c
c  c 



    transmitter modules included in our
  
  

   project. The meter reading of home will be

      


  noted by IR sensor and LCD which is
 
  
  placed in our home will display the voltage
 


  
   range, meter readings, etc., The purpose
 
       Relay is to disconnect the main supply of
  


    our home when we found power theft
        occurs. Power theft occurrence can be
  

   noted by the voltage range reduced less
  

    
    than normal voltage level which we are
    


    using for home purpose. This can be done
         in our project by using ADC and
 
      potentiometer. Zigbee receiver section
   !
 
  "   contains the PC and receiver module.
           


#



 The purpose of PC is to display the meter


 
  
    reading, voltage range etc., and if we




  found the power theft occurrence and we

  


 can turn off the main power of our home.
  
 $ 
  Then this information will be transferred
$ 

 
  


  through zigbee module and PC will
 
      
  display that we switched off the main


  


  %
  power of our home. If the owner of the


  
 

   
  home did not pay the current consumed
 

 
  
    amount the main electric board office will
  !
 
 

    switch off the power for our home, these

ë

ë 
Recent times power theft as been a major
problem due to which there is a huge loss
for the electricity board and customers do
not pay there monthly current bill at proper
intervals and a electrician as to go to the
 
customer place and have to take readings
details also will display in PC. This
receiver module will be placed in main
power station. By the use of our project we
can effectively use the power and no one
will leave the current consumed money
without paying it, and also power theft can
be easily identified.
‘ ë
and see if a person is guilty have to take
 ë


 

necessary measures. All these measures
have to be done manually.
Here we design and implement zigbee
based E-meter with power theft
identification. We make used Zigbee for
data transfer between transmitter and
receiver side. Transmitter section will be
placed in our home. Zigbee Transmitter
has Microcontroller which leads to control


 ë   

 ë

ë 




 
Microcontroller differs from a
microprocessor in many ways. First and the
most important is its functionality. In order
for a microprocessor to be used, other
components such as memory, or components
for receiving and sending data must be
added to it. In short that microprocessor is
the very heart of the computer. On the other
 hand, microcontroller is designed to be all of
that in one. No other external components
ëë
ë
  are needed for its application because all

 ë

 
ë  necessary peripherals are already built into
it. Thus, we save the time and space needed
to construct devices .this chapter deals with
the study of microcontrollers.

 ë
ë 
 ‘  

   
Microcontroller, as the name suggests, are
small controllers. These are like single chip
computers that are often embedded into
systems to function as processing /controllers
unit. For example, the remote control you are
using probably has microcontrollers inside that
 do decoding and other controlling functions.
They are also used in automobiles, washing
ëë
ë
  machines, microwave ovens, toys«etc, where
  ë  
ë  automation is needed. The key features of
microcontrollers include:

‡ High integration of Functionality

Microcontrollers sometimes are called single
chip computers because they have on-chip
memory and I/O circuitry and other circuitries
that enable them to function as small standalone
computers without other supporting circuitry.
‡ Field Programmability, Flexibility
Microcontrollers often use EEPROM or
EPROM as their storage device to allow field
 programmability so they are flexible to use.
Once the program is tested to be correct then
 large quantities of microcontrollers can be
  

ë
ë  programmed to be used in embedded systems.
‡ Easy to Use
Assembly language is often used in ë



microcontroller and since they usually follow
RISC architecture, the instruction set is small. Object detecting sensor is the one which
The development package of microcontrollers detects an object, in consideration with this
often includes an assembler ,a simulator ,a project it is concerned with the intruder.
programmer to ³ burn ³ the chip and a The Object detecting sensor used here is
demonstration board .Some packages include a IR (Infrared Ray) sensor.
high level language compiler such as a C
Ôp Infrared Ray Emitter ±
compiler and more sophisticated libraries.
TIL31



 
 Ôp Infrared Ray Detector
ë

 



 ± TIL81





 TIL 31 is an emitter which emits Infrared
Compatible with MCS-51ΠProducts
‡ 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable
Flash Memory
± Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
‡ Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
‡ Three-Level Program Memory Lock
‡ 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM
‡ 32 Programmable I/O Lines
‡ Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters
rays and TIL 81 is a detector which detects
the infra red rays emitted by the emitter. It
produces a pulse whenever the infra red
ray is cut by any hindrance.
In our project it serves for detecting the
person who illegally enters into the
secured location. Since the IR sensors
detects in a straight line, to get accuracy
we go for combination of two or three IR
sensors. The data sheet of TIL 31 and TIL
81 are attached.



Ë Ë



‡ Six Interrupt Sources 

 
‡ Programmable Serial Channel
 

 
‡ Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes  




ë  ë

ë  Ë Ë

£
£

 
 
ë ë
  

 ë

 
 
The transmitter module (TX433N)
interfaced to the microcontroller through
the encoder IC HT12E. It modulates the
digital data coming from the encoder IC
 into RF radio frequency signal by ASK
modulation technique and transmits via RF
 out antenna pin1, When the command send
from the µC, the encoder encodes the Ôp Power Supply and All Input /
address and data bits upon getting Output Pins: -0.3 to +12.0 V
transmission enable signal from the µC and Ôp Non-Operating Case Temperature:
send serially to the transmitter module Din -20 to +85ƕC
pin2, the transmitter module converts the Ôp Soldering Temperature (10
digital signal into RF signal and transmits Seconds) : 230ƕC (10 Seconds)
via wireless media. The wireless transmitter 
module can be used to transmit data at up to  ë
ë 
3KHz from any standard CMOS/TTL
‡ Wireless Security Systems
source. The module is very simple to
operate and offers low current consumption ‡ Car Alarms
(typ. 11mA). Data can be supplied directly
from a microprocessor or encoding device, ‡ Remote Gate Controls
thus keeping the component count down
and ensuring a low hardware cost. In this ‡ Remote Sensing
module TX1-433.92MHz is used to ‡ Data Capture
transmit the data from the protected area. It
receives the data from the controller and ‡ Sensor Reporting
transmits the data at the frequency of
433.92MHz. The module is very simple to  
ë ë
     ë 
operate, requiring only two connections.  
The module is also very efficient, using
The receiver module (Rx433) interfaced to
only 2.3mA which means that it may be
driven directly from an encoder I/C or microcontroller through the decoder IC
HT12D. When the RF signal received from
microcontroller. The output impedance has
the master PC it converts in to digital signal
been designed to give optimum
by ASK demodulation technique and send
performance when coupled with a small
to the decoder, the decoder compares the
antenna such as a tuned loop or short whip.
received address with the instrument
The modules are compatible with the AM
specific address and generates the valid
Receiver modules. 
transmission signal to the microcontroller.
ë  ë

ë 
  The Dout pin2 of receiver module
connected to the Din pin14 of decoder
HT12D. The demodulated signal from the
receiver module is sent serially to the
decoder, the decoder decodes the received
digital signal into ten address bits and eight
data bits, the address bits compared with
the instrument specific address, both
address are match then the decoder
generates the valid transmission signal to
the microcontroller to receive the data.

  ë  ë

ë 
Ôp Frequency Range: 433.92 MHZ
Ôp Modulate Mode: ASK
Ôp Circuit Shape: SAW
Ôp Date Rate: 8kbps
Ôp Supply Voltage: 3 ~ 12 V
 that are transmitted by a carrier using an
RF or an IR transmission medium. They
compare the serial input data three times
continuously with their local addresses. If
no error or unmatched codes are found, the
input data codes are decoded and then
transferred to the output pins. The VT pin
also goes high to indicate a valid
transmission. The 2 series of decoders
are capable of decoding information that
consist of N bits of address and 12_N bits
of data. Of this series, the HT12D is
arranged to provide 8 address bits and 4
data bits.

 
ë ë
   

 
The 212 encoders are a series of CMOS
LSIs for remote control system

  applications. They are capable of encoding
information which consists of N address
Ôp Frequency Range: 433.92 MHZ
bits and 12_N data bits. Each address/ data
Ôp Modulate Mode: ASK input can be set to one of the two logic
Ôp Circuit Shape: LC states. The programmed addresses/data are
Ôp Date Rate: 4800 bps transmitted together with the header bits
Ôp Selectivity: -106 dB via an RF or an infrared transmission
Ôp Channel Spacing: 1MHZ medium upon receipt of a trigger signal.
Ôp Supply Voltage: 5V The capability to select a TE trigger on the
Ôp High Sensitivity Passive Design. HT12E or a DATA trigger on the HT12A
Ôp Simple To Apply with Low further enhances the application flexibility
External Count. of the 212 series of encoders.
 ë
ë 
 ë
ë 
  
p ‡ Automotive remote entry systems
p ‡ Automotive alarm systems Application software is a computer
p ‡ Gate and garage door openers program that functions and is operated by
p ‡ Wireless data transmission means of a computer, with the purpose of
 
ë ë
     supporting or improving the software

 user's work. In other words, it is the
subclass of computer software that
The 2 decoders are a series of CMOS
employs the capabilities of a computer
LSIs for remote control system
directly and thoroughly to a task that the
applications. They are paired with Holtek¶s
user wishes to perform. This should be
2 series of encoders (refer to the
contrasted with system software
encoder/decoder cross reference table). For
(infrastructure) or middleware (computer
proper operation, a pair of encoder/decoder
services/ processes integrators), which is
with the same number of addresses and
involved in integrating a computer's
data format should be chosen. The
various capabilities, but typically does not
decoders receive serial addresses and data
directly apply them in the performance of
from a programmed 2 series of encoders
tasks that benefit the user. In this context
the term application refers to both the PC using serial communication via RS232
application software and its cable. The nearest control room can be
implementation. In some types of alerted by trigger of a firing alarm through
embedded systems, the application the Transmitter microcontroller. In the
software and the operating system other end the receiver microcontroller has
software may be indistinguishable to the received the alert and transmitted to the PC
user, as in the case of software used to through the serial communication. Custom
control a VCR, DVD player or microwave built hardware along with application
oven. software is provided to have a real time
control over the programmable hardware.
The application software for this project Thus the hardware and software is tested
has been developed from a high level and there working is demonstrated.
graphical programming language (visual
basic).This method of implementation
gives the user a more flexibility to have
hands on the system. The application
software is a virtual representation of the

actual instrument and provides all facilities
for the user to control the working of the
system. This technique of operating the
system (the actual instrument) is highly 
advantageous, as it does not permit the
actual instrument to be misused, for
example, here, the minimum and
maximum ranges of the system is defined
and hence prevents the user from
exceeding the limits. Thus the application
software provides high security to the
actual instrument. Moreover certain
graphical representation of the real time
values with high resolution can also be
implemented.

  ë 
Design and Implementation of Zigbee
Based E-Meter with Power Theft
Identification are implemented using an
embedded microcontroller. The system has
been developed using ZIGBEE to control
the meter at home and note down reading
by IR sensor and LCD which will display
the voltage range, meter readings, etc.,
Borders and Restricted Areas. The purpose
of PC is to display the meter reading,
voltage range etc., and if we found the
power theft occurrence and we can turn off
the main power of our home. Then this
information will be transferred through
zigbee module and PC will display that
switched off the main power of our home