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COAL GASIFICATION AND THERMODYNAMIC CALCULATION OF

MOVING BED COAL GASIFIER WITH DRAFT TUBE
Liu Yue Jina; Hatate Yasuob
a
Department of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, P.R. China b Department of
Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan

Online publication date: 09 June 2010

To cite this Article Jin, Liu Yue and Yasuo, Hatate(2000) 'COAL GASIFICATION AND THERMODYNAMIC
CALCULATION OF MOVING BED COAL GASIFIER WITH DRAFT TUBE', Chemical Engineering Communications,
183: 1, 141 — 154
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COAL GASIFICATION
AND THERMODYNAMIC CALCULATION
OF MOVING BED COAL GASIFIER
WITH DRAFT TUBE
LIU VUE JIN8 •• and HATATE YASUO b

"Department of Chemical Engineering, Xiangian University, Xiangtan,

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411105, P.R. China; bDepartment of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,

Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890. Japan

( Received 28 July 1999; In final form 24 February 2000)

The coal gasification experiment and thermodynamic calculation of the newly developed
moving bed coal gasifier with a draft tube are done according to the thennodynamic calculat-
ing model built on the basis of chemical reaction equilibrium, mass balance and heat balance.
The obtained experimental results are quite approaching to the thermodynamically calculated
values. The effects of steam/coal ratio, air/coal ratio, reaction temperature, reaction pressure,
steam temperature, air temperature on the thermodynamic indexes of the gasifier are examined
through thermodynamic simulating calculations. Under the optimal simulating conditions, gas
calorific value, cold gas thermodynamic efficiency and available energy efficiency can reach
12 MJ/Nm 3, 88.6% and 95.4% respectively, when air is used as the oxidizer. Compared with the
directly-burning-coal-gasifier, the gasifier exhibits good characteristics and prospects for in-
dustrial application.

Keywords: Coal gasifier; Gasification; Thermodynamic calculations; Simulation

o. INTRODUCTION

The process of coal gasification is endothermic and heat has to be provided

to make coal gasification reactions take place. It is well-known that
traditionally the heat needed for coal gasification is provided by burning

·Corresponding author. Tel.: 07328292783, Fax: 07328292001, e-mail: lw@xtu.edu.cn

141
 142 L. Y. JlN AND H. YASUO

part of feed coal with air or oxygen in coal gasifiers (called the directly-
burning-coal-gasifier below). Even in some newly developed coal gasifiers,
such as fluidized beds [1- 5], circulating fluidized beds [6-8], spouted bed
[9-12], spouted fluidized beds [13, 14], entrained beds [15, 16], U-GAS coal
gasifier [17] et al., the same is true. In these coal gasifiers, while a gas of
higher calorific value is expected to produce, air cannot be used as the
oxidizer. Instead, oxygen must be used at greater expense. In order to
eliminate this disadvantage, some types of moving bed coal gasifier with
draft tube have been developed [18-20]. Among them is the gasifier where
the endothermic process of coal gasification in the moving bed is separated
from the heat providing process of burning part of product gas with air in
the draft tube through the circulation of a certain amount of red-hot
ceramic particles [20]. Thus, a gas of higher calorific value with little
nitrogen can be obtained with the gasifier when air is used as the oxidizer. In
order to further examine and evaluate the gasifier, it is necessary to make
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thermodynamic calculation and analysis for the gasifier (21]. Therefore, on

the basis of chemical reaction balance, mass balance and heat balance,
thermodynamic calculations of the gasifier are carried out in this paper. The
thermodynamically calculated values are quite close to the experimental
results of coal gasification. The effects of steam/coal ratio, air/coal ratio,
reaction temperature, reaction pressure, steam temperature, air temperature
on gas components, gas yield, gas calorific value, cold gas thermodynamic
efficiency and available energy efficiency are investigated through thermo-
dynamic simulating calculations. Under the optimal simuJating conditions,
gas calorific value, cold gas thermodynamic efficiency and available energy
efficiency of the gasifier can reach 12 MJ/Nm 3, 88.60/0 and 95.4% respec-
tively, when air is used as the oxidizer. The thermodynamic comparison of
the gasifier with the directly-buming-coal-gasifier is also made in the paper.
Compared with other types of coal gasifiers, the gasifier exhibits peculiar
characteristics and prospects for industrial application. The work done in
this paper is of significance for further development of the gasifier.

1. DIAGRAMS OF THE GASIFIER

The schematic diagram of the gasifier is illustrated in Figure 1. The gasifier

has the following characteristics: (1) The endothermic process of coal
gasification in the moving bed (gasification zone) is separated from the
heat providing process of combustion in the draft tube, so that a gas of
higher calorific value can be obtained in the moving bed; (2) The heat
 MOVING BED COAL GASIFIER 143

waste gas

cyclone

ash
~ gas

draft tube moving bed

wire net
t r +- fuel gas
steam It
air
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FIGURE 1 Moving bed coal gasifier with a draft tube.

needed for coal gasification in the moving bed is provided by a certain

amount of red-hot ceramic particles which are heated in the draft tube by
burning part of product gas with air and then circulated between the draft
tube and the moving bed; (3) Ash, unreacted coal and ceramic particles are
discharged in the bottom of the moving bed by gravity, blown upwards by
air in the draft tube and then separated at the top of the draft tube; (4) Fine
particles of coal are needed so as to transfer heat more effectively between
the coal particles and the red-hot ceramic particles in the moving bed.
However, for simplicity, the small type experimental apparatus of the
gasifier is somewhat different from that illustrated as Figure 1. It is shown
in Figure 2.
The experimental apparatus is composed of a moving bed with a conical
bottom (600 and 0.516m 1.0.), a draft tube (0.0109m LD. and O.73m high)
and a cyclone. The cone of the moving bed has 40 mini-boles to supply
steam. The gap between the bottom of the cone and the draft tube is
0.003 m. There is a wire net at the top of the air inlet tube to prevent
unreacted coal and ceramic particles from falling downwards. The appa-
ratus is totally insulated with asbestos. The ceramic particles circulate among
the ·moving bed, the draft tube, and the cycJone where ash is exhausted
with waste gas from the vent and unreacted coal and ceramic particles fall
downwards to the moving bed through the dipleg.
 144 L. Y. JIN AND H. YASUO

wastegas + ash

hopper ent

motor cyclone

dipleg
thermocouple ~ gas

~
draft tube mOVing bed
I", / . asbestos

t~ r- L;~re net
steam t
air

FIGURE 2 Experimental apparatus of the gasifier.

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2. EXPERIMENTS OF COAL GASIFICATION

Coal particles are sieved and pre-treated by impregnating with a catalyst of

KiC0 3 (2 x lO-3 mol K 2C0 3 per kilogram coal). Spherical ceramic parti-
cles made of 95% Zr02 and 50/0 Y203 are used as a heat transmitting agent.
The characteristics of coal and ceramic particles are illustrated in Table I,
and the properties of coal (Alaska sub-bitmminous coal) in Table II.
Coal particles are quantitatively charged into the moving bed from the
hopper through a rotary feeder. LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) is substituted
for fuel gas in the experiment. Airis compressed into the draft tube to blow
upwards the ceramic particles, ash and unreacted coal, and simultaneously it

TABLE I Characteristics of particles

A verage diameter Particle density Minim air velocity Terminal air velocity
Particles (JJI11) (kg/m- 3) (mls) (mls)
Coal 1015 1200 0.41 4.90
Ceramic SOO 6000 0.48 7.10

TABLE II Properties of coal

Ultimate analysis (0/0) Proximate analysis (%)

C H N S 0 Moisture Volatile Fixed carbon Ash

54.03 3.870 0.773 0.017 18.30 14.1 42.2 35.0 8.7
 MOVING BED COAL GASIFIER 145

TABLE III Experimental operating conditions

Feed rate Feed rate Feed rate Feed rate Circulating rate Reaction
of coal of steam of air of LPG of ceramic particles temperature
3 3js) (OC)
(kgjs) (kgjs) (m js) (m (kg/s)
4 4
0.16 X 10- 3
2.20 X 10- 7.82 X 10- 2.23 x 10-~ S X 10- 3 800

TABLE IV Experimental results of coal gasification

Producing rate
3js)
Carbon conversion (%) of gas (m Gas composition (%)
4
98 4.71 x 10- CO CO 2 H2 ca, H 20
24.0 14.0 44.8 0.2 17.0

is used as the oxidizer for combustion with LPG. The temperature of the
moving bed is measured by a thermocouple. Gas composition is analyzed
by GC-8A SHIMADZU gas chromatography. The experimental operating
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conditions and the obtained experimental results are respectively illustrated

in Tables III and IV.

3. THERMODYNAMIC CALCULATION MODEL

3.1. Some Hypotheses and Explanations

In order to make it possible to carry out thermodynamic calculation of the
gasifier and the directly-buming-coal-gasifier, some hypotheses and ex-
planations about the process of coal gasification must be made as follows:
(I) Generally speaking, in the process of coal gasification of the gasifier,
there are six main components (C, H 20, CO, CO 2 , H 2 and CH 4) which
include three elements (C, Hand 0). Hence, there are three independent
reactions that must be taken into account to make the mass balance of
the gasifier. Here, the coal gasifying reaction, the shifting reaction and
the methanation reaction are selected as the independent reactions:

(1)

(2)

(3)

Equations (1)-(3) are reversible and supposed to reach their reaction

equilibrium states respectively in the process of coal gasification so as to
meet the requirement of the reaction calculation.
 146 L. Y. lIN AND H. YASUO

(2) Similarly, for the directly-buming-coal-gasifier, there are eight main

components C, H 20, CO, CO 2 , H 2 , 02, N 2 and CH4 in the process of
coal gasification. And these components include four elements C, H, °
and N. Hence, there are four independent reactions, three of which are
the same as the above Eqs. (1)-(3) and one is the burning reaction of
carbon with oxygen:

(4)

(3) According to Eqs. (1)-(3), produced gas of the gasifier is considered as

the mixture of CO, CO 2 , H 2, CH4 and H 20. Hence, the burning reac-
tions of fuel gas with air are expressed as follows:

(5)

(6)
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(7)
All the above burning reactions with oxygen expressed in Eqs. (4) - (7)
are irreversible.
(4) In coal gasification experiment of the gasifier, the mass ratio of steam to
coal is 1.38 which just makes the reaction temperature in the moving
bed stay around 800°C. In addition, the ratio of air to coal is taken
as 4.89 m 3/kg. In such condition, air can provide enough oxygen for
combustion and blow upwards the ceramic particles in the draft tube.
Hence, for the sake of comparison, the same ratios of steam/coal and
air/coal are employed in the thermodynamic calculation of the gasifier.
While in the simulating calculation, the ratios are changed.
(5) For the gasifier, the temperature difference between the product gas and
the partly circulated gas for combustion is not considered.
(6) Both types of coal gasifiers are adiabatic.
(7) Compared with the chemical available energy of coal, steam, gas or
waste gas, the available energy of air and the Physical available energy
of coal in atmospheric state are neglected.

3.2. Calculating Diagrams

Based on Figure 2 and the above mentioned hypotheses, the thermodynamic

calculating diagram of the gasifier is illustrated in Figure 3. Meanwhile, in
order to compare the gasifier with the directly-burning-coal-gasifier, the
thermodynamic calculation diagram of the latter is illustrated in Figure 4.
 MOVING BED COAL GASIFIER 147

TOC: T'C, waste gas

C+H,O=CO+ H, O.79Amol N~
CO+H,O = CO~+H2 (O.2JA-(X,+X) X ) mol O2
C+2H =CH 4 (X.+X3)X mol CO 2
--roc: RXmol H~O
co + 0.502 "" CO 2
H2 + 0.50, = H20 -roc. gas
CH 4+202=CO,+2H20 I---~ (X 1-X2) ( I-X) mol CO
Xz(I-X) mol CO2
TOC. gas (X 1+X,.2Xl)(I-X) mol H,
2SDC, A mol air X)( I-X) mol CH4
(21% °
2, 79%N 2 )
(X,.X2)X mol CO
X 1X mol CO2
(X 1+X,·2X)X mol H2
~-XI-Xl)( I·X) mol H,O

X)XmoICH..
(R-X,-X2)X mol H20

FIGURE 3 Calculation diagram of the gasifier.

r-c: r-c, gas

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C + H,O=CO+ H2 (XI-X2 )mol CO

CO +H 20= CO,+ H2 (X2+~)moIC02
C+2H2=CH. (X,+ X z-2X3)moIH2
T woe (steam) C + 0.502 = CO2
Rmol H20
XJmolClL
(R-X,-XJmolH 20
(O.21A- X4)mol O2
O.19Amol N2

FIGURE 4 Calculation diagram of the directly-burning-coal-gasifiers.

In Figures 3 and 4, X., X 2 and %3 are the reaction equilibrium conversions

of Eqs. (1)-(3) respectively. T; is the temperature of steam, R the molar
ratio of steam to carbon, A the molar ratio of air to carbon. X in Figure 3 is
the molar percentage of gas circulated for combustion while X4 in Figure 4 is
the reaction conversion of Eq. (4).

3.3. Reaction Equilibrium Conversions

For the calculation diagram of Figure 3, the reaction equilibrium formulas

of Eqs. (1)-(3) are expressed as follows:

Kpl (T) = PCOPH2 = P (Xl - X2)(XI + X2 - 2X3 ) (8)

PH 20 (R - XI - X2)(R + XI - X3)

(9)
 148 L. Y. JIN AND H. YASUO

(10)

When the reaction temperature (T) and its relationship with the reaction
equilibrium constants (Kp), the reaction pressure (P) and the molar ratio of
steam to carbon (R) are given, XI, X 2 and X 3 can be solved by the digital
iteration method.
While for the calculation diagram of Figure 4, the reaction equilibrium
formulas of Eqs. (1) - (3) are expressed in this way:

K (T)
pl
= PCOPH = P
2 (Xl - X2)(Xl + Xl - 2X3) (11)
PH2 0 (R - XI - X2)(R + XI - X3 + A)

(12)
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(13)

For the above Eqs. (11)-(13), besides the given operating parameters T, P,
A and Kp( T), the combination of heat balance of Figure 4 has to be taken
into account to determine the values of X., X 2 , X 3 and X 4 .

3.4. Mass and Heat Balances

In Figure 3, when the values of Xl, X 2 and X 3 are determined, all the
components in product gas, partly-circulated gas for combustion and waste
gas can be expressed as the function of X which can be solved through heat
balance. The heat balance formula is:
3
L,XiLlHr(i) + (Xl - X2)X6.H r (5) + (Xl + X2 - 2X3 )X6.Hr(6)
;=1

(14)

where 6.HT is the reaction heat of the reaction equations mentioned above
which is the function of temperature. f!,.H is the enthalpy change of
component (steam, carbon or air) which is calculated in this way:

( 15)
 MOVING BED COAL GASIFIER 149

where a, band c are the constants of heat capacity of component, T 1 is both

steam temperature for steam and 298.15 K for carbon or air, and T2 is the
reaction temperature of coal gasification.
While the heat balance formula of Figure 4 is:

4
L XiLlHT(i) '+ RLlHsteam + 6.Hc + ALVfair = 0 (16)
i=1

When the optimal simulating calculations for both Figures 3 and 4 are
carried out, the integrating lower limit T 1 in Eq. (15) must be replaced with
Tm which is the temperature of preheated steam and air. The reason of doing
so is to make full use of the enthalpy of the exit gas. or/and waste gas. The
value of T m can be determined through the heat balance among steam, air
and gas or waste gas. The heat balance formulas of Figures 3 and 4 for T m
are Eqs. (17) and (18) respectively:
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RD.Hsteam + AD.Hair + (R + Xl - X3)(1 - X)1lHgas

+ (A + RX)LlHwaste gas = 0 (17)

RilHsteam + ALlHair + (A + R + Xl - X3)LlHgas = 0 (18)

However, in Eqs. (17) and (18), the integrating lower limit of D.H is the
steam temperature for steam, 298.15 K for air, and their integrating upper
limits are Tm While for gas or waste gas, the integrating lower and upper
limits of LlH are T and Tm respectively. .

3.5. Two Kinds of Thermodynamic Efficiency

In examining and evaluating coal gasifiers from the point of thermo-

dynamics, the cold gas thermodynamic efficiency (CGTE) and the available
energy efficiency (AEE) are usually applied in terms of the first and the
second thermodynamic laws.

CGTE = Gross calorific value of produced gas (Qgas) (19)

Gross calorific value of coal (Qcoal)

AEE = Gross available energy of exit matter (Eout ) (20)

Gross available energy of entrance matter (Ein)
 150 L. Y. JlN AND H. .YASUO

The calculating formula of the calorific value of coal (Qcoal) is [22]:

Qcoal = 34095C + 132291H + 6838S - 1531A

- 11986(0 + N) kJ/kg (21)

where C, H, S, 0, N and A are respectively the dry basis percentages of the

elements C, H, S, 0, N and ash in coal.
The calculating formula of the calorific value of product gas Qgas is:

Qgas = (Xl - X2 )( I - X)Qco + (Xl + X2 - 2X3)(1 - X)QH2

+ X3( 1 - X)QCH. (22)

where Qco, QH 2 , QCH.. are the calorific values of CO, H 2 and CH 4

respectively.
According to the hypothesis (7), the available energy calculating formulas
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for Ein and E~ut are:

e; = Ecoal + Esteam (23)

Eout = Egas + Ewaste gas (24)

Ecoal = 408.45 + 135n - 261.37m + 27.63p + 579.57q

2 48071 O.2035(1 + n/4 - m/2 + q) [23] (25)
+. n 0.6003 x O.7649p/2

where n, m, p and q are respectively the atomic numbers in the formula

CHnOmNpS q of coal.

Esteam = EBch + (H - Ho) - To(S - So) (26)

where E Bch- Hand S are respectively the chemical available energy, enthalpy
and entropy of steam, To is the circumstance temperature and the subscript
o the circumstance state.
Egas(or Ewaste gas) = 'Em;EBch,; + ~mi[(Hi - HO,i) - TO(Si - SO,i)]
+ RToEm; ln y, (27)

where E Bch,i, H;, S,., m, and Yi are respectively the chemical available energy,
enthalpy, entropy, molar number and molar fraction of component i in gas
or waste gas, and R is the gas constant. Some of the thermodynamic data
can be found in relevant thermodynamic handbooks while some may be
 MOVING BED COAL GASIFIER lSI

calculated in this way:

n, - Ho,; = I
To
T
(Q; +b;T + C;T 2 )ar kJjkmol (28)

where a.. b, and c.; are the constants of heat capacity of component i.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Based on Figure 3 and the thermodynamic calculating model mentioned

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above, the gas components, gas calorific value, cold gas thermodynamic
efficiency, available energy efficiency and gas or waste gas enthalpy are
calculated under the experimental operating conditions. Besides, the
thermodynamic simulation calculations for the gasifier are carried out with
the experimental operating conditions changed. While for the directly-
burning-coal-gasifier, the thermodynamic calculation is made under
the optima] simulating conditions. All the calculated values are listed in
Table V.
From Table V, some discussions are made as follows:

(1) The theoretically calculated values under the experimental operating

conditions are quite approaching the experimental results, which
illustrates the availability of the thermodynamic calculating model
presented in the paper.
(2) Under the optimal simulating operation conditions, the gas calorific
value, cold gas thermodynamic efficiency and available energy efficiency
of the gasifier reach 12MJ/Nm 3 , 88.6% and 95.40/0 respectively, when
air is used as the oxidizer. And the gas calorific value of the gasifier
is 2.5 times that of the directJy-burning-coal-gasifier. This exhibits
good characteristics of the gasifier and a charming scope for industrial
application.
(3) It is profitable to take lower ratio of steam to coal, air to coal and lower
reaction temperature for coal gasification. When the ratio of steam to
coal is small, the gas calorific value increases obviously. Therefore, it is
an effective measure to use the enthalpy of gas or waste gas to preheat
steam and air.
 TABLE V Thermodynamic calculating values and experimental results of coal gasification
Diagram of Figure 3 Experiment Diagram
of Figure 4
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Itemsl No, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Experimental/simulating operation conditions:
Steam/Coal [kg/kg] 1.38 0.81 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 0.79 1.38 0.80
Air/Coal [mJ/kg] 4.89 4.89 2.17 4.89 4.89 4.89 4.89 1.58 4.89 1.61
Temperature of steam [oq 100 100 100 150 100 100 100 100 foo 100
Temperature of air [0C] 25 25 25 25 100 25 25 25 25 25
Temperature of reaction [0C] 800 800 800 800 800 900 800 800 800 800
Pressure of reaction [kPa) 100 100 100 100 100 100 500 100 100 100
Temperature of fuel gas [DC] 800 800 800 800 800 900 800 800 25
Amount of fuel gas [m 3/kgcoal) 1.55 1.09 1.21 1.53 1.49 1.71 1.43 0.65 1.74
Percentage of fuel gas (%) 57.7 54.9 45.1 57.2 55.7 63.1 56.4 33.0 59.2
Experimental/calcula ting results:
Conversion of Carbon [%] 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 100
Amount of product gas [m3/kgcoalj 1.13 0.89 1.46 1.15 1.19 1.00 1.11 1.31 1.20 3.27
Gas composition (%)
CO 26.6 49.4 26.6 26.6 26.6 28.4 24.2 50.5 24.0 20.3
CO 2 10.2 0.55 10.2 10.2 10.2 8.94 11.9 0.03 14.0 10.4
H2 45.2 48.5 45.2 45.2 45.2 44.7 40.7 48.4 44.8 20.1
CH 4 0.90 1.04 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.38 3.65 1.04 0.2 0.18
H 2O 17.1 0.52 17.1 17.1 17.1 18.1 19.6 0.03 17 10.1
Nz 39.0
Heating value of gas [MJfNm 3] 8.56 11.8 8.56 8.56 8.56 8.54 8.75 12.0 7.94 4.79
CGTE(%) 54.6 59.5 71.0 55.4 57.3 48.1 54.7 88.6 53.7 88.5
AEE(%) 81.2 81.6 86.3 80.4 83.1 80.5 81.7 95.4 76.0 95.3
Enthalpy of waste gas (MJ/kgcoaJ] 6.93 6.35 3.62 6.89 6.84 8.06 6.89 1.32 5.95
Enthalpy of product gas [MJ/kgcoal] 1.31 0.95 1.71 1.33 1.38 1.31 1.34 0.80 1.42 2.15
Gross enthalpy of gas and waste gas (MJ/kgcoal] 8.24 7.30 5.33 8.22 8.22 9.37 8.23 2.12 7.37 2.15

CD No. I is the theoretical calculation under the experimental conditions.

(%) Nos. 8, 10 arc calculated under their respective optimal simulating conditions that the temperatures of steam and air arc preheated up to 482"C with the heat released by the product
gas or waste gas when the temperature of which falls down. to 482"C from 800°C.
 MOVING BED COAL GASIFIER 153

5. CONCLUSION

The coal gasification experiment and thermodynamic calculation of the

newly developed moving bed coal gasifier with a draft tube are done
according to the thermodynamic calculating model founded 00 the basis of
chemical reaction equilibrium, mass balance aod heat balance. The obtained
experimental results are quite approaching to the thermodynamically
calculated values. The thermodynamic simulating calculations of the gasifier
indicate that it is profitable to take lower ratio of steam to coal, air to coal
and lower reaction temperature for coal gasification, and it is an effective
measure to use the enthalpy of gas or waste gas to preheat air and steam.
Under the optimal simulating operation conditions, gas calorific value,
cold gas thermodynamic efficiency and available energy efficiency of the
gasifier can reach 12 MJfNm 3 , 88.6% and 95.40/0 respectively, when air is
used as the oxidizer. Compared with the directly-buming-coal-gasifier, the
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gasifier exhibits good characteristics and a charming scope for industrial

application. .

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