
• Pay attention to “Who, Where, What, 
How, Why” in the story
Shin‐Min (Simon) Song, Ph.D.
Professor and Chair
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Northern Illinois University

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3/15/2011

Robotics Manipulators
• Manipulators • Kinematics
– A robotic arm with a fixed base • Dynamics
• Mobile Robots • Robot design
– Walking machines
W lki hi – Mechanism design: serial, parallel, hybrid 
– Flying robots with flapping wings manipulators
– Swimming robots • Control
• Simulation

Robot Kinematics
• Forward (Direct) Kinematics
– Given inputs (joint space), Calculate outputs 
(Cartesian space)
– More difficult for parallel manipulators
• Inverse (Backward) Kinematics
– Given outputs (Cartesian space), Calculate inputs 
(joint space)
– More difficult for serial manipulators
• Trajectory Planning

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3/15/2011

Robot Dynamics

• Forward (Direct) Dynamics
– Given inputs (joint forces/torques), Calculate 
outputs (motion)
outputs (motion)
• Inverse (Backward) Dynamics
– Given outputs (motion), Calculate inputs (joint 
forces/torques)

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Notations for Robot Kinematics

• Denavit‐Hartenberg (D‐H) Notation
• Zero Position Reference Notation
• Screw Notation

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3/15/2011

Future of Off‐The‐ Land Mobile Systems
Road Locomotion:  •


Wheels ‐ for smooth/hard terrain
Tracks ‐ for smooth or mildly uneven/soft terrain
Legs ‐ for uneven/soft terrain

Legs
g •


Semi‐walking wheels ‐ for muddy field or swamp
Graspers – for hanging and swing motion
Snake robots – for narrow and crooked pathway
by • Stair‐climbing robots – for stairway; use tracks, legs or spoke‐
wheel system.
• Wall climbing robots – for wall; use suction cups, magnetic 
Shin‐Min (Simon) Song, Ph.D. foot pods
• Combinations ‐ e.g. planetary rovers with flexible (passive or 
Professor and Chair active) chassis or active suspension system
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Northern Illinois University

∠n + ∠s

Advantages of Legged Locomotion 1. Greater Mobility
On Irregular/Soft Terrain
• Percentages of area inaccessible to conventional 
tracked vehicles:
1. greater mobility 
* Europe (50%) * Former USSR (55%)
2. greater speed * Asia (45%) * Africa (25%)
*S hA
* South America (60%)
i (60%) *N hA
* North America (55%)
i (55%)
3. better energy efficiency
4. smoother body motion • Greater back support
5. less environmental damage
• Less climbing angle 

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2. Greater Speed 3. Better Energy Efficiency
Average speed on rough, hard terrain: • Irregular terrain: 
• 3 ‐ 5 mph for wheeled vehicles Discrete footprints allow smooth body motion; less 
energy is wasted in raising up the body.
• 5 ‐ 10 mph for tracked vehicles
• up to 35 mph for animals  • Soft terrain: 
Energy wasted in soil deformation is proportional to 
[1] Bekker, M.G., Introduction to Terrain Vehicle System, University of 
Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1960, pp.8.
the size of deformed area
W = ∫ Fds

4. Smoothness of Body Motion 5. Less Damage to Environment
• Less deformed areas
A legged system with discrete foot prints is a 
better suspension system than a wheeled or  • Friendlier soil deformation mechanics:
tracked system with continuous tracks
tracked system with continuous tracks. Foot deformation: compression
Foot deformation: compression 
Wheel or track deformation: combination of 
compression and shear
Compression usually gives better chance to the 
recovery of vegetation since the roots are usually 
buried under soil after deformation.

History of Walking Machine Hardware 
Major Research Areas of Walking Machines
Development
1. Control: control algorithm (model based, neural networks..), 
integration...etc.
2. Gait study: periodic gaits, free (computer‐generated) gaits,  • Wooden ox, 220 AD: Used in transporting rice 
statically unstable gaits (dynamic gaits), gait transitions...etc. and cargo in Three Kingdoms, China; invented 
3. Leg design: size, strength, energy efficiency…etc.
4 Actuation system:
4. Actuation system: pneumatic, hydraulic, electrical, actuators, 
pneumatic hydraulic electrical actuators
y g g
by Zhuge Liang.
artificial tendons/muscles, energy storage and regeneration 
(e.g. flywheel system)…etc.
5. Vision and sensors: laser scanning systems, terrain analysis, 
proximity sensors, contact sensors...etc.
6. Navigation and artificial intelligence: to reduce or fully 
replace human's functions.

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Attempts to Remake the Wooden Ox Attempts to Remake the Wooden Ox
• Professor Yen Hung‐sen applied computer 
• Wang Jian has spent 40 years trying to rebuild  synthesis to rebuild the wooden ox.
the wooden ox.

History of Walking Machine Hardware 
Wooden Ox Development (cont’d)
• It is possible to make a wooden ox that can 
• GE Quadruped, 1968
carry heavy load on uneven terrain 1800 years 
ago. • A few computer controlled walking machines 
were built in 1970s in USSR, Japan and USA
• It is a great student project.
It is a great student project
• Dozens of walking robots were built in 1980s; 
• With computers, sensors and low friction 
OSU ASV, 1988
joints, we should be able build a more 
efficient wooden ox powered by human or  • Hundreds of walking robots built in 1990s and 
animals.  2000s

OSU Hexapod 1978; Computer Control 
GE Quadruped 1968; Direct Master‐Slave Control

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3/15/2011

OSU Adaptive Suspension Vehicle (ASV) 1988

Walking Machine Catalogue Two‐legged Systems
• Web site: • Honda Human Robot, 1997, Japan
http://www.walking‐machines.org/
• One‐legged systems

Two‐legged Systems Four‐legged Systems

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3/15/2011

Four‐legged Systems Six‐legged Systems

Six‐legged Systems Six‐legged Systems

Eight‐legged Systems Eight‐legged Systems

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3/15/2011

Commercial Walking Machines Plustech Walking Machines 
Plustech Walking Machine 1991, 1995, 2000 & video
http://www.plustech.fi/Walking1.html

Leg Design ‐ Energy Efficiency Leg Design ‐ Energy Efficiency


• Back driven system: • Back driven system:
– One actuator is doing negative work (acting as a  – One actuator is doing negative work (acting as a 
brake) while another is doing positive work. brake) while another is doing positive work.
– Resulted in poor efficiency.
Resulted in poor efficiency – Resulted in poor efficiency.
Resulted in poor efficiency
– Serial leg normally has back driven actuation. – Serial leg normally has back driven actuation.
– Many legged robots have back driven actuation. – Many legged robots have back driven actuation.

Leg Design ‐ Energy Efficiency
• Gravitationally decoupled actuation (GDA) 
system:
– Actuators contributing in gravitational force are 
decoupled.
– Resulted in good efficiency.
– Single actuator straight‐line mechanism is a GDA 
system.

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Straight‐line Mechanisms
• Exact Straight‐line Mechanisms
– Pantograph mechanism
– Peaucellier inversor
– Cam leg
Cam leg
• Approximate Straight‐line Mechanisms
– Four‐bar linkage
– Roberts linkage
– Planetary gear mechanism

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3/15/2011

Concept of a Cam-Controlled Leg Closed Form Cam With Extended Leg Follower

(a) Overall Structure (b) Principles of leg motion

Animations

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Leg Design (Cont’d) Gait Study
• Size and interferences • Periodic Gaits
– Wave gaits
• Weight distribution and inertia – Equal phase gaits
– Backward gaits
• Load capacity – Continuous follow‐the‐leader (FTL) gaits
g
• Foot design • Non‐periodic Gaits
– Discontinuous follow‐the‐leader gaits
• Ankle design – Free gaits
– Precision footing gaits
– Large obstacle gaits
• Gait Transitions

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3/15/2011

Wave Gaits
• Symmetrical Gait: The phase difference 
between right and left legs is ½. 
Φ2 = 1/2

• Optimum stability: The leg is placed at the 
same time when the leg ahead of it is lifted: 
Φ3 = β

Continuous Follow‐The‐Leader Gait Continuous Follow‐The‐Leader Gait
• Release Time: The time for a footprint to be released 
• Symmetrical gait:  (not occupied) between two adjacent feet.
Φ2 = ½ (P/R)β ‐ β = (P/R – 1) β
Φ4 = Φ3  + ½ The release time should be sufficient so that the two 
adjacent feet will not collide
adjacent feet will not collide.
• Follow‐the‐leader: A leg is placed at the same 
footprint of the leg ahead of it.  • Wave gait is a special case of the continuous FTL gait 
Φ3 = (P/R)β with release time equals to zero.
Φ5 = 2(P/R)β ‐ 1

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3/15/2011

Large Obstacle Gaits
• Ditch Crossing Gait
• Obstacle Crossing Gait
• Three phases:
Phase 1: front legs move over
Phase 2: middle legs move over
Phase 3: rear legs move over

Rey Ty
Division of International Programs


International Training Office
Northern Illinois University
g
Carl Sandburg Auditorium
March 21, 2011
国际项目部

国际培训办公室
北伊利诺伊大学

2011年3月21日

Intercultural Orientation 
for New International 
Students
介绍文化交际:
Jièshào wénhuà jiāojì
女士们,先生们, 欢迎!  新来 外国学生

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3/15/2011

Why Are 
为什么在每个社会, 文化是不一样的?

Cultures
Cultures 
Different?

每一个社会都不同。

每个社会都有不
同的历史经验。

奴隶制社会 封建社会
Núlì zhì shèhuì Fēngjiàn shèhuì

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3/15/2011

资本主义社会
Zīběn zhǔyì shèhuì

统治集团
Tǒngzhì jítuán

少数群体
Shǎoshù qúntǐ

另类文化
Lìnglèi wénhuà

了解

高兴
渡蜜月
文化休克 习惯
Wénhuà xiūkè
Xíguàn
不快乐
穷人和富人
Qióngrén hé fù rén

50
3/15/2011

习惯
Xíguàn

渡蜜月
高兴

不快乐

在美国, 禁止吸烟。
jìnzhǐ xī yān.

“这是我的错误 ”
“这是我的错误.”

成功时,我们赞美别人。 成功时,我们赞美自己。 Chénggōng shí, wǒmen zànměi zìjǐ.


Chénggōng shí, wǒmen
zànměi biérén.

51
3/15/2011

在美国,当有一个错误,我们责怪别人。
Zài měiguó, dāng yǒu
yīgè cuòwù, wǒmen
zéguài biérén.
美国人喜欢喝有很多冰块的饮料。

Měiguó rén xǐhuan hē yǒu hěnduō bīng kuài de yǐnliào.

21岁的人可以买酒精.

21 Suì de 
rén kěyǐ
21岁的人
chōu yān 可以抽烟.

礼节是人和人交
往的礼仪规矩。
Lǐjié shì rén hé rén
免费续杯咖啡和冰红茶. jiāowǎng de lǐyí guījǔ.
Miǎnfèi xù bēi kāfēi hé bīng hóngchá.

52
3/15/2011

永远的好朋友

迟到是好的。
Chídào shì hǎo de.

are polite.

每个人总是热情好客。
Měi gèrén zǒng shì rèqíng
hàokè.

擤 Xǐng
放屁
Fàngpì

53
3/15/2011

当你和别人交谈时,别看别人的眼睛

轻轻握手
Dāng nǐ hé biérén jiāotán shí, bié kàn Qīng qīng wòshǒu
biérén de yǎnjīng

In Some Societies In Some Societies
• Use tons of spices 打开窗口
•Use tons of spices Dǎkāi de chuāngkǒu

• Exhaust “on” & all windows “open”
多种的香料

Duō zhǒng de xiāngliào

Mainstream U.S.A.
• Salt & Pepper  盐和胡椒。 Name: Dr. Thomas Smith
Yes: Tom
Yán hé hújiāo. No: Dr. Smith
• Or none, for health reasons!

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3/15/2011

不要迟到。

Bùyào chídào.

吃饭时,   不
吃饭时, 不 吃飯時,    不
吃飯時 不
要出声。 要出聲。
Cóng wǎnshàng 6  从晚上6点至晚
diǎn zhì wǎnshàng
8 shí qù yīgè
上8时去一个朋
péngyǒu jiā chī,  友家吃,喝,玩
hē, wán de hěn
kāixīn.
得很开心。

在美国,放屁是无礼。

Zài měiguó, fàngpì shì wú lǐ .

擤不粗鲁
Xǐng bù cūlǔ.

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3/15/2011

不看别人的眼睛直是粗鲁。


必须
Nǐ bìxū
jǐn jǐn
紧紧 wòshǒu.
Bù kàn biérén de yǎnjīng zhí shì cūlǔ.
握手。

礼貌是历史,
社会, 政治和
文化的产物。

Lǐmào shì lìshǐ, shèhuì, 


zhèngzhì hé wénhuà de 
chǎnwù.

印第安人 欧裔美国人
Ōu yì měiguó rén
Yìndìān rén

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3/15/2011

非裔美国人
其他美国黑人
Fēi yì měiguó rén Qítā měiguó hēirén

亚裔美国人
拉美裔美国人
Yà yì měiguó rén
Lāměi yì měiguó rén


Hùnxiěer rén

夏威夷和太平洋岛民.
Xiàwēiyí hé

tàipíngyáng dǎo
mín.

人.

57
3/15/2011

不同类
型的家
庭。
Bùtóng lèixíng de 
jiātíng.
尊重每个人: 工厂和办公室工作人员。

尊重每个人: 尊重每个人:
老板或秘书
清洁工和总统。
Zūnzhòng měi
Zūnzhòng měi gèrén: Qīngjié
gèrén: Lǎobǎn huò
gōng hé zǒngtǒng.
mìshū

尊重每个人: 尊重每个人:
妇女和男子。
Zūnzhòng měi gèrén:  同性恋和异性
Fùnǚ hé nánzǐ. 恋。
Zūnzhòng měi gèrén: 
妇女能顶半边天。 Tóngxìngliàn hé yìxìng
liàn.
Fùnǚ néng dǐng bànbiāntiān.

58
3/15/2011

尊重每个人: 餐厅服
务员和收银员。
尊重每个人:
尊重每个人: 
年轻人和老人。
Zūnzhòng měi
gèrén: Niánqīng
rén hé lǎorén.
Zūnzhòng měi gèrén: Cāntīng
fúwùyuán hé shōuyín yuán.


男女 老幼
重 男



个 幼
Nánnǚ lǎo yòu.



Zōngjiào

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60
3/15/2011

61
3/15/2011

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3/15/2011

我国是世界上最好的国家。 其他的国家比我自己的国家更好。

我国和其他的国家有好的内容。 我国和其他国家都有一些问题。

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3/15/2011

Thank You!
非常感谢你们!

Intercultural Orientation  Communicating
for New International 
Students
in Small Groups
Rey Ty
Division of International Programs
and
d Teams
T
International Training Office
Northern Illinois University
Carl Sandburg Auditorium
Dieter Zeschke
ELS Language Center -- DeKalb
January 10, 2011

Overview Overview
• Preparing to work with group and teams • Organizing team-based written and oral
presentations
• Understanding team development, roles, and • Planning and participating in productive
conflict
fli meetings
• Using collaboration technology to facilitate
• Characteristics of successful teams meetings, manage projects, and make decisions

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Objective 1 Objective 1
• Groups: 3 or more members who work • Teams: members who interact over time to
independently to achieve goals achieve purpose (e.g., task force)
– Quick solutions – Self-directed
– Have 1 leader – Have clearly stated goals,
goals autonomy,
autonomy decision-
decision
making authority, frequent communication, and
ongoing training

Objective 1 Objective 2
• Reasons for groups and/or teams • Four phases of team development
– Better decisions – Forming (similarities and bond)
– Faster response – Storming (define roles and responsibilities, rules for
– Increased productivity
p y governing interaction)
– Greater buy-in – Norming (tension subsides, roles clarify,
– Less resistance to change information flows among members)
– Improved employee morale – Performing (willing and can do attitude about
progress)
– Reduced risks

Objective 2 Objective 2
• Group task roles • Group task roles (cont.)
– Initiator – Energizer
– Information seeker/giver – Gatekeeper
– Opinion givers/seeker – Reality tester
– Direction giver
– Summarizer
– Diagnoser

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Objective 2 Objective 2
• Group relation roles • Dysfunctional group roles
– Participation encourager – Blocker
– Harmonizer/tension reliever – Attacker
– Evaluator of emotional climate – Recognition seeker
– Praise giver – Joker
– Empathic listener – Withdrawer

Objective 2 Objective 2
• Resolving conflicts • 6-step procedure for dealing with conflict
– Avoidance/withdrawal – Listen
– Accommodation/smoothing – Understand other point of view
– Show a concern for relationship
– Compromise
– Look for common ground
– Competition/forcing
– Invent new problem-solving option
– Collaboration/problem solving – Reach an agreement based on what’s fair

Objective 2 Objective 3
• Avoid groupthink • Characteristics of successful teams
• Reach group decisions – Are small and diverse
– Majority – Agree on purpose
– Consensus
C – Agree on procedures
– Minority
– Able to confront conflict
– Averaging
– Use good communication techniques
– Authority rule with discussion

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Objective 3 Objective 4
–Able to collaborate rather than compete • Preparing to work together
–Accept ethical responsibility – Name leader
–Share leadershipp – Decide method of governance (majority, etc.)
– Plan meeting times, places, etc.
–Demonstrate good workplace manners
– Discuss value of conflict
– Discuss how to hold accountable

Objective 5 Objective 4
• Plan document or presentation • Collect information
– Establish specific purpose – Brainstorm ideas
– Decide on final format – Assign topics
– Discuss audience
– Establish deadlines for collecting information
– Develop work plan
– Discuss ways to ensure accuracy
– Give each person assignment or responsibility
– Decide how to compile final product

Objective 4 Objective 4
• Organizing, writing, revising • Edit, rehearse, evaluate
– Review proposed organization –Merge documents (consistent voice,
– Compose 1st draft grammar, etc.)
– Meet to discuss and revise –Evaluate final document (purpose,
– Coordinate parts needs)
– Make sure bridges between parts –Rehearse (preliminary and dress)

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Objective 5 Objective 5
• Planning meetings • Manage dysfunctional group members
– Decide if it is necessary – Lay down rules in opening statement
– Decide who should be there – Strategic seating
• Avoid direct eye contact
– Create agenda/ground rules • Assign dysfunctional members specific tasks
– Distribute meeting information • Ask to speak in specific order
– Start meeting (goal, length, background) • Interrupt monopolizers
• Encourage non-talkers
– Handle conflict
• Give praise and encouragement

Objective 5 Objective 5
–End with plan • Purpose and number of participants
– Intensive problem solving 5 or fewer
–Follow up actively
– Problem identification 10 or fewer
• Review decisions – Information reviews/presentations 30 or fewer
• Distribute minutes – Motivational unlimited
• Remind people of action items

Objective 6 Workplace
• Collaboration technology
– Teleconferencing/audio conferencing
Listening and
– Web conferencing/internet relay chat (IRC)
– IM/email
/ Nonverbal
Communication
– Folder sharing
– Intranets
– Project management software
– Information organization software
Dieter Zeschke
ELS Language Center -- DeKalb

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3/15/2011

Overview Overview
• Explain the importance of listening in the • Define nonverbal communication and
workplace and describe three types of explain its function
workplace listening • Describe the forms of nonverbal
• Discuss the listening process and its communication and how they can be
barriers used positively in your career
• Enumerate ten techniques for improving • List specific techniques for improving
workplace listening nonverbal communication skills in the
workplace

Objective 1 Objective 1
• Listening is not an automatic response • Factors for not listening effectively

– 30-45% of time spent listening (workers) – Lack of training

– 60-70% of time spent listening (executives) – Competing noise

– Listen at 25% efficiency rate – Process speech faster than individuals speak

Objective 1 Objective 1
• Listen to superiors • Listening to colleagues/teammates
– Focus
– Judge and evaluate what are hearing (critical
– Take notes listening)

– Do not interrupt – Identify main ideas, connections, and


purpose (discriminatory listening)
– Ask questions

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Objective 1 Objective 1
– Dampening – minimal response and • Listening to customers
maximum attention – Increase sales and profitability
– Improve customer acquisition and retention
– Redirecting – ask questions, restate ideas, – Ask questions
keep speaker on track
– Show you care

– Reflecting – clarify content and feeling


Customers feel better!!!!
(interpret meaning)

Objective 2 Objective 2
• Listening process/barriers – Action – store for future use or feedback
– Perception (hear and concentrate)
• Message is important – Enhancing retention (50% next/20% 2 days)
• Interested in listening
• Decide to remember
• Mood to listen
• Structure information to remember
• Review
– Interpretation - decode
– Evaluation
• Analyze merits
• Draw conclusions

Objective 3 Objective 3
• Control external and internal distractions • Do not interrupt
• Ask clarifying questions
• Become actively involved • Paraphrase to increase understanding
• Capitalize on lag time
• Separate fact from opinion • Take notes
• Be aware of differences (particularly
• Identify important facts gender)

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Objective 4 Objective 4
• Nonverbal messages carry powerful • Functions
meanings – Complement and illustrate
– Intentional – Reinforce and accentuate
– Unintentional – Replace and substitute
– Control and regulate
– Contradict

Objective 5
• Forms
– Eye contact
– Facial expression
– Posture and gesture
– Time
– Space
– Territory
– Appearance

71

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