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Современные методы управления объектами мезоуровня экономики 65
УДК 334.021
Аннотация
Статья посвящена изучению вопросов управления конкурентоспособно-
стью бизнеса в современный век глобализации, развития технологий и ин-
новаций. Цель работы состоит в проведении анализа значимости факторов
конкурентоспособности и предложении компаниям эффективных инстру-
ментов создания конкурентных преимуществ.
Ключевые слова
Бизнес, конкурентоспособность, внешняя среда, внутренняя среда, со-
трудничество, слияния и поглощения, стратегическое лидерство.
как наёмные работники, а как гражда- внешней или внутренней среде компа-
не общества, заинтересованные в его нии и являться как источниками, так и
процветании. В связи с тем, что инфор- угрозами для конкурентоспособности.
мация и знания, необходимые для соз- Наиболее эффективными ин-
дания конкурентного преимущества струментами реакции бизнеса на ди-
могут быть получены в любое время намику факторов внешней среды или
и месте, руководители должны не да- её форсированного изменения в насто-
вать ответы, а задавать правильные во- ящее время являются сотрудничество
просы своим сотрудникам. Наиболее фирм и слияния / поглощения. Эти
эффективные стратегические лидеры две стратегии внешнего роста широ-
должны уметь работать со всеми граж- ко используются бизнесом и дают ряд
данами организации, чтобы найти пути преимуществ, необходимых для за-
сочетания ресурсов, способностей и крепления и лидерства на рынке.
ключевых компетенций с соответству- Среди внутренних и внешних
ющими возможностями роста13. источников конкурентоспособности
решающую роль на современном этапе
Заключение играют факторы внутренней среды ком-
пании. Качество и разнообразие ресур-
Обеспечение конкурентоспо- сов и бизнес-процессов, способность
собности бизнеса в XXI веке, в усло- компании создавать знания и инновации
виях глобализации, инноваций, знаний определяют быстроту и эффективность
и технологий, становится все более реакции на изменения во внешней среде.
сложной задачей для компаний. Умение Важнейшее значение в управлении вну-
предвидеть изменения, инициировать тренней средой играет стратегическое
их и быстро принимать эффективные лидерство как новый стиль управления
стратегические решения становится организацией в XXI веке, при котором
первостепенным фактором в обеспе- руководство направляет потенциал всех
чении лидирующих позиций на рын- человеческих ресурсов фирмы на созда-
ке. Изменения могут происходить во ние знаний и инноваций, что приводит
13 Ireland R., Hitt M. Achieving and
к росту стоимости бизнеса, доли рынка
maintaining strategic competitiveness и уровня рентабельности как основных
in the 21st century: The role of strategic
показателей конкурентоспособности
leadership // Academy of Management
Executive. – 2005. – No. 4 (19). – P. 73. компании.
Библиография
1. Басманов Е. Бренд Apple стал еще дороже // РБК daily. [Электронный ре-
сурс]. – Режим доступа: www.rbcdaily.ru/2012/09/20/world/562949984752964.
2. Кит П.П. Формы межфирменных стратегических альянсов в автомобильной
промышленности // Бизнес пищевых ингредиентов. – 2006. – № 12. – С. 36.
3. Коваленко И.С. Теория Г. Хофстеде как основа кросскультурных исследова-
ний в маркетинге // Научный потенциал студенчества в ХХI веке. Материалы
III международной научной студенческой конференции. Т. 2. – Ставрополь,
2009. – С. 74-77.
4. Любимская А. Седьмой вал // Эксперт. – 2010. – № 6(90). – С. 8.
5. Пилипенко И.В. Конкурентоспособность стран и регионов в мировом хозяй-
стве: теория, опыт малых стран Западной и Северной Европы. – Смоленск:
Ойкумена, 2005. – 496 с.
6. Портер М. Международная конкуренция: Пер. с англ. / Под ред. и с предисло-
вием Щетинина В.Д. – М.: Международные отношения, 1993. – 896 с.
7. Прытин Д. Самые дорогие бренды мира в 2009 году // РБК.Рейтинг. [Элек-
тронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: www.rating.rbc.ru/article.shtml?2009/10/
06/32578590.
8. Grant R.M. Contemporary strategy analysis. – Oxford: Blackwell Publishing,
2002. – 551 p.
9. Ireland R., Hitt M. Achieving and maintaining strategic competitiveness in the 21st
century: The role of strategic leadership // Academy of Management Executive. –
2005. – No. 4 (19). – Pp. 63-77.
10. Snowdon B., Stonehouse G. Competitiveness in globalized world: Michael Porter
on the Microeconomic Foundations of the Competitiveness of Nations, Regions
and Firms // Journal of International Business Studies. – 2006. – No. 2(37). –
Pp. 163-175.
UDC 334.021
Издательство "АНАЛИТИКА РОДИС" ( analitikarodis@yandex.ru ) http://publishing-vak.ru/
Abstract
The article is dedicated to the issues of managing competitiveness in the modern
age of globalization, technology and innovation. The purpose of the paper is to
analyze the influence of factors of competitiveness and offer effective tools for
companies to create competitive advantages. The working classification of com-
petitiveness factors includes external and internal factors. The external business
environment covers industry-specific environment – competitors, customers,
suppliers, as well as non-sectoral, economic, social, political, technological and
other factors. The most effective tools for business responses to the dynamics
of environmental factors or its forced changes in the present are different forms
of inter-firm co-operation and mergers and acquisitions strategy. Both external
growth tools are widely used in business and provide a number of benefits that
are required for tightening up and market leadership. However, the leading role
in ensuring the competitiveness of the business at the present stage plays the
internal environment of the company, its resources and business processes. The
quality and uniqueness of the internal environment of the company is provideв
by the strategic leadership – a leadership style, aimed at knowledge, innovation
and technology creation that are not available to competitors. Research methods
include theoretical analysis, interviewing experts, analysis of best practices. The
Keywords
Business, competitiveness, external environment, internal environment, coop-
eration, merger and acquisition, strategic leadership.
states entered the circle of the world profitability and its benefits, which are
economy so economical competition necessary for long-term market pres-
among countries has strengthened1. Rev- ence. The competitive branch and na-
elation of national markets, lowering of tional economy are studied by special-
trade barriers, globalization and interna- ists in the field of world economy as here
tionalization processes as a whole led to the competition is of international aspect
that sort of aggravation of competition, and the function of government regula-
so in actual fact none of a company in the tion in some cases is of fundamental im-
world can be sure in its tomorrow. There portance.
are always new threads on the horizon in On account of the fact that the
the form of pioneer substitute products, idea is multilevel there is no single, rec-
bankruptcy of suppliers, changes in tax ognized definition of the term "competi-
regulations, rates of exchange, countries tive ability. Therefore prior to relying
entering WTO, world crisis etc. on one oа the multiple definitions we
The actuality and complexity of need to define which level is the key
the problem can be confirmed by the fact and backbone one. Without controversy
that the questions of competitive ability that is the level of a company. It is just
are considered by economists of different a company and, to be more precise, its
specializations and are set out in various actions an decisions realized by its man-
economic disciplines. Thus, competitive agers and employees make products,
goods is mainly marketing field of re- compete with other national and foreign
search, which educe essential consumer companies, together with other compa-
qualities and terms of goods proposal in nies of the country form a branch and
the market with a view to ensuring great contribute in national GDP. The leading
demand for it. A competitive company – researchers in this field consider market
is the problem of strategic management share and profitability as the basic crite-
which allocates the targets of business ria2. The positive dynamics of these rates
1 Pilipenko, I.V. (2005), Competitiveness
of nations and regions in the world 2 Snowdon, B., Stonehouse, G. (2006),
economy: theory, the experience of small "Competitiveness in globalized world:
nations of Western and Northern Europe Michael Porter on the Microeconomic
[Konkurentosposobnost' stran i regionov Foundations of the Competitiveness of
v mirovom khozyaistve: teoriya, opyt Nations, Regions and Firms", Journal of
malykh stran Zapadnoi i Severnoi Evropy], International Business Studies, No. 2(37),
Oikumena, Smolensk, pp. 34-35. p. 165.
in the longer term mean that the prod- nal sources include shift in consumers'
uct of a company finds a market, i.e. it tastes, onset of new goods and services
is competitive, that the branch wherein on the market, departures of foreign eco-
the firm is functioning is consolidating nomic policy of the state, changes of free
on domestic or foreign markets, that it market prices etc. Yet to the end that the
contributes to national economy by way external change frames the calmative ad-
of work positions, taxes, levies and other vantage, it must render differentiated ef-
payments. fect on companies owing to their various
However, while distinctly un- resources and responsibilities or strate-
derstanding the main objectives of their gic positioning3. The peculiarities of the
business and criteria of competitive abil- internal environment of a company, its
ity, all too often companies do not know resources and business processes define
where to find growth sources and do not the character and rate of response to ex-
investigate which factors bring an ap- ternal changes, that's why the quality of
preciable effect and which should not be internal environment also leads to en-
considered at all. Aside from that when hancement or loss of competitive abil-
colliding with changes managers often ity.
respond to accomplished events just us-
ing intuition or the most evident short- Competitive ability control –
run decisions. Yet it would be more ef- environmental factors
fective to foresee the events which can
influence their business, and to develop The strategy generation on chang-
reaction strategies through acting pro- es of external environment first of all re-
actively. In such a manner business may quires of external factors classification
not wait for any changes but to create, exercise. Here we can start from the im-
but to provoke them pro domo sua. mediate business environment: competi-
The most complete system of tors, consumers, suppliers. The company
sources of competitive advantage of a faces them in day-day work and this fact
company was suggested by an English forces it to keep eyes skinned and con-
scientist in the field of strategic manage- trol all possible changes.
ment R. Grant. One of the approaches he
3 Grant, R.M. (2002), Contemporary
proposed lies in separation of inner and
strategy analysis, Blackwell Publishing,
external sources. For example the exter- Oxford, p. 227.
and appearance of more stronger player by business, including small and medi-
on the market, who can stay more effec- um, and with the view of forcing change
tively against external press. Thus, hav- of external environment, rather than as a
ing realized their inability to tide over on reaction to the events which have already
the world and even national market many happened. If business expansion rates are
automakers from Central and Eastern Eu- falling and there are no internal sources
rope, entered production and technologic of optimization and development, then
alliances with leading manufacturers, merger with one of the competitors or
and eventually this turned out to be an in- his absorption can give the strongest im-
termediate form of full inter-corporation pulse concerning further development of
integration. It will be remembered that the company. In such a manner a com-
alliances between German firm MAN pany changes the structure of the mar-
and Polish firm "Star", Italian "Iveco" ket: the number of players is declining,
and Serbian "Zastava", French "Renault" a competitive pattern and market power
and Czech "Carosa", Korean "Daewoo" of individual firms are changing, a char-
and Czech "Avia" eventually ended with acter of mutual relations with customers
eastern-European automobile firms join- and suppliers is modifying.
ing their foreign partners5. Yet we should remember that the
At large merger and acquisition strategy of merger and acquisition is not
across the globe – is, as a rule, reaction of perfect. Business merging can lead to
the companies to arising crises and com- stiffening, complication of processes of
petition stiffening. In the history of the development and decision making, ex-
global market M&A there were six peak cessive diversification and synergetic ef-
periods. Economic crises played a key fect decrease. We should not forget the
and generating role in these processes6. would-have-been union of automobile
Yet merger and acquisition can be used giants Daimler-Benz (Germany) and
5 Kit, P.P. (2006), "Forms of inter-
Chrysler (USA).
firm strategic alliances in automobile Strategic alliances widely used
industry" ["Formy mezhfirmennykh
nowadays can be an alternative to merg-
strategicheskikh al'yansov v avtomobil'noi
promyshlennosti"], Biznes pishchevykh er and acquisition – a modern form of
ingredientov, No. 12, p. 36. intercompany cooperation. Apart from
6 Lyubimskaya, A. (2010), "The seventh
the alternative to excessive integration
grate wave" ["Sed'moi val"], Ekspert, No.
6(90), p. 8. of business they are also effective when
companies need to join efforts not in the anyhow exert enormous influence on in-
whole business sector, but only in one or ternal environment of firms which joined
several directions. their efforts. An as it was mentioned
Apart from preserving flexibility above, the quality of inner environment
and independence, the significant advan- is of paramount importance in providing
tage of alliances as against the strategy business competitive ability and only the
of merger and acquisition is the possibil- best configuration of external and inner
ity of joining efforts for not just two or environment can bring a long-term, posi-
maximum three companies but for un- tive effect.
limited number of them. Nowadays alli- Consolidated firms or the firms
ance networks are formed in a number of which entered an alliance improve their
areas of the world economy, which fully internal resources, methods and process-
transform competitive pattern, thus cre- es of management and organization of
ating categories of oligopoly or duopoly. business due to the following possibili-
A prime example of such a situation is ties: access to a partner's knowledge and
the market of international air transpor- technologies, co-developing of innova-
tation. Starting with 1997, three allianc- tions, exclusion of redundant functions,
es of air transporters were formed: Star operating activity optimization, division
Alliance (1997), One World (1999) and of powers etc. This changes in internal en-
Sky Team (2000). Each of them includes vironment in addition to external sources
nearly twenty players. Through entering give additional competitive advantages
an alliance any air company in the world which will be considered below.
gets access to possibilities of widening
customer bases and cost cutting, i.e. it Competitive ability control –
directly leads to growth of competitive internal environment factors
ability by means of market-share gain
and level of profitability. Companies, By all means business external
outside alliances, confine their possi- environment is the most important base
bilities on the market of international air for searching for competitive advantag-
transportation and have to cash on freight es. Yet, regardless of all the possibilities
routs and/or inner routes. of a firm concerning analysis and taking
Being a source of growth owing up timely measures while changing the
to extra inputs, cooperation of companies external environment, in some instanc-
es all these efforts will be just ineffec- nal environment and necessity for con-
tive. First of all it concerns the situation structing business competitive ability
when substitute goods and services ap- on the ground of internal resources and
pear. Thus type-writers vanished when competence in the middle 90s of the 20th
personal computers appeared, business century. At the heart of this approach lies
correspondence overnight delivery com- the fact that a firm – is a special combina-
panies showed up on the verge of bank- tion of resources and competences, and
ruptcy when faxes and e-mail appeared, these resources and competences are the
film cameras were replaced by digital primary determinants of its strategy9.
ones, nowadays smartphones success- Really, what should producers of
fully push out classic mobile phones. type writers do when nobody wants to
In all cases as listed one market leaders by their product? To put in vast facilities
were replaced by others and the first had in absorption of computer technologies
to play the secondary roles or leave the so that not to lose their clients and mar-
market at all as they were not familiar ket? If taking such a decision a company
with new technologies. Now we can see preserves the external environment, re-
Nokia loses its position and iPad Apple sponding to its demands. But collapse of
cones to the front. It is not a surprise for this decision is evident. It would be far
everybody that during the last two years more efficient to give up producing type
Apple in particular became the most ex- writers and try, on changing the market
pensive brand ($ 100,24 bln. in 2012)7, and external environment, to produce
though just three years ago, in 2009, Ap- another product where similar technolo-
ple was in the second ten and Nokia took gies are in demand. For example it could
the 5th place8. be electric shavers or small domestic
Scientists-economists have start- electric appliances. In such a situation
ed talking about instability of the exter- the risk of collapse will be lower; and it
7 Basmanov, E., "The brand Apple became
will be far more easier to save business,
more expensive" ["Brend Apple stal though in other environment. Unfortu-
eshche dorozhe"], RBK daily, available
nately, Kodak did not use this logic and
at: www.rbcdaily.ru/2012/09/20/
world/562949984752964 started producing digital cameras stand-
8 Prytin, D., ["Samye dorogie brendy
mira v 2009 godu"], RBK.Reiting, 9 Grant, R.M. (2002), Contemporary
available at: www.rating.rbc.ru/article. strategy analysis, Blackwell Publishing,
shtml?2009/10/06/32578590 Oxford, p. 133.
ing far behind; and eventually it led to The most important modern char-
bankruptcy in 2012. acteristics of quality of the inner envi-
Therefore a company should ronment of a company – is availability of
never neglect the significance of inter- knowledge. Knowledge, created all alone
nal environment in securing competitive or obtained by a firm, which allow to
ability and not just work out its quality predict changes, create innovations and
on behalf of the current business, but to take correct strategic decisions give the
look for the possibilities for use of the very same competitive advantage a firm
resources it has in other, best of all in- is holding out for. Therefore in the 21st
novative spheres. century, the ability to create, exchange
There are no universal formulae and improve knowledge will be replaced
of control as for internal environment. by possession and / or control over ac-
The first action for the company to take – tives as a supreme source of competitive
is, like in the case of eternal environment advantage11. At the present time it is safe
is to classify factors of internal environ- to say that neither resources, whatever
ment so that to be able to fetch out narrow valuable they are, nor business-process-
spaces or strengthen the strong points es wherein interaction of resources takes
from then on. Traditionally the inner en- place the value is created, that is special,
vironment of a company is divided into beyond the reach of copying by compet-
resources and competences or business- itors, ability to create knowledge is the
processes. In their course interaction source of competitive ability.
of resources takes place. The recourses Knowledge is created by people
can be divided into material, non-ma- and if we want the process to be effective
terial and human. Business-processes, and involved all human resources of an
according to the approach suggested by organization, according to the scientists
an American scientist M. Porter, where M. A. Hitt and R. D. Aerland, we need
he calls them types of activities, can be to reconsider the treatment of corpo-
nominally divided into two categories:
Per. s angl.], Mezhdunarodnye
primary activity and secondary (support-
otnosheniya, Moscow, 896 p.
ing) one10. 11 Ireland, R., Hitt, M. (2005), "Achieving
and maintaining strategic competitiveness
10 Porter, M., Shchetinin, V.D. (1993), in the 21st century: The role of strategic
International competition: Trans. from leadership", Academy of Management
Eng. [Mezhdunarodnaya konkurentsiya: Executive, No. 4(19), pp. 63-77.
knowledge and innovations, has the most ness cost increase, market share and level
important meaning in management of in- of profitability as the basic indexes of a
ternal environment. And it results in busi- company's competitive ability.
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