Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
S. Kuppusamy
INSTITUTION NUMBER
Central Universities 20
State funded universities 217
Deemed universities 45
Private deemed universities 57
Private universities under state 5
Other private universities 10
Institutions of national importance 13
Source: Sitra reports No.74,2007
Central Universities
Usually, a university is established under the act of a State legislature. The state
Government maintains control of the universities in many respects, although a central
agency, the University Grants Commission provides the bulk of funding to these
bodies. The Central Government has established 20 universities that are fully funded
and controlled by it. The following table lists the Central Universities of India.
Deemed Universities
Deemed universities are the unique in India. Prior to independence, several private
autonomous institutions of higher education and learning were developed in India by
some private entrepreneurs and philanthropists. The Education Commission headed
by Dr Radhakrishnan (a noted philosopher and the second President of India)
recommended in 1948 that these institutions should be recognized appropriately.
Accordingly, the Government of India made a provision under the UGC Act of 1956,
Section 3, to recognize some deemed institutions to be universities. The objective was
as follows:
“If institutions which for historical or other reasons were not universities, yet were
doing the work of high standard in specialized academic fields comparable to that
done at a university then the granting to these institutions the status of universities
would enable them to further contribute to the cause of higher education thereby
mutually enriching the institution and the university system.” To qualify for being a
deemed university it was required that, “the institution should generally be engaged in
teaching programs and conducting research in chosen fields of specialization which
were innovative and of very high academic standards at the Master’s and Research
levels. It should also have a greater interface with society through extramural
extension and field action related programs.”
In recent years there has been a significant growth of deemed universities. Only
29 deemed universities were recognized from 1956 to 1990. But after 1990, there
have been 63 new deemed universities, excluding the regional engineering colleges
that are given the degree granting powers.
State Universities
Universities charted under the state legislatures have been founded at various times.
The number of universities in a state depends on the population as well as resources
available to the states. Table below shows the distribution of universities by their
respective states in India.
56 S. Kuppusamy
Most of the state universities have colleges affiliated to them. Colleges provide
undergraduate and post graduate education. Universities manage and conduct the
qualifying examinations and grant degrees. Universities conduct courses at post-
graduate level awarding Masters Degrees. The doctoral program in a typical
university is very much like that of the United Kingdom where little emphasis is put
on course work and is based solely on the dissertation written under the guidance of
an approved “guide” or a Professor.
The following table shows the distribution of accredited colleges by the various
states. The number varies according to the population as well as the fiscal and
physical resources available to the states.
A study of existing trade in higher education shows that the country is already
quite deeply involved in this trade. Approximately 50,000 students from India are
enrolled abroad through the modes of consumption abroad, virtual university,
franchise and twining programmes. The process was speeded up after 1991 with the
adoption of the liberalization policies. Delegates from foreign universities now
generally visit India to market their education. Indian agencies and agents are also
hired to recruit students. There is increasing trend towards setting up franchisee and
twining programmes especially in collaboration with American and British
universities. More than 30,000 Indian students were getting education in 1995-96 in
the USA alone. As far as export of such service by India is concerned i.e., foreign
students coming to India for study, the current prospects are not too bright. India has
already got some 5,455 international students from neighboring countries.
References
Books
[1] Abhay Kumar, Samik Lahiri, “Behind The Blackboard”, SFI Publications
[2] Ansari, M M. Economics of Distance Higher Education. New Delhi:
Concept Publishing Co., 1992. (378, N2)
[3] Barry Berman, “Marketing Channels”, 1996, John Wiley and Sons Inc.
[4] Chinese Education Association, . China Higher Education Directory. Hong
Kong: Hon Wing Book Co, 1987. (378.51, M7)
[5] Chirstopher Lovelock, Jochen Wirtz, “Service Marketing”, fifth 2004,
Person education, Delhi.
[6] Chorafas, Dimitris N. Globalization of Money and Securities: New
Products Players and Markets. New Delhi: Tata Mcgraw-Hill, 1992.
(332.645, N2C)
[7] Chunawalla, S.A, “Marketing Principle And Practice”, First 1997,
Himalaya House.
Journals
[1] Annadurai and Vicent “privatization of teacher education in India” Issues in
higher education P. 281 – 286.
58 S. Kuppusamy