A&P Summary

Melissa Defrias

Exocytosis: moves substances out of cells.

Endocytosis: Includes those ATP-requiring processes that take up or engulf,

extracellular substances by enclosing them in small membranous vesicle.

Phagacytosis: When the engulfed substances are relatively large particles

such as bacteria or dead body cells the endocytosis process.

Pinocytosis: When the cells can eat, we can also say that they can drink.

Cell life cycle: Series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is
formed until it divides.

Interphase: The cell grows and carries on its usual metabolic activities.

Template: Set of instructions for building a new nucleotide strand.

Mitosis: Division of the nucleus, occurs first.

Cytokinesis: Begins when mitosis is nearly completed.

Because DNA replication has already occurred, each chromosome is actually

made up of two strands, each called a chromatid.

Held together by a small button-like body called a centromere.

The centrioles separate from each other and begin to move toward opposite
sides of the cell directing the assembly of the mitotic spindle between them
as they move.

Metaphase: When the chromosomes cluster and become aligned at the

center of the spindle midway between the centrioles so that a straight line of
chromosomes is seen.

Anaphase: When the centromeres that have held the chromatids together
split, and the chromatids begin to move slowly apart, toward opposite ends of
the cell.

Telophase: Essentially prophase in reverse.

Cytokinesis: Usually begins during late anaphase and completes during

telophase.

Due to the activity of a contractile ring made of microfilaments, a cleavage

furrow appears over the midline of the spindle, and it eventually squeezes or
pinches the original cytoplasmic mass into two parts.

A gene is a DNA segment that carries the information for building one protein
or polypeptide chain.

All enzymes, biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the cells,
are functional proteins.

Transfer RNA molecules: Small cloverleaf-shaped molecules.

Ribosomal RNA: Helps form the ribosomes, where proteins are built.

Messenger RNA molecules: Long, single nucleotide strands that resemble half
of a DNA molecule and carry the "message" containing instructions for
protein synthesis from the DNA gene in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the
cytoplasm.

Transcription: Involves the transfer of information from DNA's base sequence

into the complementary base sequence of mRNA.

Triplet: The corresponding three-base sequences on mRNA are called codons.

Translation phase: The language of nucleic acids is "translated" into the

language of proteins.

Anticodon: Bind the complementary codons.