D.

TUDOR MONARCHY AND ITS CRITIQUES

In 1534 Henry VIII formally declared himself Supreme Head of the Church of England on earth next
under God. Henry had long thought he exercised the authority of an emperor in his own kingdom,
absolute in his power, and in this he both reflected and consolidated the kingship of his father and put
down the foundations for his successors in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Tudors were,
on the face of it, a brash and confident dynasty, strongly aware of the importance of marketing their
distinctive (but authentically European) brand of monarchical power. But the nature of the authority
claimed by the Tudor monarchs was also thought and written about at length, supported and contested,
from the earliest decades of their century.
This Special Subject will investigate Tudor monarchy as it was presented by the crown and debated
by the crown’s subjects. Students will use original sources to explore Tudor ideas of authority in state
and church, many of them known and read in the sixteenth century but some available only in
manuscript until the twentieth. (Many of the sources will be read in class in their original printed form.)
Members of the class will also investigate the importance of iconography and the significance for
historians of visual representations of Tudor power. This Special Subject will reveal the importance of
the sixteenth century in exposing the complex nature of political power in England in the early modern
period and examine how deep cultural assumptions about the exercise of monarchical authority were
shaped by the politics of personal monarchy, royal personality, minority, female monarchy and
religion.

Introductory and companion texts

a. Tudor England
Brigden, Susan, New worlds, lost worlds: the rule of the Tudors 1485–1603 (2000).
Davies, C.S.L., Peace, print and Protestantism 1450–1558 (1977).
Elton, G.R., Reform and Reformation: England 1509–1558 (1977).
Guy, John, Tudor England (1988).
Rex, Richard, The Tudors (2002).
Williams, Penry, The later Tudors: England 1547–1603 (1995).

b. Introductions to Tudor political thought

Allen, J.W., A history of political thought in the sixteenth century (1928).
Burns, J.H., and Mark Goldie, eds., The Cambridge history of political thought 1450–1700
(1991).
Guy, John, ‘Monarchy and counsel: models of the state’, in Patrick Collinson, ed., The sixteenth
century (2002).
Skinner, Quentin, The foundations of modern political thought, 2 vols. (1978).

Recommended reading for lectures

1. European contexts
Burns, J.H., Lordship, kingship, and empire: the idea of monarchy, 1400–1525 (1992).
————— , The true law of kingship: concepts of monarchy in early-modern Scotland (1996).
Richardson, Glenn, Renaissance monarchy: the reigns of Henry VIII, Francis I and Charles V
(2002).
Knecht, R.J., Renaissance warrior and patron: the reign of Francis I (1994).
Mason, Roger A., Kingship and the commonweal: political thought in Renaissance and
Reformation Scotland (1998).
—————, ‘This realm of Scotland is an empire? Imperial ideas and iconography in early
Renaissance Scotland’, in Barbara E. Crawford, Church, chronicle and learning in medieval
and early Renaissance Scotland (1999), pp. 73–91.

2. Medieval legacies
Black, Antony, Political thought in Europe 1250–1450 (1992).
Burns, J.H., ed., The Cambridge history of medieval political thought c. 350–c. 1450 (1988), chs.
15–17.
Canning, Joseph, A history of medieval political thought 300–1450 (1996).
Carpenter, Christine, The Wars of the Roses: politics and the constitution in England, c. 1437–
1509 (1997), chs. 2, 3.
 Harriss, G.L., ‘The king and his subjects’, in Rosemary Horrox, ed., Fifteenth-century attitudes:
perceptions of society in late medieval England (1994), pp. 13–28.
Kantorowicz, Ernst H., The king’s two bodies: a study in mediaeval political theology (1957 and
later edns).

3. Debates and perspectives old and new

Baumer, Franklin Le Van, The early Tudor theory of kingship (1940).
Elton, G.R., and G.L. Harriss and Penry Williams, on Elton’s ‘Tudor Revolution in
Government’, in Past and Present, no. 25 (1963), pp. 3–39, 39–58; no. 29 (1964), pp. 26–49;
no. 31 (1965), pp. 87–96; no. 32 (1965), pp. 103–109.
————— , ed., The Tudor constitution (1st edn, 1960; 2nd edn, 1982).
Figgis, J.N., The divine right of kings (2nd edn, 1914).
Guy, John, ed., The Tudor monarchy (1997).
Hoak, Dale, ed., Tudor political culture (1995).
Zeeveld, W. Gordon, Foundations of Tudor policy (1948).

4. Henry VII
Carpenter, Christine, The Wars of the Roses: politics and the constitution in England, c. 1437–
1509 (1997), ch. 11.
Chrimes, S.B., Henry VII (1972).
Gunn, S.J., Early Tudor government, 1485–1558 (1995).
Horrox, Rosemary, ‘Yorkist and early Tudor England’, in Christopher Allmand, ed., The new
Cambridge medieval history, vol. VII, c. 1415–c. 1500 (1998), pp. 477–95.
Starkey, David, The English court: from the Wars of the Roses to the Civil War (1987).
Storey, R.L., The reign of Henry VII (1968).
Thompson, Benjamin, ed., The reign of Henry VII (1995).

5. Henry VIII
Gunn, S.J., Early Tudor government, 1485–1558 (1995).
MacCulloch, Diarmaid, Thomas Cranmer: a life (1996).
————— , ed., The reign of Henry VIII: politics, policy and piety (1995).
Scarisbrick, J.J., Henry VIII (1968).
Starkey, David, The reign of Henry VIII: personalities and politics (1985).
————— , ed., The English court: from the Wars of the Roses to the Civil War (1987).
————— , ed., Henry VIII: a European court in England (1991).

6. Edward VI and Mary I

Alford, Stephen, Kingship and politics in the reign of Edward VI (2002).
Jordan, W.K, Edward VI: the young king. The protectorship of the duke of Somerset (1968).
————— , Edward VI: the threshold of power. The dominance of the duke of Northumberland
(1970).
Loach, Jennifer, Edward VI (1999).
————— , Parliament and the crown in the reign of Mary Tudor (1986).
Loades, David, Mary I (1989).
————— , The reign of Mary Tudor (1979).
MacCulloch, Diarmaid, Thomas Cranmer: a life (1996).
————— , Tudor church militant: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation (1999).
Tittler, Robert, The reign of Mary I (1983).

7. Elizabeth I
Doran, Susan, ed., Elizabeth: the exhibition at the National Maritime Museum (2003).
Guy, John, ed., The reign of Elizabeth I: court and culture in the last decade (1995).
Haigh, Christopher, Elizabeth I (2nd edn, 1998).
Hudson, Winthrop S., The Cambridge connection and the Elizabethan settlement of 1559 (1980).
MacCaffrey, Wallace T., Elizabeth I (1993).
————— , Elizabeth I: war and politics 1588–1603 (1992).
————— , Queen Elizabeth and the making of policy, 1572–1588 (1981).
————— , The shaping of the Elizabethan regime: Elizabethan politics 1558–72 (1969).

8. Art, architecture and iconography

Anglo, Sydney, Images of Tudor kingship (1992).
 Aston, Margaret, The king’s bedpost: Reformation and iconography in a Tudor group portrait
(1993).
Hoak, Dale, ‘The iconography of the crown imperial’, in Dale Hoak, ed., Tudor political culture
(1995), pp. 54–103.
King, John N., English Reformation literature: the Tudor origins of the Protestant tradition
(1982).
————— , ‘The royal image, 1535–1603’, in Dale Hoak, ed., Tudor political culture (1995),
pp. 104–132.
————— , Tudor royal iconography: literature and art in an age of religious crisis (1989).
Strong, Roy, Art and power: Renaissance festivals 1450–1650 (1984).
Thurley, Simon, The royal palaces of Tudor England: architecture and court life 1460–1547
(1993).
————— , Whitehall palace: an architectural history of the royal apartments, 1240–1698
(1999).

Classes
Abbreviations
CWSTM -The Yale Edition of the Complete Works of St. Thomas More, 14 vols. (1963— ).
RSTC -A Short-title Catalogue of Books ... 1475–1640, ed. W.A. Jackson, F.S. Ferguson and
Katharine F. Pantzer, 3 vols. (1986–91).
SR The Statutes of the Realm, 11 vols. (1810–28).

* marks a book in which a woodcut or picture may be treated as a document.

1. The Tudor inheritance

Documents
i. -In praise of the laws of England (1468–72), in Sir John Fortescue, On the laws and governance
of England, ed. Shelley Lockwood (1997), pp. 17–18, 19–23, 49–54. [12 pp.]
ii. -The governance of England (1471), in Sir John Fortescue, On the laws and governance of
England, ed. Shelley Lockwood (1997), pp. 83–93, 112–20, 121–22. [22 pp.]
iii. -Bishop Russell’s parliamentary sermons of 1483, in S.B. Chrimes, English constitutional ideas
in the fifteenth century (1936), pp. 167–91. [25 pp.]
iv. -Edmund Dudley, The tree of commonwealth (1509), ed. D.M. Brodie (1948), pp. 21–41, 52–6,
92–107. [52 pp.]
v. -*Edward Hall, The union of the two noble and illustre famelies of Lancastre & Yorke (RSTC
12723; 1550), Henry VII, fos. 1r-3r, 7r-8r, 57r, 60v-61r. [11 pp.]

Secondary literature
Burns, J.H., ‘Fortescue and the political theory of dominium’, Historical Journal, 28 (1985), pp.
777–97.
Carpenter, Christine, The Wars of the Roses: politics and the constitution in England, c. 1437–
1509 (1997).
Chrimes, S.B., English constitutional ideas in the fifteenth century (1936).
Fortescue, Sir John, On the laws and governance of England, ed. Shelley Lockwood (1997),
introduction.
Gill, P.E., ‘Politics and propaganda in fifteenth-century England: the polemical writings of Sir
John Fortescue’, Speculum, 46 (1971), pp. 333–47.
Harrison, C.J., ‘The petition of Edmund Dudley’, English Historical Review, 87 (1971), pp. 82–
99.
Harriss, Gerald, ‘The king and his subjects’, in Rosemary Horrox, ed., Fifteenth-century
attitudes: perceptions of society in late medieval England (1994), pp. 13–28.
Loades, David, John Dudley duke of Northumberland 1504–1553 (1996), prologue.
Watts, John L., Henry VI and the politics of kingship (1996).
————— , ‘Ideas, principles and politics’, in A.J. Pollard, ed., The Wars of the Roses (1995),
pp. 110–33.

2. Politics and counsel in the reign of Henry VIII

Documents
i. -Thomas More, Utopia (1516), in CWSTM, vol. IV (1965), pp. 57, 87, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101,
103. [9 pp.]
 ii. -Thomas Starkey’s dialogue between Pole and Lupset (c. 1529–31), in A dialogue between
Reginald Pole & Thomas Lupset, ed. Kathleen M. Burton (1948), pp. 57, 61–62, 99–105, 151–58, 164–
68. [32 pp.] [A dialogue between Pole and Starkey, ed. T.F. Mayer (Camden Society, fourth series, 37;
1989), pp. 32–33, 36–38, 68–73, 108–15, 119–23.]
iii. -Thomas Elyot, The book named the governor (RSTC 7635; 1531), ed. Stanford E. Lehmberg
(1962), pp. 1–14, 236–41. [19 pp.]
iv. -Thomas Elyot, The image of governance (RSTC 7664; 1541), in Lillian Gottesman, ed., Four
political treatises ... by Sir Thomas Elyot (1967), pp. 205–13, 248–59. [21 pp.]
v. -*Edward Hall, The union of the two noble and illustre famelies of Lancastre & Yorke (RSTC
12723; 1550), Henry VIII, fos. 181r-185r, 187v-190r, 194v-199v, 202r-203r, 205r-206r, 225v, 226r-v,
228v-230r. [38 pp.]

Secondary literature
Conrad, F.W., ‘The problem of counsel reconsidered: the case of Sir Thomas Elyot’, in Paul A.
Fideler and T.F. Mayer, eds., Political thought and the Tudor commonwealth (1992), pp. 75–
107.
Fox, Alistair, ‘Sir Thomas Elyot and the humanist dilemma’, in Alistair Fox and John Guy,
Reassessing the Henrician age: humanism, politics and reform 1500–1550 (1986), pp. 52–
73.
Guy, John, ‘The Henrician age’, in J.G.A. Pocock, ed., The varieties of British political thought,
1500–1800 (1993), pp. 13–46, reprinted in John Guy, Politics, law and counsel in Tudor and
early Stuart England (2000), no. XII.
————— , ‘The King’s Council and political participation’, in Alistair Fox and John Guy,
Reassessing the Henrician age: humanism, politics and reform 1500–1550 (1986), pp. 121–
47, reprinted in John Guy, Politics, law and counsel in Tudor and early Stuart England
(2000), no. XI.
————— , Thomas More (2000).
————— , ‘The rhetoric of counsel in early modern England’, in Dale Hoak, ed., Tudor
political culture (1995), pp. 292–310, reprinted in John Guy, Politics, law and counsel in
Tudor and early Stuart England (2000), no. XIV.
Lehmberg, Stanford E., Sir Thomas Elyot: Tudor humanist (1960).
Mayer, Thomas F., Thomas Starkey and the commonweal: humanist politics and religion in the
reign of Henry VIII (1989).
Scarisbrick, J.J., Henry VIII (1968).
Starkey, David, ‘Intimacy and innovation: the rise of the Privy Chamber, 1485–1547’, in David
Starkey, ed., The English court: from the Wars of the Roses to the Civil War (1987), pp. 71–
118.
Starkey, Thomas, A dialogue between Pole and Lupset, ed. T.F. Mayer (Camden Society, fourth
series, 37; 1989), pp. vii-xvi.

3. Empire and supremacy, 1529–47

Documents
a. Foundations
i. -A glasse of the truthe (RSTC 11918; c. 1532), sigs. E6v-F4v. [12 pp.]
ii. -Draft of the Act of Appeals (1533) in G.D. Nicholson, ‘The nature and function of historical
argument in the Henrician Reformation’, PhD dissertation, University of Cambridge (1977), pp. 296–
304. [10 pp.]
iii. -Act of Appeals, 1533 (24 Henry VIII, c. 12), SR, vol. III, pp. 427–29. [3 pp.]
iv. -Act for the Submission of the Clergy, 1534 (25 Henry VIII, c. 19), SR, vol. III, pp. 460–61.
[2 pp.]
v. Act of Supremacy, 1534 (26 Henry VIII, c. 1), SR, vol. III, pp. 492–93. [2 pp.]
vi. -Act against the Authority of Rome, 1536 (28 Henry VIII, c. 10), SR, vol. III, pp. 663–66.
[4 pp.]
vii. -*Great Bible (RSTC 2071; 1540), prologue to the reader. [6 pp.]

b. Debates and positions

i. -Thomas More, Apology (1533), in CWSTM, vol. IX (1979), pp. 3–14, 44–51, 61–76, 97–
103, 110, 129–50, 160–63, 167–70. [70 pp.]
ii. -Christopher St German, Salem and Bizance (1533), in CWSTM, vol. X (1987), pp. 327–40,
350–51, 373–83, 387–92. [32 pp.]
iii. -Thomas More, The debellacyon of Salem and Bizance (1533), in CWSTM, vol. X (1987), pp.
17–21, 44–47, 67–85, 86–105, 199–221. [71 pp.]
 iv. -Stephen Gardiner, An oration of true obedience (1535), in Pierre Janelle, ed., Obedience in
church & state: three political tracts by Stephen Gardiner (1930), pp. 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 115, 117.
[8 pp.]
c. Reactions and implications
i. -Christopher St German, Doctor and student and New Additions (1528–32), ed. T.F.T.
Plucknett and J.L. Barton (Selden Society, 91; 1974), pp. 254–58, 317, 327–28. [7 pp.]
ii. -Christopher St German’s parliamentary draft of 1531, in J.A. Guy, ed., Christopher St
German on chancery and statute (1985), pp. 127–35. [8 pp.]
iii. -Richard Morison, A lamentation in whiche is shewed what Ruyne and destruction cometh of
seditious rebellyon (RSTC 18113.3; 1536), in David Sandler Berkowitz, ed., Humanist scholarship and
public order (1984), pp. 85–100. [16 pp.]
iv. -Richard Morison, A remedy for sedition (RSTC 18113.7; 1536), in David Sandler
Berkowitz, ed., Humanist scholarship and public order (1984), pp. 117–18, 128–30, 141–42. [7 pp.]
v. -Answere made by the kynges hyghnes to the Petitions of the rebelles in Yorkeshire (RSTC
13077; 1536), in David Sandler Berkowitz, ed., Humanist scholarship and public order, pp. 177–84. [5
pp.]
vi. -Thomas Starkey’s letters to Henry VIII (1536–37), in Sidney J. Herrtage, ed., England in the
reign of King Henry the Eighth. Part I Starkey’s life and letters (Early English Text Society, Extra
Series, 32; 1878), pp. xlviii-lxxv. [27 pp.]

Secondary literature
CWSTM, vol. IX (1979), pp. xvii-xli (‘Thomas More as a controversialist’), xli-liv (‘Christopher
St German (?1460–1540/1)’), liv-lxvii (‘A treatise concernynge the division betwene the
spirytualtie and temporaltie’), lxvii-lxxiii (‘Sir Thomas More’s Apology’).
CWSTM, vol. X (1987), pp. xvii-xxviii (‘The political context of the Debellation’), xxix-xlvi (‘St
German’s legal and political career up to 1534’), xlvii-lxvii (‘The legal context of the
controversy: the law of heresy’), lxviii-xciv (‘The argument of the Debellation’).
Elton, G.R., ed., The Tudor constitution (2nd edn, 1982).
Guy, John, ‘Thomas Cromwell and the intellectual origins of the Henrician revolution’, in
Alistair Fox and John Guy, Reassessing the Henrician age: humanism, politics and reform
1500–1550 (1986), pp. 151–78, reprinted in John Guy, ed., The Tudor monarchy (1997), pp.
213–33.
————— , ‘Thomas More and Christopher St German: the battle of the books’, in Alistair
Fox and John Guy, Reassessing the Henrician age: humanism, politics and reform 1500–
1550 (1986), pp. 95–120, reprinted in John Guy, Politics, law and counsel in Tudor and early
Stuart England (2000), no. VIII.
————— , ‘The Tudor commonwealth: revising Thomas Cromwell’, Historical Journal, 23
(1980), pp. 681–87, reprinted in John Guy, Politics, law and counsel in Tudor and early
Stuart England (2000), no. IX.
King, John N., English Reformation literature: the Tudor origins of the Protestant tradition
(1982).
————— , Tudor royal iconography: literature and art in an age of religious crisis (1989).
Lockwood, Shelley, ‘Marsilius of Padua and the case for the royal ecclesiastical supremacy’,
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, sixth series 1 (1991), pp. 89–119.
MacCulloch, Diarmaid, ‘Henry VIII and the reform of the Church’, in Diarmaid MacCulloch,
ed., The reign of Henry VIII: politics, policy and piety (1995), pp. 159–80.
————— , Thomas Cranmer: a life (1996).
Mayer, Thomas F., Reginald Pole: prince and prophet (2000).
————— , Thomas Starkey and the commonweal: humanist politics and religion in the reign
of Henry VIII (1989).
Murphy, Virginia, ‘The literature and propaganda of Henry VIII’s first divorce’, in Diarmaid
MacCulloch, ed., The reign of Henry VIII: politics, policy and piety (1995), pp. 135–58.
Nicholson, Graham, ‘The Act of Appeals and the English reformation’, in Claire Cross,
David Loades and J.J. Scarisbrick, eds., Law and government under the Tudors (1988),
pp. 19–30.
————— , ‘The nature and function of historical argument in the Henrician Reformation’,
PhD dissertation, University of Cambridge (1977).
Redworth, Glyn, In defence of the Church Catholic: the life of Stephen Gardiner (1990).
Rex, Richard, Henry VIII and the English Reformation (1993).
Scarisbrick, J.J., Henry VIII (1968).
Ullmann, Walter, ‘”This realm of England is an Empire”’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 30
(1979), pp. 175–203.
 4. Edward VI and politics of godly kingship, 1547–53
Documents
a. Reformation and minority
i. -Thomas Cranmer’s sermon at Edward’s coronation (1547), in Henry Jenkyns, ed., The
remains of Thomas Cranmer, D.D., vol. II (1833), pp. 118–20. [2 pp.]
ii. -Certayne Sermons, or Homelies (RSTC 13640; 1547), in Ronald B. Bond, ed., Certain
sermons or homilies (1547) and A homily against disobedience and wilful rebellion (1570) (1987), pp.
55–56, 161–70. [10 pp.]
iii. -Stephen Gardiner’s letters (1547–52), in James Arthur Muller, ed., The letters of Stephen
Gardiner (1933), pp. 255–67, 272–316, 361–77, 379–410, 419–24, 424–54. [144 pp.]
iv. -Stephen Gardiner’s St Peter’s Day sermon of 1548, in John Foxe, Acts and monuments
(RSTC 11222; 1563), pp. 771–76. [5 pp.]
v. -Bernardino Ochino, A tragedy or dialogue (RSTC 18770, 18771; 1548), letter of dedication
and sigs. Bb4r-Cc6r. [7 pp.]
vi. -Edward Foxe, The true dyfferens betwen the regall power and the Ecclesiasticall power
(RSTC 11220; 1548), dedication to Protector Somerset. [2 pp.]
vii. -Hugh Latimer, The fyrste Sermon of Mayster Hughe Latimer preached before the Kynges
Maiest[y] (RSTC 15272; 1549), in G.E. Corrie, ed., Sermons by Hugh Latimer (1844), pp. 84–103. [19
pp.]
viii. -Desiderius Erasmus, The first tome or volume of the Paraphrases (RSTC 2866; 1551), letter
of dedication to the king. [7 pp.]

b. Rebellion
i. -John Cheke, The hurt of sedicion (RSTC 5109; 1549), sigs. A2r-A4v, B3v-B4v, B7v-B8r,
E8r-F1r, F3r-F4r. [13 pp.]
ii. -A message sent by the kynges Majestie (RSTC 7506; 1549). [7 pp.]
iii. -Thomas Cranmer’s sermon on rebellion (1549), in Henry Jenkyns, ed., The remains of
Thomas Cranmer, D.D., 2 vols. (1833), II, pp. 245–73. [28 pp.]

Secondary literature
Alford, Stephen, Kingship and politics in the reign of Edward VI (2002).
Bradshaw, Christopher, ‘David or Josiah? Old Testament kings as exemplars in Edwardian
religious polemic’, in Bruce Gordon, ed., Protestant history and identity in sixteenth-century
Europe, 2 vols. (1996), vol. II, pp. 77–90.
Bush, M.L., The government policy of Protector Somerset (1975).
Jordan, W.K, Edward VI: the young king. The protectorship of the duke of Somerset (1968).
————— , Edward VI: the threshold of power. The dominance of the duke of Northumberland
(1970).
————— , ed., The chronicle and political papers of King Edward VI (1966).
King, John N., English Reformation literature: the Tudor origins of the Protestant tradition
(1982).
————— , ‘Protector Somerset, patron of the English Renaissance’, Papers of the
Bibliographical Society of America, 70 (1976), pp. 307–31.
————— , Tudor royal iconography: literature and art in an age of religious crisis (1989).
Loach, Jennifer, Edward VI (1999).
McConica, James Kelsey, English humanists and Reformation politics under Henry VIII and
Edward VI (1968 edn).
MacCulloch, Diarmaid, Thomas Cranmer: a life (1996).
————— , Tudor church militant: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation (1999).
Needham, Paul S., ‘Sir John Cheke at Cambridge and court’, 2 vols., PhD dissertation, Harvard
University (1971).
O’Day, Rosemary, ‘Hugh Latimer: prophet of the kingdom’, Historical Research, 65 (1992), pp.
258–76.
Redworth, Glyn, In defence of the Church Catholic: the life of Stephen Gardiner (1990).
Rex, Richard, ‘The role of English humanists in the Reformation up to 1559’, in N. Scott Amos,
Andrew Pettegree and Henk van Nierop, eds., The education of a Christian society:
humanism and the Reformation in Britain and the Netherlands (1999), pp. 19–40.

5. A godly and an ungodly queen: Mary I, 1553–58

 Documents
a. The Marian position
i. First Statute of Repeal, 1553 (1 Mary st. 2, c. 2), SR, vol. IV, pt. 1, p. 202. [1 p.]
ii. James Cancellar, The pathe of Obedience (RSTC 4564; 1553), sigs. A2r-B8v. [30 pp.]
iii. -Nicholas Udall, Respublica (1553), ed. W.W. Greg (Early English Text Society, 226; 1952,
reprinted 1969), pp. 1–3, 12–15, 29–33, 46–48, 62–66. [16 pp.]
iv. -Second Statute of Repeal, 1554 (1 & 2 Philip and Mary, c. 8), SR, vol. IV, pt. 1, pp. 246–54.
[9 pp.]
v. -John Christopherson, An exhortation (RSTC 5207; 1554), sigs. B1r-B3r, D7r-E1r, G1r-E4v,
H5r-v, L1r-L3r, M3r-v. [28 pp.]

b. Against the Marian regime

-i. -Stephen Gardiner, De vera obedientia (RSTC 11586; 1553), sigs. A2v-A6v; fos. 1r-4v.
[17 pp.]
ii. -John Ponet, A shorte treatise of politike power (RSTC 20178; 1556), facsimile in Winthrop
S. Hudson, John Ponet (1516?–1556): advocate of limited monarchy (1942), pp. 1–11, 22–28, 35–36,
38–44, 56–58, 61, 87–91, 98–126, 147–83. [103 pp.]
iii. -Christopher Goodman, How superior powers o[u]ght to be obeyd of their subiects (RSTC
12020; 1558), pp. 3–8, 84–86, 95–100, 142–43, 145–51, 191–200. [33 pp.]

c. Mary’s reign from an Elizabethan perspective

i. *John Foxe, Acts and monuments (RSTC 11222; 1563), pp. 1479–89, 1497–1503. [18 pp.]

Secondary literature
Beer, B.L., ‘John Ponet’s Shorte Treatise of Politike Power reassessed’, Sixteenth Century
Journal, 21 (1990), pp. 373–83.
Dawson, Jane E.A., ‘The apocalyptic thinking of the Marian exiles’, in Michael Wilks, ed.,
Prophecy and eschatology (Studies in Church History Subsidia, 10; 1994), pp. 75–91.
————— , ‘Resistance and revolution in sixteenth-century thought: the case of Christopher
Goodman’, in J. van den Berg and P.G. Hoftijzer, eds., Church, change and revolution
(1991), pp. 69–79.
————— , ‘Revolutionary conclusions: the case of the Marian exiles’, History of Political
Thought, 11 (1990), pp. 257–72.
————— , ‘Trumpeting resistance: Christopher Goodman and John Knox’, in Roger A.
Mason, ed., John Knox and the British Reformations (1998), pp. 131–53.
Hudson, Winthrop S., John Ponet (1516?–1556): advocate of limited monarchy (1942).
Kelley, Donald R., ‘Ideas of resistance before Elizabeth’, in Gordon J. Schochet, ed., Law,
literature, and the settlement of regimes (Washington, DC, 1990), pp. 5–28.
Kingdon, Robert M., ‘Calvinism and resistance theory, 1550–1580’, in J.H. Burns and
Mark Goldie, eds., The Cambridge history of political thought 1450–1700 (1991),
pp. 193–218.
MacCulloch, Diarmaid, Thomas Cranmer: a life (1996).
Peardon, B., ‘The politics of polemics: John Ponet’s Short Treatise Of Politic Power, and
contemporary circumstance, 1553–1556’, Journal of British Studies, 22 (1982), pp. 35–49.
Pettegree, Andrew, Marian Protestantism: six studies (1996).
Wollman, D.H., ‘The biblical justification for resistance to authority in Ponet’s and Goodman’s
polemics’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 13 (1982), pp. 29–41.

6. The Elizabethan state, 1558–1603

Documents
a. Readings of the reign
i. -Elizabeth I on her own queenship, in Leah S, Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose,
eds., Elizabeth I: collected works (2000), pp. 48, 135–43, 310–11, 423–27. [15 pp.]
ii. -Raphael Holinshed, The First and second volumes of Chronicles, 3 vols. in 2 (RSTC 13569;
1597), vol. III, pp. 1170–85, 1221 1388–96. [25 pp.]
iii. -William Camden, Annals, ed. R. Norton (RSTC 4501; 1635), Introduction and pp. 8–10,
49–50, 67–71, 113–16, 124–26, 132–33, 143–44, 275–76. [33 pp.]
b. Succession and security
i. -John Aylmer, An harborowe for faithful and true subjects (RSTC 1005; 1559), sigs. B3r-
C2v, D1v-D3r, H2v-K3r, L4v-M1r, N2r-N4r. [36 pp.]
ii. -‘A clause to have bene inserted in an act ment for the succession’ (1563), in Stephen
Alford, The early Elizabethan polity (1998), pp. 225–28. [4 pp.]
 iii. -Debates on the queen’s marriage and succession, 1563 and 1566, in T.E. Hartley, ed.,
Proceedings in the parliaments of Elizabeth I, vol. I (1981), pp. 90–95, 114–15, 129–40, 155–57, 160–
62. [25 pp.]
iv. Thomas Smith, De republica Anglorum (1565), ed. Mary Dewar (1982), pp. 52–54. [2 pp.]
v. -Thomas Norton, To the Quenes Majesties poore deceyved Subjectes (RSTC 18680; 1569),
sigs. C2v-C4r, D3v-E2r, G1r-v. [12 pp.]
vi. -The bishops’ and lawyers’ cases against Mary Queen of Scots, 1572, in T.E. Hartley, ed.,
Proceedings in the parliaments of Elizabeth I, vol. I (1981), pp. 274–90, 302–10. [25 pp.]
vii. -Sir Philip Sidney’s letter to Elizabeth on the subject of Anjou (1579), in Katherine Duncan-
Jones and Jan van Dorsten, eds., Miscellaneous prose of Sir Philip Sidney (1973), pp. 46–57. [12 pp.]
viii. -John Stubbs, The discoverie of a gaping gulf (RSTC 23400; 1579), sigs. A2r-A3v, A6v-
A7v, A8v-B2r, D4v. [9 pp.]
ix. The Bond of Association (1585). [2 pp.]
x. -Act for Surety of the Queen’s Person, 1585 (27 Elizabeth I, c. 1), SR, IV, pt. 1, pp. 704–05.
[2 pp.]
xi. -Parliamentary debates on the execution of Mary Queen of Scots, 1586, in T.E. Hartley, ed.,
Proceedings in the parliaments of Elizabeth I, vol. II (1995), pp. 214–18, 239–43, 244–47, 248–60,
262–65, 266–70. [35 pp.]

Secondary literature
Alford, Stephen, The early Elizabethan polity: William Cecil and the British succession crisis,
1558–1569 (1998).
Bowler, Gerald, ‘”An axe or an acte”: the parliament of 1572 and resistance theory in early
Elizabethan England’, Canadian Journal of History, 19 (1984), pp. 349–59.
Collinson, Patrick, ‘The monarchical republic of Queen Elizabeth I’, in his Elizabethan essays
(1994), pp. 31–57.
Crane, Mary T., ‘”Video et taceo”: Elizabeth I and the rhetoric of counsel’, Studies in English
Literature, 28 (1988), pp. 1–15.
Cressy, David, ‘Binding the nation: the Bonds of Association, 1584 and 1696’, in DeLloyd J.
Guth and John W. McKenna, eds., Tudor rule and revolution (1982), pp. 217–34.
Dewar, Mary, Sir Thomas Smith: a Tudor intellectual in office (1964).
Doran, Susan, ‘Juno versus Diana: the treatment of Elizabeth I’s marriage in plays and
entertainments, 1561–1581’, Historical Journal, 38 (1995), pp. 257–74.
————— , Monarchy and matrimony: the courtships of Elizabeth I (1996).
Graves, Michael A.R., Thomas Norton: the parliament man (1994).
Heisch, Allison, ‘Arguments for an execution: Queen Elizabeth’s “white paper” and Lord
Burghley’s “blue pencil”’, Albion, 24 (1993), pp. 591–604.
————— , ‘Lord Burghley, Speaker Puckering, and the editing of HEH Ellesmere MS 1191’,
Huntington Library Quarterly, 51 (1988), pp. 211–26.
Jordan, Constance, ‘Woman’s rule in sixteenth-century British political thought’, Renaissance
Quarterly, 40 (1987), pp. 421–51.
Levine, Mortimer, Tudor dynastic problems, 1460–1571 (1973).
Mears, Natalie, ‘Counsel, public debate, and queenship: John Stubbs’s The discoverie of a
gaping gulf, 1579’, Historical Journal, 44 (2001), pp. 629–50.

7. The Elizabethan royal supremacy, 1558–1603

Documents
a. The Elizabethan settlement
i. -Parliamentary debates on Supremacy and Uniformity, 1559, in T.E. Hartley, ed.,
Proceedings in the parliaments of Elizabeth, vol. I (1981), pp. 7–32. [26 pp.]
ii. Act of Supremacy, 1559 (1 Elizabeth I, c. 1), SR, vol. IV, pt. 1, pp. 350–55. [6 pp.]
iii. Act of Uniformity, 1559 (1 Elizabeth I, c. 2), SR, vol. IV, pt. 1, pp. 355–58. [4 pp.]
iv. The booke of common praier (RSTC 16292; 1559), ed. J.E. Booty (1976), pp. 5–13. [9 pp.]
v. -The Geneva Bible (RSTC 2095; 1560), epistles to Elizabeth and to the reader and fos. 88v,
133v, 163r, 169r, 197r [Deuteronomy 17: 14–20; 1 Kings 21: 15; 2 Kings 9: 33; 1 Samuel 26: 9; 2
Chronicles 15: 16]. [10 pp.]
vi. -John Jewel, An apologie ... of the Church of England (RSTC 14590, 14591; 1562), ed. J.E.
Booty (1963, 1974), pp. 10–11, 14–16, 59–60, 112–16, 119–20, 132. [15 pp.]
vii. -Walter Haddon, A sight of the Portugall Pearle, trans. Abraham Hartwell (RSTC 12598;
1565), sigs. B8v-C4v, D2v-E4v, E6r-F5v. [47 pp.]
viii. *The Bishops’ Bible (RSTC 2099.2; 1568), sigs. *1r-*3r. [5 pp.]
 ix. -Richard Hooker, Of the laws of ecclesiastical polity, ed. A.S. McGrade (1997), pp. 128–76,
191–98. [57 pp.]

b. Puritans and presbyterians

i. -An Admonition to the Parliament (RSTC 10847; 1572), in W.H. Frere and C.E. Douglas,
eds., Puritan manifestoes (1954), pp. 8–12, 20–24, 30–34, 35–37, 38–39, 53–55. [18 pp.]
ii. -A Second Admonition to the Parliament (RSTC 4713; 1572), in W.H. Frere and C.E.
Douglas, eds., Puritan manifestoes (1954), pp. 85–86, 88–94, 102–03, 107, 112, 118–22, 126–33.
[25 pp.]
iii. -John Whitgift, An answer [to An Admonition to the Parliament] (RSTC 25429; 1573),
pp. 136–37. [2 pp.]
iv. Thomas Cartwright, A reply to an answer (RSTC 4711; 1573), p. 154. [1 p.]
v. John Whitgift, The Defense of the Aunswere (RSTC 25430; 1574), pp. 694–703. [10 pp.]
vi. -Thomas Cartwright, The second replie (RSTC 4714; 1575), first three pages of the epistle
to the Church of England [3 pp.]
vii. -James Morice in parliament, 1593, in T.E. Hartley, ed., Proceedings in the parliaments of
Elizabeth I, vol. III (1995), pp. 30–44, 45–49. [20 pp.]

Secondary literature
Cargill Thompson, W.D.J., ‘The philosopher of the politic society: Richard Hooker as a political
thinker’, in W. Speed Hill, ed., Studies in Richard Hooker (1972), pp. 3–76.
Collinson, Patrick, The birthpangs of Protestant England (1988).
————— , Elizabethan essays (1994).
————— , The Elizabethan puritan movement (1967).
————— , Godly people (1983).
————— , The religion of Protestants: 1558–1625 (1983).
Cross, Claire, The royal supremacy in the Elizabethan Church (1969).
Eccleshall, Robert, Order and reason in politics: theories of absolute and limited monarchy in
early modern England (1978).
Guy, John, ‘The Elizabethan establishment and the ecclesiastical polity’, in John Guy, ed., The
reign of Elizabeth I: court and culture in the last decade (1995), pp. 126–49.
Haigh, Christopher, English Reformations: religion, politics, and society under the Tudors
(1993).
Hudson, Winthrop S., The Cambridge connection and the Elizabethan settlement of religion
(1980).
Jones, Norman, Faith by statute: parliament and the settlement of religion in 1559 (1982).
Kelley, Donald R., ‘Elizabethan political thought’, in J.G.A. Pocock, ed., The varieties of British
political thought, 1500–1800 (1993), pp. 47–79.
Lake, Peter, Anglicans and puritans? Presbyterianism and English conformist thought from
Whitgift to Hooker (1988).
————— , Moderate puritans and the Elizabethan Church (1982).
Milward, Peter, Religious controversies of the Elizabethan age: a survey of printed sources
(1977).
Ryan, Lawrence V., ‘The Haddon-Osorio controversy (1563–1583)’, Church History, 22 (1953),
pp. 142–54.
————— , ‘Walter Haddon: Elizabethan Latinist’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 17 (1954),
pp. 99–124.
Sommerville, J.P., ‘Richard Hooker, Hadrian Saravia, and the advent of the divine right of
kings’, History of Political Thought, 4 (1983), pp. 229–46.
Southgate, W.M., John Jewel and the problem of doctrinal authority (1962).

8. The Catholic critique, 1558–1603

Documents
a. Catholics on the Elizabethan regime
i. -Thomas Stapleton, A counterblast (RSTC 23231; 1567), fos. 21r-31r, 82v-84v, 85r-86v.
[30 pp.]
ii. -A table gathered owt of a booke named A Treatise of treasons against Q. Elizabeth (RSTC
23617.5; 1572), sigs. *1r- **4r. [25 pp.]
iii. -Leicester’s commonwealth (1584), ed. Dwight C. Peck (1985), pp. 72–75, 95, 98–99, 123–
24. [9 pp.]
iv. Richard Verstegan, An advertisement (RSTC 19885; 1592), sigs. A6r-B2r. [11 pp.]
 b. Treason or martyrdom?
i. Treasons Act, 1563 (5 Elizabeth I, c. 1), SR, vol. IV, pt. 1, pp. 402–05. [4 pp.]
ii. -The Papal Bull against Elizabeth I, 1570, in G.R. Elton, ed., The Tudor constitution (1982
edn), pp. 425–28. [3 pp.]
iii. Treasons Act, 1571 (13 Elizabeth I, c. 1), SR, vol. IV, pt. 1, pp. 526–28. [3 pp.]
iv. -Act against Bulls from Rome, 1571 (13 Elizabeth I, c. 2), SR, vol. IV, pt. 1, pp. 528–31. [4
pp.]
v. -William Cecil, Lord Burghley, The execution of justice (1583, 1584), ed. Robert Kingdon
(1965), pp. 3–50. [47 pp.]
vi. -William Allen, A true, sincere, and modest defence of English Catholiques (1584), ed.
Robert Kingdon (1965), pp. 60–117, 198–268. [129 pp.]

Secondary literature
Bellamy, John, The Tudor law of treason: an introduction (1979).
Bossy, John, The English Catholic community, 1560–1850 (1975).
Clancy, Thomas H., Papist pamphleteers: the Allens-Persons party and the political thought of
the Counter-Reformation in England, 1572–1615 (1964).
Croxford, Leslie, ‘The Elizabethan treason laws’, PhD dissertation, University of Cambridge
(1971).
Graves, Michael A.R., Thomas Norton: the parliament man (1994).
Holmes, Peter, Resistance and compromise: the political thought of Elizabethan Catholics
(1982).
Milward, Peter, Religious controversies of the Elizabethan age: a survey of printed sources
(1977).
Questier, Michael C., Conversion, politics and religion in England, 1580–1625 (1996).
Salmon, J.H.M., ‘Catholic resistance theory, Ultramontanism, and the royalist response, 1580–
1620’, in J.H. Burns and Mark Goldie, eds., The Cambridge history of political thought
1450–1700 (1991), pp. 219–253.
Walsham, Alexandra, Church papists: Catholicism, conformity and confessional polemic in
early modern England (1993).
Ward, Leslie J., ‘The law of treason in the reign of Elizabeth I 1558–1588’, PhD dissertation,
University of Cambridge (1985).
————— , ‘The Treason Act of 1563: a study of the enforcement of anti-Catholic legislation’,
Parliamentary History, 8 (1989), pp. 289–308.