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Æat the beginning of this lecture there was a discussion between
doctor Ashraf and the students about the time of dental lab exam
whether it will be at the same week of the theoretical exam or the
following week !unfortunately there has been no agreement
Àthen the doctor delegate our CR to solve this problem !
Æ~ ~~ ~
A) the slides for this lectur in the file of "Morphology of premolar"
and we will cover the slides from 11 to 34
B) while u are studying this lecture plz refer to "lower prem olar"
and" upper premolar" videos in dental CD ,actually will be helpful
x
This is the tooth seen from mesial aspects we can see 2 cusps notice
these 2 cusps are unequal size, Bigger cusp is the buccal cusp and
smaller is the lingual but the amount of this difference between these
two cusps isn͛t that big.
The amount of difference between the two cusps in the mandibular first
premolar is huge. Ok?
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And this actually by itself is a type trait because in the maxillary 2 nd
premolar , the 2 cusps are of equal in size and prominence, the maxillary
2nd premolar has 2 cusps (bekono nafs el6ool w nafs el7ajem) but the
first premolar (bekoon el buccal akbar $wai ) .so difference between the
size of 2 cusps by itself is a "type trait"
This is a triangular ridge of the buccal cusp, and the triangular ridge of
the lingual cusp, they meet in a straight line we call it mesial edge; we
call it the transverse ridge.
Triangular ridge inclined as 40 degree (this triangular ridge and this one
is inclined at 40 ok)
From the occlusal plane, and they meet at front angel
Triangular ridges of the buccal and lingual cusp , (actually the doctor said
that the triangular ridges inclined at 40 degree but in the slide u will find
45 ,so take 45 not 40 coz when 2 triangular ridges meet they meet at
front angle which is 90 as he said )
The mesial marginal ridge is prominent (this is the mesial margin ridge ʹ
it is prominent ok?)
And we have groove that runs through this ridge, this groove runs just
lingual to the mid portion. <Go to the middle distance then slightly
lingual and u will see a groove as the doctor said >, this groove does not
run exactly in the mid portion of the marginal ridge but it is slightly
lingual.
This groove is important and we call it mesial marginal ridge groove and the
presence of this groove is important in distinguishing this tooth. Because
this groove is not present in any other premolars. So if you see any other
premolar, if you see the marginal ridge ʹyou see a groove crossing the
marginal ridge, this is a maxillary first pre molar because this feature is
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missing in maxillary 2 nd premolar and also missing in mandibular
premolars. Ok?
The buccal (HOC) is within the cervical third and from this buccal max of
contour we see a slight lingually inclination calls a cusp itlit (not sure).
The lingual outline is convex not a straight line like this one, and
The cervical line is convex towards the occlusive part of the tooth.
From the mesial aspect also we see an important feature which is called
the mesial interradiculer groove.
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!
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This proves that canine form after the first premolar
canine !"#after the premolar alright?
Again:-
Because of the bulging of the distoincisal angel of the canine this actually
produces a groove on the root which is located distal to this canine
which is the maxillary first premolar ʹ we call it canine fossa.
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This canine fossa is also called mesio intterredicular groove, it starts
from the area of bifurcation of the roofs +)* $%& &'(And goes
up until reaches the cervical line and also it proceeds along the crown to
reach (ta8reban ) just the area under the contact point .
If you grab of any premolar ʹ if you see this groove ʹ and particularly
you see that the groove passes also within the crown ʹ this means that is
a maxillary first premolar.
Continuing to Slide # 12
The occlusal table is centered over the root trunk, what we mean by
occlusal table ?
It means occulsal surface ,the area enclose between cusps tips of any
tooth.
The area between cusp tips and the marginal ridges we call it occlusal
table. The occlusal table of this tooth is perpendicular ok!
Is perpendicular to long axis of the tooth ,this is the long axis of the
tooth and( this is the occlusal area) notice that the occlusal area is
centered over the long axis of the tooth ok! Or cantered over the root
trunk
We said that root trunk is the area of the root before bifurcation -
%* )* .%&( this area of the root we call it root trunk ok!
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Mandibuler premolar because Ý e crown ÝilÝed lingually ,Ý aÝs w y Ý e
occlusal Ýable isnÝ orizonÝal iÝ slig Ýly inclined so iÝ isnÝ cenÝral over
Ý e Ýrun of Ý e rooÝ o !
XPage
In all teeth :
The mesial marginal ridge is higher than the distal marginal ridge this the
mesial and this is the distal that͛s why if u look to the tooth from distal
view u will see 5 of occlusal surface
The tooth from occlusal aspect this is how the tooth looks like, it is
hexagonal in shape , and it is type trait because the look or view of the
maxillary second premolar is generally more rounded ,here we see
angels. the buccaly profile is inverted( 7arf v alma8loob) ,we have sharp
mesobuccal and distobuccal angle , but notice that the lingual angels
are very rounded , can u see that !. The mesial and distal outlines are
converted lingually.note that the mesial and distal outlines they are not
parallel they tend to be con verted lingual,this means that the
It is v shaped .
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The doctor pointed at( tip of buccal cusp and, the mesial ridge, the
margins ridge , casting of the lingual cusp, the distal marginal ridge and
the ridge of the buccal cusp),so this area is called the occlusal table.
The occlusal table is formed by cusps and marginal ridges .the apex of
the lingual cusps is mesial to the midline notice that the tip of the lingual
cusp it isn͛t exactly in the center of the grind tips because slightly
mesially( ma betkoon belwasat tamamn)
Slide # 15
The triangular ridges, the buccal and lingual triangles ridges or the
triangles ridges of the buccal and lingual cusp are making straight
From mesial pit we have 2 groove s at the each margin of marginal ridge
, for example :the groove goes mesialy and buccally called the
mesiobuccally margin ridge groove ,another disto buccal , and also the
disto lingual , so according to the ridge where t he groove goes we call
this grooved(mnsame el grooves 7asab eletajeh yalle btmtad feh ) .
Accordingly all these are developmental groove not sublimental groove
ok !
Mmm the mesial also we have what we called fossa. Between the
mesial marginal ridge and the transverse ridge we have depression ,this
is called the mesio triangular fossa and the distal triangular fossa
At the tip of this fossa we have the tip , the mesial tip and the distal tip .
Mesial marginal ridge is shorter that the distal marginal ridge and it is
interrupted by the marginal ridge groove as we discussed.
º
slide #16
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T e pulp of Ý is ÝooÝ , Ý is ÝooÝ , Ý is is ow we see Ý e ÝooÝ in
buccolingual secÝion , we see Ýwo pulp orns, one is Ýaller Ý an Ý e
oÝ er , and we see 2 rooÝs Can u see one rooÝ , yes Ý ere is possibiliÝy
of seeing one rooÝ canal in Ý is ÝooÝ buÝ generally 90% of people do
ave 2 rooÝ canals w en u ma e ÝreaÝmenÝ for Ý is ÝooÝ remember
Ý aÝ Ý ere is 10% of aving one rooÝ
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buccal view and Ý is is evidenÝ from Ý e occlusal view ,see Ý e size of Ý e
lingual cusp eual Ýo Ý e size of buccal cusp Ý aÝs w y Ý e mesial and
disÝal profile are parallel buÝ in Ý e maillary firsÝ premolar Ý ese profiles
are converÝed lingually
Molar ,we ave some differences in Ý e size beÝween Ý ese Ýwo cusps
,we also donÝ see concaviÝy on Ý e Ýrun
DisÝal aspecÝ :
NoÝ for Ý e ma
illary second premolar)
mesial aspecÝ very similar Ýo lingual and buccal ,buÝ Ý e( lingual and
buccal)cusps e ual in eig Ý as we discussed Ýo be onesÝ , am
confused ere abouÝ w aÝ docÝor said sorry !
Occlusal aspecÝ # 19 :
c P a g e
IÝ is ovoid noÝ eagonal w y because Ý ey donÝ
IÝ is ovoid in s ape
Less convergence of mesial and disÝal ouÝlines ,in facÝ Ý e mesial and
and disÝal ouÝlines are parallel w y because Ý e buccal cusp is very
nearly e ual Ýo Ý e lingual cusp in mesiodisÝal web more rounded
mesibuccal and disÝobuccal corners Ý ese forms are rounded noÝ very
bulgy and prominenÝ
cc P a g e
Second premolar he find 3 canals so there are some
xceptions! Actually 90 single canal of one tooth .these are the
differences that we call a "type trait" between maxillary first
premolar and second premolar.
Æ
~ Æ
Now we come to mandibular first premolar ,from the buccal aspect, the
mandibular first premolar has long pointed buccal cusp in the occlusal
profile ok ! Can u see very pointed ,it looks like a canine m$ heek ?
The mesial cusp ridge is shorter than the distal cusp ridge which is also
similar to the canine.
The cusp tip is little mesial to the tooth midline ,if u make a midl ine from
the tooth ,the cusp will be slightly mesially to this midline .
HOCs are at the same level and they are located just occlusal to the half
way of the crown (da2mn ya jama3a 8a3edeh the HOCs) of the
mandiblular teeth are higher than the HOCs for the maxillary teeth.
Always the mandibular teeth (el size taba3ha) straight and the HOCs are
nearer to the cusps and incisal edges, this is true for canine and
premolars but not accurate about the molars alright!
The mesial & distal profiles are marked converging can u see ! The tooth
is wide ok ! so these 2 sides converge gingivally or cirvically.
Buccal ridge and depression are also evident ,the buccal ridges, and 2
depressions .the root is conical with pointed apex .
c] P a g e
Ælingual aspect Æ
From the lingual aspect ,this tooth looks different doesn͛t look
Between the buccal cusp & lingual cusp (fe fa r8 kbeer bel 7ajem
benathom) that͛s why many students think that: this tooth
but this small cusp (pointed to the cusp )occupies 2/3 of the crown so
this isn͛t a cingulum this is a cusp !
the buccal profile & the occlusal surface is visible why? because the
lingual cusp is very small so we can see all the teeth occlusal surfaces
and buccal profile.
The occlusal surface and the buccal triangular ridge and the marginal
ridges they all tilt (not sure) lingually and cervically .(ya3nee , the crown
of this tooth is tilted lingually that͛s why if u look to the tooth lingually u
can see all the features are tilted cervically and lingually ok!
The buccal triangular ridge crosses the mid portion of the occlusal
surface (because we have 2 cups of unequal size ,the triangular ridge of
the buccal cusps is much much longer than the triangular ridge of the
lingual cusp ,that͛s why it is crosses the midline of the tooth ok !
Lingual cusp is minor elevation in height and pointed cone in shape ,it
may be centric or eccentric (sho ya3nee eccentric?)ya3nee may be it is
centered exactly ,for sometimes the tip of this cusp may be centric
(ya3nee ray7a la jeha mn eljehat )ok!
c P a g e
Root is narrower from lingual aspect and has a blunt apex ,(always root
lingually narrower than buccaly).
Think that this is a canine why? They think that the cusp is
The occlusal plane tilted lingually ,it seems that the crown is tilted
lingually that͛s why the long axis of the crown (goes in this way and the
long axis of the tooth on this way pointed to the picture) so the long axis
of the root and the long axis of the crown aren͛t in a straight line they
make an angle ,this is very important in cavity preparati on (lazem el
cavity tkoon 3ala el long axis of the crown ya3nee bdak t3mal cavity
lazem tkoon mayleh m3 mayalan el crown )
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:D
All the time we have to go to the long axis of the crown NOT to the long
axis of the root (offfffff kteer 3adha !)
Transverse ridge existed between two triangular ridges of two cusps but
notice that the triangular ridges of buccal cusp is much longer than that
of lingual cusp and that͛s why if u draw a line through a center of the
root ,this line will not pass through these 2 cusps
c¦ P a g e
If u draw a line in the middle root it will not pass through 2 cusps it will
pass through the tip of buccal cusps ok! Because the tilty of the crown
and because the differences in size between 2 cusps .
mesiolingual groove ,notice that because of the lingual tilty of the crown
and the marginal ridge is also tilty and the marginal ridge meets with the
mesial cusp at a groove called MLg
(bekawen) MLG ,this isn͛t marginal ridge groove because this groove
doesn͛t cross the marginal ridge instead cross the end (nehayet )el
marginal ridge from the lingual side.
MLG is specific for this tooth ok ! MLG again it isn͛t a groove that cross
the marginal ridge that͛s why it doesn͛t call the marginal ridge groove
instead it is a groove between the end of marginal ridge and mesial cusp
of the lingual cusp so it is called mesiolingually groove and this is specific
for the mandibular first premolar ok! so the MLG between the marginal
ridge and mesio lingual cusp ridge ok! This is a type trait because for the
mandibular second premolar doesn t exist . this is very important in
differentiating between maxillary second and mandibular first premolar.
Because of this groove and the tilty of the marginal ridge the distal
marginal ridge is higher than the mesial marginal ridge ,we previously
said that all the time the mesial marginal ridge is higher than the distal
marginal ridge with one exception ,the mandibular first premolar ok !
Lingual profile is straight as u see and then convex up to the cusp tip .the
buccual convexity is between the cervical third and the middle third of
the crown .the tip of the lingual cusp is in line with the outline of the
root .ya3nee if u want to draw the outline of the root btkamlo m3 el
outline why ? Because the cusp is very small,but the tilt of buccal cusp is
inlined with the long axis of the tooth. .the lingual HOCs is within
occlusal 1/3 ,the buccal HOCs between the cervical third and middle
third .theses in contact area is in lined with the apex of buccal cusp.
cö P a g e
Under the cusp mesial area it is an area (mesial contact area) with this
tooth comes in contact with which one ?(meen bekoon 8ablo )?
Canine yat8a6a3 with this tooth in the contact area ,this contact area
aren͛t between cusps just below the buccal cusp ok !
But in posterior teeth we said that the contact area will be between two
cusps (buccal ,lingual fbetkon bel wasa6 ) alright !
Ædistal aspectÆ
The DMR is more prominent and not tilted lingually , more horizontally.
NO distal lingual groove like the mesiolingual groove that seen mesially
.the contact area is more extensive .
Why the contact area is more extensive ?this distal surface is in contact
with the second premolar (the second premolar wider than canine )
x
slide # 26
Æocclusal aspect Æ
From occlusal aspect we can see a very very small lingual cusp
It Is diamond in shape.
Inverted v shaped buccal profile ,mesial and distal profile they converge
lingually that͛s why lingually is convex but buccaly is less convex .
Distal profile is more convex , can u see? than the mesial profile ,lingual
profile is half of length of buccal profile ya3nee lingual profile is very
small just 1/2 the distance of buccal profile .
cX P a g e
2/3 of buccal surface can be visible because the crown of this teeth is
tilted lingually ,when u look at this teeth u will see 5 surfaces that͛s why
almost 1/2(yalle mnshofo 3ebara 3an)buccal surface .
The occlusal table is triangular ok ! the tip of buccal cusp is in the midline
of the crown (beno9 el crown ).mesiolingual cusp ridge with marginal
ridge is straight ok ! it is interrupted by the mesial (mesolingual groove
yalle 7akena 3ano )ok !we don͛t have a groove in the distal aspect .
The mesial marginal ridge is shorter and less prominent than the distal
marginal ridge and also we have this mesolingual groove that marks the
mesial area of the groove.
(slide # 28)
From the buccal aspect it is very similar to The mandibular first premolar
co P a g e
But from the lingual aspect the cusp of the lingual side are bigger than
Also :
Often we see 2 cusps ,we see mesiolingual and distolingual cusps .can u
see one cusp ?yes ,what is the percentage of seeing 2 cusps for this
tooth?60 ,what is the possibility of seeing 1 lingual cusp ? 40
*
(
BUT HOW ;)
By looking at the two lingual cusps ,the biggeris the one located at the
mesial side and the smaller on at the distal side so as simple as that À
This is actually the tooth seeing from the side of mesial aspect ,
c P a g e
NoÝice Ý aÝ iÝ is muc ig er Ý an Ý e lingual cusps of firsÝ premolar
because of Ý e occlusal surface isnÝ ÝilÝy perpendicular alrig Ý !
c
P a g e
The buccal ridge is less prominent ok !the buccal ridge is less prominent
than the buccal ridges of the mandibular first premolar and this is a
Mesial and distal marginal ridges are equal in length not like the case in
mandibular first premolar they weren͛t equal in length and also not
equal in prominent and heights!
The root pattern is y shape ,we have central pit ,mesial pit and distal pit
Mesial and distal triangular fosses are also visible ,each contain the pits
and we have the marginal ridge groove .
Remember when we have 2 cusps for this groove , 40 of the cases , in
this case we will not able to see the y shape profile ,very similar to any
premolar (ma ra7 ykoon $akloo mtel y )because it does n͛t have 2 cusps
lingually just straight groove (laken bs ykoon 2 cusps bekoon fe groove
benathom !)
(slide # 33)
Biggest or the highest pulp horn is the buccal pulp horn followed by the
mesiolingual followed by the distolingual because the level of
prominence of pulp horns follows the prominence of cusp ok !
Often we can see 2 canals in this tooth and the percentage is 30 , and
these are the differences "type trait" between the mandibular first and
mandibular second premolar .
Slide # 34
] P a g e
finally ,we have to discuss what we call the curve of occlusion
hala2 we have something called curve of spee ,cu rve of Wilson ,sphere
of monsoon ,I will leave these( w mna5dhom m3 el molars la 7ata
testaw3ebohom)!w la hoon bekoon el emte7an el curvs of occlusion m$
da5leen ,break 5 minutes ba3deen mn$ofkoom bel oral physiology !!!
*2* 8A5*
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