c





 c
c

The over current protection is needed to protect the transformer from sustained overloads and
short circuits. Induction type over current relays are used which in addition to providing overload
protection acts as back up relays for protection of transformer winding fault. Fig 10 shows the
combined over current and earth fault protection. The earth fault protection is used to provide
protection against any earth fault in the windings of the transformer. It works on the principle
that when the transformer winding is sound the currents in all the three phases will balance and
no current will spill into the earth fault relay. The arrangement is such that the relay does not
respond to any out of balance current between windings caused by tap changing arrangement

Fig 10 illustrates the use of earth fault and over current relays for both star and delta connections
of the transformer. Instantaneous type of earth relay is used. When the winding is delta
connected the earth relay is operated by the residual current from three C.T.s connected as shown
in left hand side of the fig. If the transformer winding has an earthed neutral then the residual
current from the three line current transformers is balanced against the current of the current
transformers provided in the neutral as on the right hand side.

When the system works normal, the sum of three currents in the C.T.s is zero and no current
flows through the operating winding of the instantaneous earth fault relay and through the neutral
of the transformer. However if fault is outside the protection area current flows in the neutral and
lines as well, but the sum of currents in the lines is balanced by the current in neutral and hence
earth relay is not operated. Now if earth fault occur within the protected zone say in the winding
itself current will flow only in the neutral of the main transformer and thus there will be no
balancing current in the relay circuit so, the relay is energized and the circuit breaker is opened.
The trip contacts of the over current relay and earth fault relay are in parallel so, with the
energisation of either over current relay or earth fault relay the circuit breaker of the concerned
side will be tripped.
0erz price circulating current system protects against phase-to- ground and phase-to-phase
faults. It does not protect against turn-to-turn fault on the same phase winding of the stator. It is
because the current that this type of fault produces flows in a local circuit between the turns
involved and does not create a difference between the currents entering and leaving the winding
at its two ends where current transformers are applied. It is usually unnecessary to provide inter
turn faults because they invariably develop into earth faults.

In single turn generator there is no necessity of protection against inter turn faults. However it is
provided for multi turn generators such as hydroelectric generators. These generators have
double winding armatures owing to the very heavy currents, which they have to carry. Fig 7
shows the arrangement of a 3-phase double wound generator. The relays Rc provide protection
against phase to ground and phase-to-phase faults whereas relays R1 provide protection against
inter turn faults. S1 and S2 are the stator windings of one phase. Two current transformers are
connected on the circulating current principle. Under normal conditions, the current in the stator
windings are equal and so will be the currents in secondaries of the two C.T.s. the secondary
current round the loop then is

same at all points and no current flows through the relay R1. If a short circuit develops between
the adjacent turns on S1 the currents in stator windings S1and S2 will no longer be equal.
Therefore unequal currents will be induced in the secondaries of C.T.s and the difference of
these two current flows through the relay R1. The relay then closes its contacts to clear the
generator from the system

OVER CURRENT AND EARTH FAULT PROTECTION:-

The over current and earth fault protection is same as the over current and earth fault protection
of transformers which will be discussed later. Fig 6 shows the over current and earth fault
protection scheme for generators.

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION:-

This type of protection provides a continuous check on faults within the points, where the C.T.s
are used as in shown in fig 2. There are two sets of C.T.s; each set is mounted on either end of
the stator phase. The secondaries of these current transformer sets are connected in star and their
ends are connected together through pilot wires. The over current inverse time relay is connected
across the equipotential points in the pilot wires, which will naturally be in center of these wires
as shown in fig 2. But it¶s convenient to locate these relays adjacent to the main circuit breaker;
this can be achieved by inserting balancing resistance in series with the pilot wires to achieve
equipotential point near the main circuit breaker as shown in fig 3. If there is no fault in the
generator, same current will pass through the C.T.s at both the ends and there will be no current
spilling into the relay.
Now if earth fault occurs as shown in fig 2, there will be an increase in current through set C.T.1
as compared to current through C.T.2. Thus there is no current balance any more resulting into
spilling of current through the relay R hence tripping the circuit. If there is short circuit between
the two phases as in fig3 it will also cause operation of relay R and tripping of the circuit
breaker. This scheme does not provide protection for the turns of same phase
RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION:-

Windings of many smaller transformers are protected by restricted earth fault (REF)
systems. Even so, I have come across a lot of installations which would have benefited
from this type of protection, but for whatever reason it has not bee installed.

The illustration shows the principal of REF protection. Under normal conditions and by
application of Kirchhoff¶s laws the sum of currents in both current transformers (CTs)
equals zero. If there is an earth fault between the CTs then some current will bypass
the CT's and the sum of currents will not be zero. By measuring this current imbalance
faults between the CTs can be easily identified and quickly cleared. Fault detection is
confined to the zone between the two CTs hence the name 'Restricted Earth Fault'.

REF protection is fast and can isolate winding faults extremely quickly, thereby limiting
damage and consequent repair costs. If CTs are located on the transformer terminals
only the winding is protected. However, quite often the line CT is placed in the
distribution switchboard, thereby extending the protection zone to include the main
cable.

Without REF, faults in the transformer star secondary winding need to be detected on
the primary of the transformer by reflected current. As the winding fault position moves
towards the neutral, the magnitude of the current seen on the primary rapidly decreases
and could potentially not be detected (limiting the amount of winding which can be
protected). As the magnitude of the currents remain relatively large on the secondary
(particularly if solidly earthed), nearly the entire winding can be protected using REF.

It should be remembered that the protection as illustrated covers only the secondary of
the transformer. Sometimes REF protection is added to the primary as well (although if
primary protection is required I would prefer to consider full differential protection).
As it is essential that the current in the CTs be balanced during normal conditions (and
through faults), historically REF has been implemented using High Impedance Relays.
CT's have also been specified as matched pairs and the impedance of leads/wires and
interconnecting cables has had a large influence on the functioning of the relay.
Measurement errors associated with these issues have been responsible for nuisance
tripping and the system could be difficult to commission. This may be the reason some
people avoid the use of REF. Recent advances in numerical relay technology have all
but eliminated these issues, making the implementation of REF relatively easy, ensuring
no nuisance tripping and simplifying commissioning.

In the diagram 87N is the ANSI Device Number for restricted earth fault.

BACK UP PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS

Relay Backup

The primary protection for large transformers,

almost without exception, is high-speed

differential relaying. Relay back-up protection,

when provided, usually consists of a fault-

pressure relay, a tank-to-ground relay, time

overcurrent relays or distance relays. See Figure

10(a). The time overcurrent relay is provided for

system fault back-up protection but gives some

relay back-up protection for moderate to severe

internal transformer faults.

Breaker Backup

To provide breaker backup, a primary relay plus

timer scheme, similar to that shown in Figure

10(b),bee,e

selector relays are not adequate but may be

used in addition to breaker ÒaÓ switches for

selection of the proper back-up breakers to trip.

If the transformer of Figure 10(a) is connected in

a line without a line-side breaker, the remote

breaker would be tripped by transferred-trip

signal initiated by the transformer-differential

relays. If the remote breaker failed to trip for any

reason, the transformer fault would not be

cleared. However, at least one installation is

planned in which a second transferred-trip

channel will be used to trip the remote bus if the

remote line breaker does not operate.

c
  
   
  c
-

  Mechanical Instruments are incorporates proven design
features acquired from many years of experience in providing
Temperature Indicators/Controllers for Power & Distribution
Transformers

Oil Temperature Indicator : The Oil Temperature Indicator (OTI)

measures the Top oil Temperature. It is used for control and
protection for all transformers.

Winding Temperature Indicator : The Winding is the component with

highest temperature within the transformer and, above all, the one
subject to the fastest temperature increase as the load increases.
Thus to have total control of the temperature parameter within
transformer, the temperature of the winding as well as top oil, must
be measured. An indirect system is used to measure winding
temperature, since it is dangerous to place a sensor close to winding
due to the high voltage. The indirect measurement is done by means
of a Built-in Thermal Image.

Winding Temperature Indicator is equipped with a specially designed

Heater which is placed around the operating bellows through which
passes a current proportional to the current passing through the
transformer winding subject to a given load. Winding Temperature is
measured by connecting the CT Secondary of the Transformer
through a shunt resistor inside the Winding Temperature Indicator to
the Heater Coil around the operating Bellows. It is possible to adjust
gradient by means of Shunt Resistor
In this way the value of the winding temperature indicated by the
instrument will be equal to the one planned by the transformer
manufacturer for a given transformer load.


  

No external power supply required for

1)
indication or operation
Liquid in metal expansion provides self
2)
powered system
Fully compensated for ambient
3)
temperature changes in line & case
Built-in Thermal imaging for
4) transformer 'Hot Spot' temperature
indication (in case of WTI)
Weather proof case for outdoor services
5)
(IP55)
Panel mount or Projection mounting
6)
(varies with Different 0odels)
0aximum capillary length of 15 mtrs.
7)
(varies with Different 0odels)
Up to 4 control switches are available
8)
(varies with Different 0odels)
0aximum indicating pointer facility
9)
Switch Test Knob facility
Remote Indication & Data acquisition
10)
facility
Sealed system which requires no
11)
trimming or periodic site adjustments.

A) MERCURY SWITCH TYPE OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATORS (OTI) /

WINDING TEMPERATURE INDICATORS (WTI) INSTRUMENTS

-

 



This is a high performance micro

switch instrument with +/- 2°C
accuracy. capable of temperature
monitoring, indication & control,
for the protection of Transformers
from 1 MVA to 10 MVA rating.

 

Dial Diameter : 118 mm Segment
Dial
Angular Sweep : 60°
Range : 0-120°C, 0-150°C, 20-
140°C & 30-150°C
Accuracy : +/-2°C
Graduations : 2°C per division


 
All line to body
(Earth) High Voltage
Breakdown Tested : 2.5 KV AC,
50Hz for 60 seconds
Terminal Type : WAGO Terminals
Press Fit Type


Maximum Number of Switches : 4
Switch Type : Dry electrode
mercury in glass
Switch Rating : 5A AC/DC at 250V
Switches : Normally Open Type
Adjustable Range : 10-90% of Full
Scale Range
Switch Differential : 6-90°C (Close
to Open & Vice Versa)
Switch Accuracy : +/-2.5°C of Set
Value
Instrument Case : Weatherproof
pressure die-cast Aluminum Alloy
Casting with epoxy coated tall
sides.
Protective Class IP55 as per IS
13947 Part II.

Capillary Entry : Bottom or Top of

the case
Cap. Length : Up to 15 Meters
Cap. Tubing : Capillary line
protected by flexible Stainless
Steel Armour and additional
Stainless Steel Armour to reinforce
at the entry to the case.

 1) Switch
Testing Knob
2) Resettable
Maximum Pointer
3) Anti-
Vibration Mounting Grommets (for
Projection
Mounting)

-

 



This is a high performance,

precision mercury switch
instrument with +/- 2.5°C
accuracy, capable of temperature
monitoring, indication & control,
for the protection of Transformers
from 5 MVA rating.

 

Dial Diameter : 150 mm (6")
Round Type
Angular Sweep : 270°
Range : 0-150°C
Accuracy : +/-2.5°C
Graduations : 2°C per division


 
Cable Conductor Size : 1 sq. mm.
Oil Temperature : 4 Core Copper
Cable for Switch Connections
(Length as per Customer
Requirement)
Winding Temperature Indicator : 4
Core for Switch connections and 2
Core Copper Cable for CT
Connection Length as per
Customer Requirement)
All Line to Body (Earth) High
Voltage Breakdown Tested : 2.5
KV AC, 50Hz. for 60 Seconds


Maximum Number of Switches : 2
Switch Type : Heavy Duty Dry
Electrode Mercury in Glass
Switch Rating : 2A AC/DC at 250V
± 10%
Switches : Normally Open Type
Adjustable Range : 10-90% of Full
Scale Range
Switch Differential : 8°C Fixed
Switch Accuracy : +/-2.5°C of Set
Value
Contact Type : Switch Contacts
are Potential Free
Instrument Case : Weatherproof
Aluminum Alloy Casting with
epoxy coated at all sides. Suitable
for outdoor mounting - Protective
Class IP55 as per IS 13947 Part II.

Capillary Entry : Bottom or Top of

the case
Cap. Length : Up to 6 Meters
Cap. Material : Capillary line
protected by flexible Stainless
Steel Armour

 1) Switch
Testing Knob
2) Resettable
Maximum Pointer
3) Anti-
Vibration Mounting

B) MICRO SWITCH TYPE OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATORS (OTI) /

WINDING TEMPERATURE INDICATORS (WT) INSTRUMENTS

-

 

!

This is a high performance

instrument with +/- 2°C accuracy.
capable of temperature
monitoring, indication & control,
for the protection of Transformers
from 1 MVA to 10 MVA rating

 

Dial Diameter : 118 mm Segment
Dial
Angular Sweep : 60°
Range : 0-120°C, 0-150°C, 20-
140°C & 30-150°C
Accuracy : +/-2°C
Graduations : 2°C per division


 
All line to body
(Earth) High Voltage
Breakdown Tested : 2.5 KV AC,
50Hz for 60 seconds
Terminal Type : WAGO Terminals
Press Fit Type


Maximum Number of Switches : 4
Switch Type : Heavy Duty Micro
Switch
Switch Rating : 5A at 240V ± 10%
AC & 0.5 A at 220 V ± 10% DC
Switches : Normally Open Type
Adjustable Range : 10-90% of Full
Scale Range
Switch Differential : 5°C Fixed
Switch Accuracy : +/-2.5°C of Set
Value
Contact Type : Switch Contacts
are Potential Free
Instrument Case : Weatherproof
pressure die-cast Aluminum Alloy
Casting with epoxy coated tall
sides.
Protective Class IP55 as per IS
13947 Part II.
Capillary Entry : Bottom or Top of
the case
Cap. Length : Up to 15 Meters
Cap. Tubing : Capillary line
protected by flexible Stainless
Steel Armour and additional
Stainless Steel Armour to reinforce
at the entry to the case.

 1)
Resettable Maximum Pointer
2) Anti-
Vibration Mounting Grommets (for
Projection
Mounting)

-

 

 "

This is a high performance,

precision micro switch instrument
with +/- 2.50C accuracy, capable
of temperature monitoring,
indication & control, for the
protection of Transformers from 5
MVA rating.

 

Dial Diameter : 150 mm Segment
Dial
Angular Sweep : 60°
Range : 0-150°C
Accuracy : +/-2.5°C
Graduations : 2°C per division


 
Cable Conductor Size : 1 sq. mm.
Oil Temperature : 4 Core Copper
Cable for Switch Connections
(Length as per Customer
Requirement)
Winding Temperature Indicator : 4
Core for Switch connections and 2
Core Copper Cable for CT
Connection Length as per
Customer Requirement)
All Line to Body (Earth) High
Voltage Breakdown Tested : 2.5
KV AC, 50Hz. for 60 Seconds


Maximum Number of Switches : 2
Switch Type : Heavy Duty Micro
Switch
Switch Rating : 5A at 240V ± 10%
AC & 0.5 A at 220 V ± 10% DC
Switches : Normally Open Type
Adjustable Range : 10-90% of Full
Scale Range
Switch Differential : 5°C Fixed
Switch Accuracy : +/-2.5°C of Set
Value
Contact Type : Switch Contacts
are Potential Free
Instrument Case : Weatherproof
Aluminum Alloy Casting with
epoxy coated at all sides. Suitable
for outdoor mounting - Protective
Class IP55 as per IS 13947 Part II.

Capillary Entry : Bottom or Top of

the case
Cap. Length : Up to 6 Meters
Cap. Material : Capillary line
protected by flexible Stainless
Steel Armour

 1)
Resettable Maximum Pointer
 2) Anti-
Vibration Mounting