Objectives

1. To determine the coefficient of discharge of Venturi tube.

2. To determine the coefficient of discharge of Orifice plate.

Theoretical Background

1. Tubular steel frame with suction pads 6. Adjustable measurement system

2. Back wall 7. Measurement object – flow measurement

3. Ball cocks for shutting of part sections 8. Measurement object – shut-off devices

4. Annular chambers with pressure tapping nipple 9. Inlet (concealed)

5. Double pressure gauge 10. Drain

1 to 6 measurement system
Bernoulli's equation (with no loss assumption) :

+ + = + +

= (continuity equation)

= (pressure head at 1)

= (pressure head at 2)
= (horizontal flow)

=
Theoretical Discharge

Qtheoritical = =

Equation 1 shows that the theoretical discharge(volume flow rate) through Venturi Tube or Orifice Plate can be
determined if we know the inlet and the throat area and the difference of manometer level between the inlet and
the throat of the Venturi Tube or Orifice Plate.

Actual Discharge

Qactual=Cd Qtheoretical
where Cd is coefficient of discharge.

The actual discharge is obtained by measuring directly the quantity of flowing water per second.

Experimental Procedures
1. Venturi tube :
 inlet diameter, d1 = 28.4 mm
 throat diameter, d2 = 14.0 mm
2. Orifice plate :
 inlet diameter, d1 = 18.4 mm
 throat diameter, d2 = 14.0 mm

Part A

1. The inlet and throat diameters of the Venturi tube was recorded.
2. Venturi tube was fixed into section 6 as shown in Figure 1.
3. All valves were closed except that let water flow fro and to tank.
4. Manometer hoses connected to the pressure tapping point.
5. Pump was switched on. Air bubble was removed.
6. Valve on left side of Venturi tube was adjusted to a certain position.
7. Value of h1 and h2 was measured and recorded.
8. Actual volume flow rate(Qactual) was measured and recorded.
9. Steps 6-8 was repeated for 5 values of Qactual.

Part B

1. The inlet and throat diameters of the Orifice plate was recorded.
2. Orifice plate was fixed into section 6 as shown in Figure 1.
3. All valves were closed except that let water flow fro and to tank.
4. Manometer hoses connected to the pressure tapping point.
5. Pump was switched on. Air bubble was removed.
6. Valve on left side of Orifice plate was adjusted to a certain position.
7. Value of h1 and h2 was measured and recorded.
8. Actual volume flow rate(Qactual) was measured and recorded.
9. Steps 6-8 was repeated for 5 values of Qactual.
Sample Calculation

For Venturi Tube :

For inlet cross-sectional area, A1 :

A1 =
A1 = ( 0.0284 ÷ 2 )2
A1 = 6.3347 x 10-4 m2

For throat cross-sectional area, A2

A2 =
A2 = ( 0.014 ÷ 2 )2
A2 = 1.539 x 10-4 m2

For area ratio,

= 4.116

For discharge, Qactual,

Qactual = volume measured (litres) ÷ time observed (s)

For volume measured = 4 litre, time observed = 33.09,

Qactual = 4 ÷ 33.09
Qactual = 0.12 litres/s ÷ 1000
Qactual = 0.12 × 10-3 m3/s

The other values for Qactual is calculated and tabulated.

For discharge, Qtheoretical,

Qtheoretical = A1v1 = A1

For volume measured = 4 litre, time observed = 33.09, g = 9.81m/s2,

(h1 – h2) = 0.02m,
Qtheoretical = 0.03 × 10-3 m3/s

The other values for Qtheoretical is calculated and tabulated.

For gradient of the graph,

gradient = coefficient of discharge, Cd,
Cd =
Cd = 0.09

For Orifice Plate :

For inlet cross-sectional area, A1,

A1 =
A1 = ( 0.0185 ÷ 2 )2
A1 = 0.2688 × 10-3

For throat cross-sectional area, A2

A2 =
A2 = ( 0.014 ÷ 2 )2
A2 = 0.1539 x 10-3

For area ratio,

= 1.747

For discharge, Qactual,

Qactual = volume measured (litres) ÷ time observed (s)

For volume measured = 4 litre, time observed = 10.65s,

Qactual = 4 ÷ 10.65
Qactual = 0.38 litres/s ÷ 1000
Qactual = 1.305 × 10-3 m3/s

The other values for Qactual is calculated and tabulated.

For discharge, Qtheoretical,

Qtheoretical = A1v1 = A1

For volume measured = 5 litre, time observed = 38.31s, g = 9.81m/s2,

(h1 – h2) = 0.016 m,
Qtheoretical = 0.11 × 10-3 m3/s

The other values for Qtheoretical is calculated and tabulated.

For gradient of the graph,

gradient = coefficient of discharge, Cd,

Cd =
Cd = 4
Curves

Flow Through Venturi Tube

0.6

0.5
Q(actual) x10-3

0.4

0.3 Series1

0.2

0.1

0
0.03 0.1 0.14 0.17 0.19
Q(theoritical) x10-3

Flow Throuh Orifice Plate

0.6

0.5
Q(actual) x10-3

0.4

0.3 Series1

0.2

0.1

0
0.11 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.19
Q(theoritical) x10-3
References

 Essential of Fluid Mechanics : Fundamental and Applications

John M. Cimbala & Yunus A. Cengel

 http://www.pipeflowcalculations.com/venturi/index.htm

 http://www.lmnoeng.com/venturi.htm

 http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/orifice-nozzle-venturi-d_590.html