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A mass on a spring is an example
of periodic motion.
In the absence of friction and
F = ‐ kx
drag forces, it oscillates between
its release point and a point note: minus sign just tells us that the
equally far from equilibrium.
ll f f ilib i f
force opposes the displacement
h d l
This is called simple harmonic
motion. The restoring force has
the simplest possible form: Best Ignored
Use your physics intuition!
Force constant “k” Example:
A 0.5102 kg mass hangs
• Tells us how “stiff” the spring is. from a spring and is unstretched
length
found to stretch the
• Stiff spring ⇒ large k spring by 0.25 m from its
unstretched length. equilibrium
position
1
d2 x d2 x k
Big point: N2: F = ma = m = −kx + x=0
dt 2 dt 2 m
The period T (or frequency f) of an oscillator is Assume
related only to the stiffness k of the restoring k
solution: x(t) = A cos(ωt + φ) with ω=
force and to the inertia m of the system. m
It does not tell you anything about how the dx(t)
system got started and is independent of the = −ωA sin(ωt + φ)
amplitude A. dt
d2 x(t) k
= −ω2 A cos(ωt + φ) = −ω2 x(t) = − x(t)
How do we know this? Let’s check it out! dt2 m
d2 x d2 x k
N2: F = ma = m = −kx + x=0 What we find:
dt 2 dt 2 m
Assume
solution: x(t) = A cos(ωt + φ) with ω=
k Period: T = 2π m
m
k
(I d
(Independent of amplitude)
d f li d )
d2 x(t) k
+ x(t) = 0 harmonic oscillator
dt2 m 1
Frequency: f = 1/ T = k
k 1 k m 2π m
= ω = 2πf ⇒ f = and T = 2π (natural frequency)
m 2π m k
m Energy of Simple Harmonic Motion
Problem: T = 2π
k Potential energy of a spring:
A 2.00 kg block hangs from a spring and oscillates with
a period T=1.00 s. What mass of block, hung from the
same spring, would have a period of T=2.00 s? Elastic forces are conservative, therefore, the
total mechanical energy is conserved.
It is easiest to calculate the total energy at the
endpoints of motion, where the kinetic energy is
zero and the energy is all potential energy.
2
Simple Harmonic Motion Simple Harmonic Motion
The total energy of an object in simple harmonic This allows us to calculate the velocity as a function
motion is directly proportional to the square of the of position:
amplitude of the object’s displacement.
½ kA2 = ½ kx2 + ½ mv2 .....
and the maximum velocity (at x = 0):
Simple Harmonic Motion Equations of Motion
An equation of motion gives the position of an object
The energy varies from being completely kinetic to
as a function of time.
completely potential, and back again.
Simple harmonic motion can be represented as a
component of uniform circular motion: (xl demo)