AL OLYMPIAD "TU
N AT
ION YM
AA Авторы задач
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Младшая лига Старшая лига
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1. Чудновский А. В. 1. Аванесян Р. Е.
UT
IS
RY
T
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OF (Y
ED
UC AK
HA 2. Шведов О. Ю. 2. Чудновский А. В.
ATIO FS
N OF THE REPUBLIC O
3. Варламов С. Д. 3. Акимов А. Б.
4. Чудновский А. В. 4. Бычков А. И.
5. Ефимов В. В. 5. Тарнопольский Г. М.
Физика
Теоретический тур
Методическое пособие
γρ0 (ρ0 − ρ2 )V 2
F21 = −m0 g1 = .
L2
Повторяя те же рассуждения для второго шара (или просто заменяя ин-
дексы), получаем ускорение свободного падения в области второго шара
0.6
ϕ3 = F (ϕ2 ) ≈ 1,064,
ϕ4 = F (ϕ3 ) ≈ 1,065,
0.4 ϕ5 = F (ϕ4 ) ≈ 1,065.
Поскольку равенство ϕ5 = ϕ4 выполнено с достаточной точностью, можно
0.2 записать окончательный ответ:
0
ϕ ≈ 1,065 ≈ 61,0◦ .
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Рис. 6 Примечание. Заметим, что результат применения метода последователь-
ных приближений существенно зависит от выбранной формы записи уравне-
Из эскиза графика (участники на олимпиаде не могут использовать про- ния в виде функции. Если последовательность приближённых значений стре-
граммы для построения графиков, поэтому и мы не будем пытаться опреде- мится к искомой величине, то говорят, что метод сходится, а иначе — что метод
лить ответ с ходу по графику) можно видеть, что уравнение имеет в интервале расходится. Почему так происходит и как выбирать «правильные» функции,
0 < ϕ < π/2 единственный корень вблизи точки ϕ ≈ 1, что можно было обна- рассказывается в курсе вычислительной математики.
ружить и без графика, если заметить, что cos 1 ≈ cos 60◦ = 0,5. Примерная система оценивания
Выражение для |at | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Выражение для |an | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Физика. Теоретический тур. Решения 23 24 XXIII Международная олимпиада «Туймаада»
Получение нулевого приближения ϕ0 ≈ 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Примерная система оценивания
Получение численного ответа ϕ ≈ 1,065 ≈ 61,0◦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Использование формулы E = F/q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Использование формулы F = F⊥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Задача 4. Треугольная пластина Использование формулы F⊥ = σΦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Общая формула. Сперва выведем полезную общую формулу Использование формулы Φ = Φ0 /8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Использование формулы Φ0 = q/ε0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
F⊥ = σΦ, (25)
Окончательный ответ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
где σ — поверхностная плотность заряда равномерно заряженной пластины,
Φ — поток внешнего электрического поля (не обязательно однородного) че- Задача 5. Комнатная термодинамика
рез пластину, F⊥ — перпендикулярная пластине проекция силы, действующей Задача A. Пусть T3 — температура внутренней стороны окна, S — пло-
на пластину со стороны внешнего электрического поля. щадь окна, тогда равенство потоков тепла через стекло и через пограничный
На малый кусочек пластины, имеющий площадь dS и заряд dq = σdS, слой воздуха имеет вид
действует перпендикулярно пластине сила dF⊥ = E⊥ dq. Интегрирование dF⊥ T3 − T1 T2 − T3
по всей пластине площадью S с использованием определения потока Φ даёт κ1 · S · = κ2 · S · ,
h1 h2
заявленную формулу:
откуда получаем равенство
F⊥ = dF⊥ = σ E⊥ dS = σΦ. κ1
· T1 + κ2
· T2
h1 h2
S S T3 = κ1 κ2 ≈ −10◦C.
h1 + h2
Решение задачи. Поместим в точку O пробный заряд q и запишем иско-
мую напряжённость в виде E = F/q, где F — сила, действующая на пробный Пар будет конденсироваться на стекле, пока его давление не станет равно
заряд со стороны пластины. По третьему закону Ньютона такая же по модулю давлению насыщенного пара при температуре стекла. Отсюда находим уста-
сила F действует на пластину со стороны пробного заряда. В силу симметрии новившуюся влажность воздуха в комнате:
системы относительно поворота на угол 2π/3 вокруг оси, проходящей через
Pнас (T3 ) 286,8 Па
точку O и центр пластины, сила F направлена вдоль этой оси, откуда следует ϕ= = ≈ 12,3%.
Pнас (T1 ) 2338 Па
равенство F = F⊥ . С учётом формулы (25) получаем выражение
σΦ Задача B. Искомое отношение найдём по формуле x = ∆Q2 /∆Q1 , где ∆Q1
E= , (26) и ∆Q2 — количества теплоты, которые нужно подвести к соответственно су-
q
хому и максимально влажному воздуху для нагревания на небольшую темпе-
где Φ — поток электрического поля пробного заряда через пластину. ратуру ∆T . Пусть V — объём комнаты, ν — количество воздуха в комнате,
Заметим, что пластину и проб- √ R — универсальная газовая постоянная, тогда с помощью уравнения Менделе-
ный заряд можно разместить внутри 2 ева–Клапейрона можно записать первое начало термодинамики в виде
и на поверхности куба так, как показано O
на рис. 7. Поскольку 8 касающихся кубов q 5 5 P0 V
∆Q1 = νR∆T = · · ∆T. (27)
с общей вершиной O полностью окру- 2 2 T
жают заряд q, поток Φ составляет 1/8
√ Поскольку воздух максимально влажный, давление P пара находим по таб-
долю суммарного потока Φ0 от заряда q, √ 2 лице из условия, а давление Pa воздуха выражаем как парциальное давление:
который согласно теореме Гаусса имеет 2
вид Φ0 = q/ε0 . P = Pнас (T ) = 1706 Па, Pa = P0 − P = 98,3 кПа.
Подстановка выражения Φ = q/(8ε0 )
в формулу (26) даёт окончательный от- Аналогичное формуле (27) выражение для влажного воздуха имеет вид
вет:
σ 5 Pa V PV
E= . ∆Q2 = · · ∆T + 3 · · ∆T,
8ε0 Рис. 7 2 T T
Физика. Теоретический тур. Решения 25 26 XXIII Международная олимпиада «Туймаада»
где при записи числовых коэффициентов учтено, что водяной пар является так что затратами теплоты на нагревание газа в какой-то момент можно будет
трёхатомным газом, но ещё не учтено испарение воды. Из уравнения Менделе- вообще пренебречь по сравнению с затратами теплоты на испарение жидкости.
ева–Клапейрона выразим массу пара и её изменение: Примерная система оценивания
Применение закона теплопроводности . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
µPнас V µV
m= , ∆m = m (T )∆T =
(T · Pнас (T ) − Pнас )∆T. Вычисление T3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
RT RT 2 Численный ответ для ϕ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Производную из предыдущей формулы найдём численно по таблице: Выражение для ∆Q1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Вычисление P и Pa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Pнас (T + 1 К) − Pнас (T − 1 К) Выражение для ∆Q2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
a = Pнас (T ) = = 110 Па/К.
2К Выражение для ∆m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Вычисление a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Примечание. Заметим, что формулы численного взятия производной
Выражение для ∆Q2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
f (x + ∆x) − f (x) f (x) − f (x − ∆x) Численный ответ для x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
f (x) = и f (x) =
∆x ∆x
дают из-за конечности ∆x различные результаты, лежащие обычно по разные
стороны от истинного значения, поэтому более точной формулой численного
дифференцирования является их среднее арифметическое:
1 f (x + ∆x) − f (x) f (x) − f (x − ∆x) f (x + ∆x) − f (x − ∆x)
f (x) = + = ,
2 ∆x ∆x 2∆x
Possible solutions 3. To keep the first ball at rest, it is required to apply to it a force, which is
equal in magnitude and directed oppositely to the sum of forces acting on it from
the sides of liquid and second ball:
Junior league
γ(ρ1 − ρ0 )(ρ2 − ρ0 )V 2
F31 = − (m1 g1 + F21 ) = − .
Problem 1. Balls in infinite ocean L2
From a definition of density we will express masses of balls:
Repeating the same arguments for the second ball (or just replacing the indices),
m1 = ρ1 V, m2 = ρ2 V. we get the answer to the second question of this point:
1. The balls interact between themselves only gravitationally according to the γ(ρ1 − ρ0 )(ρ2 − ρ0 )V 2
F32 = − (m2 g2 + F22 ) = − .
law of universal gravitation: L2
γm1 m2 γρ1 ρ2 V 2 Note. We will note that the found forces were the same (only in the absolute
F1 = = . value since the positive directions for them were chosen in the opposite directions).
L2 L2
This coincidence could be foreseen beforehand, mentally connecting the balls by a
2. Mentally we will divide the entire liquid into a liquid ball of mass m0 = ρ0 V
thin light rod: it would act on them with forces of the same magnitude, and the
located symmetrically to the second ball with respect to the center of the first one,
balls would remain at rest.
and the rest of liquid. The total force of gravitational interaction of first ball and the
Note. It deserves special attention a method of finding the forces F31 and F32
rest of liquid is equal to zero, as the rest of liquid is symmetric with respect to the
by subtracting the density ρ0 from the whole space, after which a void remains
center of the first ball, i.e., for every particle of the rest of liquid another particle
in the place of liquid, and the densities of balls become (ρ1 − ρ0 ) and (ρ2 − ρ0 ),
will be found, which acts on the first ball with the opposite gravitational force. We
respectively. The strength of gravitational interaction of new balls with the required
will assume that the direction from the center of the first ball to the center of the
sign will be the answer to both questions of this point. This force is also called an
second ball is positive, then the free fall acceleration produced in the region of the
effective force of interaction, and it can be found in practice, for example, in a
first ball by the gravitational field of the second and liquid balls has the form
calculation of interaction of electrons in a crystal lattice: they do not just repel
γm2 γm0 γ(ρ2 − ρ0 )V each other according to Coulomb’s law, but each of them causes displacements of
g1 = − 2 = . other charges, indirectly changing the resulting force acting on the second electron,
L2 L L2
therefore, the total change of resulting force acting on one particle induced by
By virtue of condition L3 V this gravitational field can be considered emergence of second particle is called the effective strength of interaction. The
homogeneous, i.e., the same at any point near the first ball. effective strength of interaction (taking into account influence of environment) is
The vector sum of forces of pressure of liquid (or gas) on a body at rest in a not to be confused with the usual force of interaction, which we found in this
medium — this is one of definitions of the Archimedes buoyant force, which can problem in the first point.
baffle except for those who do not like to remember verbal definitions of physical 4. Why in the problem statement is the acceleration of second ball given, if
concepts, therefore, the required force F21 is found by means of weight of displaced we know the masses of balls and all forces anyway? The fact is in existence of
fluid: a so-called added-liquid mass, i.e., the mass of liquid, which comes into motion
γρ0 (ρ0 − ρ2 )V 2
F21 = −m0 g1 = . with the body, since the medium needs to make way for the body and to fill space
L2
behind it. The added-liquid mass depends only on a shape and sizes of moving body
Repeating the same arguments for the second ball (or just replacing indices), and the density of liquid, therefore it will be the same for both balls. Taking into
we obtain the free fall acceleration in the region of the second ball account the added-liquid mass µ and the resulting force found in the previous point
γm1 γm0 γ(ρ1 − ρ0 )V
g2 = 2
− 2 = γ(ρ1 − ρ0 )(ρ2 − ρ0 )V 2
L L L2 F3 =
L2
and the answer to the second question of this point:
laws of motion of balls immediately after their release will take a form
γρ0 (ρ0 − ρ1 )V 2
F22 = −m0 g2 = . F3 = (m1 + µ)a1 , F3 = (m2 + µ)a2 ,
L2
Physics. Theoretical competition. Solutions 33 34 XXIII International olympiad "Tuymaada"
from which after exclusion of µ we find the acceleration of the first ball: where the quantity z is expressed from the dependence Tk (z) given in the statement
of problem. Equating formulas (28) and (29) for ∆Pn and taking into account that
F3 a2 at the boiling temperature the equality Pn = P0 is satisfied, we find the required
a1 = .
F3 + (m1 − m2 )a2 temperature difference:
λP0
Note. We will verify the obtained formula in particular cases. If the balls are ∆Tk = x.
ρg
the same (m1 = m2 ), then the formula gives a quite expected equality a1 = a2 .
If the liquid was not present, then for redundant data a condition F3 = m2 a2 was Grading system
supposed to be satisfied, after a substitution of which the formula is simplified to an The answer for ∆P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
also quite expected form a1 = F3 /m1 . The density of saturated vapor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Grading system The answer for ∆Pn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
The answer for F1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 The equality Pn = P0 at the boiling temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The answers for F21 and F22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 The idea of equality ∆Pn from the two effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The answers for F31 and F32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 The expression ∆Pn through ∆Tk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The answer for a1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 The answer for ∆Tk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Finding Q1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 F2
R=r .
The general answer for qn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 F1
The general answer for Qn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
A comment about the signs of charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Grading system
The obtainment of proportionality F1 = aU 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Problem 5. Electromagnetic foil The obtainment of proportionality F2 = aI 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
If nothing is connected to the terminals, then there is no current in the electric The use of Ohm’s law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
circuit and the strips are attracted due to an electrostatic force directly proportional Taking into account the direction of forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
to their charges, which are themselves proportional to an applied voltage, since the The answer for F3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
strips may be considered as capacitor plates. Let E be an EMF of source, and a is The answer for R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
a certain coefficient, then an equation can be written
F1 = aE 2 . (36)
If the terminals are short-circuited, then the charges are not accumulated
and the strips repel due to a magnetic force directly proportional to flowing in them
currents, which are determined by Ohm’s law. Thus, using a certain coefficient b,
an equation can be written
2
E
F2 = b . (37)
r
If the resistor is connected to the terminals, then both the electrostatic and
and magnetic interactions are observed. According to Ohm’s law, a current I in the
circuit and a voltage U between the strips have forms, respectively:
E RE
I= , U = RI = . (38)
r+R r+R
Using the same coefficients a and b and considering the attraction force as
positive, one can write an equation
F3 = aU 2 − bI 2 ,
from which after substituting the expressions for U and I from formulas (38)
and expressions of coefficients of a and b from equations (36) and (37) we find
the required force:
2 2
F1 RE F2 r2 E R2 F1 − r2 F2
F3 = 2 · − 2 · = . (39)
E r+R E r+R (R + r)2
Note. It is useful to make it a rule to check each general answer for special cases.
In this case in formula (39) one can substitute R → ∞ and R = 0 and obtain F1
and −F2 , respectively, which corresponds to expectations.
Physics. Theoretical competition. Solutions 39 40 XXIII International olympiad "Tuymaada"
Senior league 2uLn−1 v0 + 2un − 3u
Ln = Ln−1 − 2uτn−1 = Ln−1 − = Ln−1 · .
v0 + 2un − u v0 + 2un − u
Problem 1. Undecided small ball We will use the last formula, successively expressing Ln through Ln−1 ,
1. Since at the collisions of ball with the plates there is no friction, a component then Ln−1 through Ln−2 , and so on to L1 = L0 (v0 − u)/(v0 + u):
of velocity of ball, which perpendicular to the direction of movement of plates, will
remain constant: v0 + 2un − 3u v0 + 2un − 5u v0 + u v0 − u
Ln = · · ... · · · L0 ,
v⊥ = u0 sin ϕ. v0 + 2un − u v0 + 2un − 3u v0 + 3u v0 + u
As the plates approach each other, the collisions of ball will happen more often from which after cancellation we obtain a general formula
and their number will limitlessly increase, therefore, the value S∞ can be found by
considering a situation when the distance between the plates will be negligible, i.e., (v0 − u)L0
Ln = . (41)
the plates will almost collide from which we find a shift x∞ of overtaking plate to v0 + 2un − u
the time t∞ of their encounter:
Note. It is always useful to check nontrivial general formulas (even intermediate
L0 L0 u1 ones) for special cases. When n = 0, formula (41) gives a correct identity L0 = L0 .
t∞ = , x∞ = u1 t∞ = .
u1 − u2 u1 − u2 When v0 = u, formula (41) gives L1 = 0, which is completely expected, as in this
A shift of ball in the transverse direction has a form case the ball moves with the overtaking plate and its first collision with the other
plate will simultaneously be the collision of plates. When v0 2un, formula (41)
L0 u0 sin ϕ gives Ln ≈ L0 , which is fully expected, as in this case the plates will almost not
y∞ = v⊥ t∞ = .
u1 − u2 move during a time of all n collisions of ball.
An answer to the first question we get according to the Pythagorean theorem: Substituting expression (41) in equality (40), we obtain a general formula
L0 (v0 − u)L0
S∞ = x2∞ + y∞ 2 = u21 + u20 sin2 ϕ. τn = ,
u1 − u2 (v0 + 2un − u)(v0 + 2un + u)
2. To simplify calculations, we will go to a system of reference, moving in the which we will rewrite in a more convenient for summing form:
direction of movement of plates with a speed vc = (u1 + u2 )/2 and meanwhile we
will only consider a longitudinal motion of ball. In the new system of reference the (v0 − u)L0 1 1
plates come closer with equal in magnitude speeds u = (u1 − u2 )/2, and the ball τn = − ,
2u v0 + 2un − u v0 + 2un + u
has an initial velocity v0 = u0 cos ϕ − vc .
Let vn be a speed of ball immediately after the nth collision, then from a in order to find a moment of time of nth collision:
condition of elasticity of collision (the speed of ball relative to the plate does not
(v0 − u)L0 1 1
change as a result of collision) one can write a recurrence relation tn = τ0 + τ1 + ... + τn−1 = − +
2u v0 − u v0 + u
vn = vn−1 + 2u,
1 1 1 1
from which a general formula follows + − + ... + − =
v0 + u v0 + 3u v0 + 2un − 3u v0 + 2un − u
vn = v0 + 2un. (v0 − u)L0 1 1 nL0
= − = . (42)
2u v0 − u v0 + 2un − u v0 + 2un − u
Let Ln be a distance between the plates immediately after the nth collision,
τn is a time of motion of ball with the speed vn , i.e., the time between collisions Note. In the usual way we check the nontrivial general formula for special
with numbers n and n + 1, then from formulas of uniform motion one can write cases. When n = 0, formula (42) gives t0 = 0, which is completely expected, as the
the following equations: initial touch of ball and plate can be considered as a zero collision. When n → ∞,
formula (42) gives t∞ = L0 /(2u), which coincides with the result from the first
Ln Ln
τn = = , (40) point of problem. When u = 0, formula (42) gives tn = nL0 /v0 , which is entirely
vn + u v0 + 2un + u
Physics. Theoretical competition. Solutions 41 42 XXIII International olympiad "Tuymaada"
expected, since with fixed plates the ball goes through between the collisions the By the Pythagorean theorem v 2 = v2 + v⊥
2
we find the component of particle
same path L0 . velocity along the field:
We will return to an original system of reference. Immediately after an even m2 v 2
collision the ball is near the overtaking plate, which has at this moment a shift v = v 1 − 2 2 2 .
q B R
u1 tn , and immediately after an odd collision the ball is near the other plate, which
is away from the overtaking one by Ln . With the use of modulo operation the shift The given data are consistent, if the radicand is nonnegative, that is, under the
of ball along the direction of movement of plates is written as one formula: condition mv qBR.
2. The circular motion is limited, therefore its contribution to the total
u1 nL0 (v0 − u)L0
xn = u1 tn + Ln · (n mod 2) = + · (n mod 2) = displacement after the large time can be neglected as compared to the displacement
v0 + 2un − u v0 + 2un − u along the field, from which it follows the estimate for the desired shift:
u1 n + (u0 cos ϕ − u1 )(n mod 2)
= L0 · .
u0 cos ϕ − u1 + (u1 − u2 )n m2 v 2
l ≈ v t = vt 1 − 2 2 2 . (45)
The shift of ball in the transverse direction has a form q B R
L0 nu0 sin ϕ 3. In an inertial reference system moving with the speed v along the field, the
yn = v⊥ tn = .
u0 cos ϕ − u1 + (u1 − u2 )n particle moves round the circle of radius r with the constant speed v⊥ and the same
2
An answer to the second question we get according to the Pythagorean theorem: acceleration a, therefore from the formula of centripetal acceleration a = v⊥ /r after
substituting expressions (43) and (44) we find the circle radius:
L0 (u1 n + (u0 cos ϕ − u1 )(n mod 2))2 + n2 u20 sin2 ϕ 2
Sn = x2n + yn2 = . v⊥ mv⊥ m2 v 2
u0 cos ϕ − u1 + (u1 − u2 )n r=
a
=
qB
= 2 2 .
q B R
(46)
Grading system
The approximation used for finding l is correct when l r, from which after
The answer for S∞ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
substituting expressions (45) and (46) we find the criterion of applicability:
The general formula for vn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The general formula for Ln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 −1/2
m2 v m2 v 2
The general formula for τn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 t 1− 2 2 2 .
The general formula for tn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 q B2R
2 q B R
The answer for Sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Note. A simplified criterion «the time is much greater than the period of
Problem 2. Particle in field rotation», leading to a relationship qBt 2πm, is insufficient for an estimation
The charged particle moves in the homogeneous magnetic field in a helix as a of applicability of used approximation, as it does not take into account a ratio of
result of addition of two movements: a motion along the field with a constant velocities: the particle can rotate for a long time, but because of small component v
speed v and a motion in a plane perpendicular to the field in a circle of radius r the particle can almost not be shifted as a result.
with a constant speed v⊥ . 4. For finding L it is necessary to take into account the transverse displacement
1. The particle moves under action of the Lorentz force F = qv⊥ B, therefore of particle. During the time t it will be displaced along the circumference by an
from Newton’s second law F = ma we will express a particle acceleration a: angle ϕ = v⊥ t/r. A chord subtending this arc has a length
qv⊥ B ϕ 2m2 v 2 qB
a= . (43) l⊥ = 2r sin = 2 2 sin t .
m 2 q B R 2m
Substituting the obtained expression into a formula for a centripetal acceleration
By the Pythagorean theorem we find the total displacement:
a = v 2 /R, we will obtain the component of particle velocity perpendicular to the
field:
mv 2 2 2 m2 v 2 2 2
4m4 v 4 2 qB
v⊥ = . (44) L = l + l⊥ = 1 − 2 2 2 v t + 4 4 2 sin t .
qBR q B R q B R 2m
Physics. Theoretical competition. Solutions 43 44 XXIII International olympiad "Tuymaada"
g cos ϕ gϕ cos ϕ
Grading system = · (arctg 0 − arctg(− tg ϕ)) = . (48)
sin ϕ sin ϕ
Understanding of character of particle motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The expression for a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Equating final expressions (47) and (48), we obtain after cancellation of g ctg ϕ
The expression for v⊥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 an equation
The expression for v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1
− 1 = ϕ. (49)
The condition of consistency of given data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 cos ϕ
The approximate expression for l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 This is a transcendental equation, so we can solve it only by numerical methods.
The expression for r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 To determine a number of its solutions in an interval 0 < ϕ < π/2, which is of
The criterion of applicability of approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 interest to us, we will plot in fig. 13 graphs of left (a solid line) and right (a dotted
The expression for l⊥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 line) sides of equation (49).
The exact expression for L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.8
Problem 3. Rearrangement of words
The absolute value of vector of tangential acceleration is responsible for a change 1.6
of speed, therefore for finding its average value it is sufficient to divide the total
change of speed in the course of rise of body to the highest point by a time of rise,
so an average over a time of descent will be the same by virtue of symmetry of 1.4
movement, however, it would be a mistake to apply this logic directly to the whole
flight as the speed nonmonotonically depends on the time, changing a decrease to 1.2
an increase at the highest point of trajectory.
Let v0 be the initial velocity of body, g is the free fall acceleration, then the
time of rise is calculated according a formula T = v0 sin ϕ/g, and the average of 1
has a form From a draft of graph (participants of Olympiad may not use programs for
T T
1 2 1 gdt plotting, therefore, we will not try to determine an answer immediately from the
|an | = |any | = g cos αdt = = graph) it can be seen that the equation has in the interval 0 < ϕ < π/2 the only
T T tg2 α + 1
0 0 root near a point ϕ ≈ 1, that can be found without the graph, if one notices that
T T cos 1 ≈ cos 60◦ = 0.5.
1 gdt v0 cos ϕ gt − v0 sin ϕ
= 2 = · arctg =
T v0 sin ϕ−gt T v0 cos ϕ 0
0 v0 cos ϕ +1
Physics. Theoretical competition. Solutions 45 46 XXIII International olympiad "Tuymaada"
In order to improve the accuracy of obtained estimate ϕ ≈ 1, we will use a Problem 4. Triangular plate
method of successive approximations writing equation (49) in a form of function General formula. At first we will derive a useful general formula
1 F⊥ = σΦ, (52)
ϕn = f (ϕn−1 ) = − 1. (50)
cos ϕn−1
where σ is the surface density of charge of uniformly charged plate, Φ is a flux
Taking as a zero-order approximation ϕ0 = 1, we will find the following: of external electric field (not necessarily homogeneous) through the plate, F⊥ is a
perpendicular to the plate projection of force, acting on the plate from the external
ϕ1 = f (ϕ0 ) ≈ 0.851,
electric field.
ϕ2 = f (ϕ1 ) ≈ 0.517, On a small piece of plate having an area dS and a charge dq = σdS a force
dF⊥ = E⊥ dq acts perpendicular to the plate. An integration of dF⊥ over the whole
ϕ3 = f (ϕ2 ) ≈ 0.150, plate of area S with the use of definition of flux Φ gives the stated formula:
ϕ4 = f (ϕ3 ) ≈ 0.011.
F⊥ = dF⊥ = σ E⊥ dS = σΦ.
It is seen that the sequence more and more moves from the assumed position of
S S
root, so, function (50) was poorly chosen, therefore, we will rewrite equation (49)
in another way: Solution of problem. We will place a test charge q at the point O and write
1 the desired electric field as E = F/q, where F is the force acting on the test charge
ϕn = F (ϕn−1 ) = arccos . (51)
ϕn−1 + 1 from the plate. According to Newton’s third law the same in magnitude force F
Taking as the zero-order approximation ϕ0 = 1, we will find the following: acts on the plate from the test charge. By virtue of system symmetry of rotation by
an angle 2π/3 about an axis passing through the point O and the center of plate,
ϕ1 = F (ϕ0 ) ≈ 1.047, the force F is directed along this axis, from which an equality F = F⊥ follows.
Taking into account formula (52), we obtain an expression
ϕ2 = F (ϕ1 ) ≈ 1.060,
σΦ
ϕ3 = F (ϕ2 ) ≈ 1.064, E= , (53)
q
ϕ4 = F (ϕ3 ) ≈ 1.065,
where Φ is the flux of electric field of test charge through the plate.
ϕ5 = F (ϕ4 ) ≈ 1.065. We will note that the plate and the √
test charge can be placed inside and on a 2
Since the equality ϕ5 = ϕ4 is fulfilled with the sufficient accuracy, the final
answer can be written: surface of the cube as shown in fig. 14. O
Since 8 touching cubes with the common q
ϕ ≈ 1.065 ≈ 61.0◦ .
vertex O completely surround the charge q,
Note. We will note that the result of application of method of successive the flux Φ is 1/8 of total flux Φ0 from the
approximations significantly depends on the selected form of writing the equation √
charge q, which according to Gauss’s √ 2
in the form of function. If the sequence of approximate values tends to the desired theorem has a form Φ0 = q/ε0 . 2
value, then they say that the method converges, but otherwise — that the method A substitution of expression
diverges. It is described in a course of computational mathematics why it happens Φ = q/(8ε0 ) in formula (53) gives the
like this and how to select «correct» functions. final answer:
Grading system σ
The expression for |at | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 E= .
8ε0
The expression for |an | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Fig. 14
The obtainment of zero-order approximation ϕ0 ≈ 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The obtainment of numerical answer ϕ ≈ 1.065 ≈ 61.0◦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Physics. Theoretical competition. Solutions 47 48 XXIII International olympiad "Tuymaada"
Grading system where in writing numerical coefficients it is taken into account that the water
The use of formula E = F/q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....1 vapour is a triatomic gas, but it is not yet taken into account evaporation of water.
The use of formula F = F⊥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....1 From the Mendeleev-Clapeyron equation we will express a mass of vapour and its
The use of formula F⊥ = σΦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....2 change:
The use of formula Φ = Φ0 /8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....2
µPsat V µV
The use of formula Φ0 = q/ε0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....1 m= , ∆m = m (T )∆T =
(T · Psat (T ) − Psat )∆T.
The final answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....3 RT RT 2
We will numerically find the derivative from the previous formula using the table:
Problem 5. Room thermodynamics
Задача A. Let T3 be the temperature of internal side of window, S is an Psat (T + 1 K) − Psat (T − 1 K)
area of window, then an equality of heat fluxes through the glass and through the a = Psat (T ) = = 110 Pa/K.
2K
boundary layer of air has a form
Note. We will note that because of finiteness of ∆x formulas of numerical
T3 − T1 T2 − T3 differentiation
κ1 · S · = κ2 · S · ,
h1 h2
f (x + ∆x) − f (x) f (x) − f (x − ∆x)
from which we obtain an equality f (x) = и f (x) =
∆x ∆x
κ1 κ2
h1 · T1 + h2 · T2 give different results usually lying on opposite sides of the true value, therefore, a
T3 = κ1 κ2 ≈ −10◦C. more precise formula for numerical differentiation is their arithmetic average:
h1 + h2
The vapour will condense on the glass until its pressure will become equal to the 1 f (x + ∆x) − f (x) f (x) − f (x − ∆x) f (x + ∆x) − f (x − ∆x)
f (x) = + = ,
saturated vapour pressure at the temperature of glass. Hence we find the steady 2 ∆x ∆x 2∆x
air humidity in the room:
which we used in the calculation of a. It is described in a course of computational
Psat (T3 ) 286.8 Pa mathematics how to choose an optimal formula for a specific function that is
ϕ= = ≈ 12.3%.
Psat (T1 ) 2338 Pa especially important for higher-order derivatives.
An amount of heat, which is necessary for evaporation, has a form
Problem B. The required ratio we will find according to a
formula x = ∆Q2 /∆Q1 , where ∆Q1 and ∆Q2 are amounts of heat, which µV
∆Q2 = L∆m = (aT − P )∆T.
it is necessary to bring to the dry and maximally humid air, correspondingly, to RT 2
heat by a small temperature ∆T . Let V be a volume of room, ν is an amount
of air in the room, R is the universal gas constant, then with the use of the Using an expression ∆Q2 = ∆Q2 + ∆Q2 , we will obtain the required ratio:
Mendeleev-Clapeyron equation (the ideal gas law) one can write the first law of Pa 6P 2µL
thermodynamics in a form x= + + (aT − P ).
P0 5P0 5RT P0
5 5 P0 V
∆Q1 = νR∆T = · · ∆T. (54) Each term in this formula is associated with a separate effect, therefore, for their
2 2 T
quantitative comparison we will calculate x step-by-step (not forgetting during a
Since the air is maximally humid, we find the vapour pressure P in the table substitution to convert the temperature to kelvins):
given in the problem statement, and a pressure Pa of air is expressed as a partial
pressure: x = 0.983 + 0.0205 + 2.254 ≈ 3.26.
P = Psat (T ) = 1706 Pa, Pa = P0 − P = 98.3 kPa.
Thus, the dry air cools much faster than the humid one.
An expression for the humid air, which is analogous to formula (54), has a form Note. The first two terms add up to 1 with good accuracy, i.e., heat capacities
5 Pa V PV of dry and humid air can be considered almost the same. However, the main effect is
∆Q2 = · · ∆T + 3 · · ∆T, created by the third term responsible for a phase transition, and with an increase of
2 T T
Physics. Theoretical competition. Solutions 49
T the value of a will rise faster, so that at one point it will be possible to altogether
neglect heat input for heating of gas compared with heat input for evaporation of
liquid.
Grading system
The use of the law of heat conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The calculation of T3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The numerical answer for ϕ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The expression for ∆Q1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The calculation of P and Pa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The expression for ∆Q2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The expression for ∆m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The calculation of a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The expression for ∆Q2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The numerical answer for x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1