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TYPICAL F A T T Y ACIDS
The approximate composition and value shown are typical of more
than 50 different types of acids available to meet the requirements
of users. As illustrative examples, they are not intended to describe
nor encompass products of individual manufacturers.
For complete product information necessary to serve as a basis
of purchase, consult your regular source of supply.
A +
9
k! I-
L %
2Z 3 Zi c
V LU
ln a 2
s
LU
= !=> 3
u
>
82 Lu
e n
- 2
-
a I-
u n
C - atoms 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 18 18 18
----- a -
0
Double Bonds 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3
5% 207- 3.0-
HIGH PALMITIC 75 20 5 56 215 5.0
7.
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4
Fatty acids and their chemical deriva- chemical structures of fats are built up.+:"
tives have a place in almost every phase These fatty chemical structures mayybe
of modem living. They add wanted of vegetable or animal origin, each with
qualities to foods, pharmaceutica1s;~as~.characteristic properties fx$6cting its
metics, and other personal products:They particular source. whe6:iised for nour-
improve the performance of paints, plas- ishment, fatsJarceene;ally consumed
tics, lubricants, textiles, and rubber prod- with9tGch$mic'al change but, industrial-
ucts. Because their function'is mainly;p;&j@Be'raw fats are only at the beginning
modify other well known materials, they ..of the series of chemical processes needed
are generally unknown to the ultimate - t o extend their usefulness into many
user. Yet the "spread of a margarine or fields.
the "slip" of a shoe-polish may originate Nature's chemistry generates mixed
with fatty acids. combinations of fatty components - in-
The production and use of fatty acids cluding high-value and low-value con-
is a clear-cut chemical partnership be- stituents. To obtain the best utility, these
tween Nature and man. Initial chemical must then be separated and purified to
synthesis takes place in the fields and various degrees, and offered as products
farms and forests where the chain-like of uniform composition and predictable
b
110 -
100 .
T:
chemical reactivity, are determined and the original method for separating the !
controlled by the acids chosen for use. acid from the glyceride. Although the
The complex natural chemistry which principle of high-pressure hydrolysis to I
created the fatty acid chain in the fat is split the fatty acid-glyceride molecule I
utilized and given greater applicability was explored as early as 1854, there were
to closely controlled chemical processes. then no corrosion-resistant construction
As compared to pure synthesis, this saves materials to make such a process prac-
31 money for the user and benefits our
whole economy.
tical. Development of the Twitchell Pro-
cess (see page 6 ) and the modern con-
For example, giving higher use-value tinuous high-pressure splitting methods,
'b4 to what would otherwise be an unwanted not only opened the way to large-scale
$1,' by-product of meat or edible oil permits production, but widened the range of
B
a higher total return to the producer of practical source materials.
the fat-containing farm product. If new Top grades of tallow and whole oils,
/markets are to be found for this class of such as coconut oil, offer a starting point
agricultural surpluses, then fat-splitting- for fatty acids with a quality appropriate
@ followed by separation and purification
is the most likely route to new chemical
for food or fine toiletries. However, the
economies of upgrading other available
derivatives. materials by more thorough processing
I
has been highly important in broadening
the industry's base.
With the growth of the vegetable oil !
industry, by-products of the refining of i
these oils for edible use became avail-
1
able, opening up a source of fatty acids
with a wide range of characteristics. I
200
100
..........*
50
1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963
Batch-Type Splitting
Heat and pressure alone (500" F.-
725 psi), in the presence of water, will l
produce the hydrolysis or "split". How-
ever, catalysts have been widely em-
ployed and are essential to splitting at
$"k@"
CP~E:
+da
,
THE SPLIT
atmospheric pressures. The most com-
mon reagent for this purpose is the basis
of the Twitchell Process, which was the
~ 1 " ~
dominant method of fat splitting up to
World War 11. Acid-washed fat, diluted
THAT OPENS with 25-5Wo water, is steam-boiled in
open vessels for 24 to 36 hours, in the
presence of about 1%of an aromatic
sulphonic acid (Twitchell reagent). In
its modem application, the process is
usually carried on in 2 to 4 stages.
Autoclave splitting is favored by some
producers. Constructed of modem, cor-
rosion-resistant metals, these high pres-
sure splitting cylinders produce light-
colored acids and a high grade of gly-
cerine.
The hydrolysis of a fat into a fatty acid
and glycerine is simple in its basic chem-
ical representation.
LAURIC
CH2-OH R-COOH
+3H20+ CH-OH +Al-COOH
CH,!OH R,-COOH
fatty
fat (tri-glyceride) glycerine
acids
STEARIC
Actually, the fatty acid radicals ( R )
present in a natural fat are mixed within
the tri-glyceride structure, so that vari-
ous combinations, differing in composi-
tion and in position are formed from R,
R1, and Rg radicals in the formula shown OLEIC
above. Ordinarily, there will be a physi-
cal mixture of different tri-glycerides in
the natural fat as well. Some typical fatty
acid radicals common in commercial
products are shown in Fig. 2.
LINOLEIC
The practical effect of the "split" thus
is always to produce a mixed group of
acids, varying - 1) in chain length, 2)
in the number of. double bonds, 3) in the
position of the double bonds, and some-
times 4 ) in the mode of juncture of the Fig. 2
two portions of the molecule on either
side of the double bond.
Continuous High-Pressure Splitting
Continuous hydrolysis is carried on in SEPARATION
a tower structure in which finely dis-
persed water flows downward while hot
fats are charged at the bottom of the PROCESSES
column, and pass up and out the top as
fatty acids. This is the fundamental con-
tinuous splitting principle which is em-
THAT YIELD
ployed as an initial step in continuous
soap-making and which is now used by
most fatty acid producers. Steam heating
SPECIFICATION
is applied at critical levels in the tower,
and pressures of some 725 psi are em-
ployed. Rapid removal of the acids from
the tower, once they are hydrolized, is ' .
an important quality factor. Two functions are essential to convert
Normally, no catalyst is employed ands the output of the splitting process to
a contact time of 3 to 5 hours or less is commercial products favored for a par-
sufficient to produce a 97-99% split. . ticular use: 1) Purification - removing
The key to economical operation is the from the fatty acids the non-volatile con-
highly developed thermal efficiency of stituents, unhydrolized oil, color bearing
the "splitter" and other integrated parts bodies, etc.; and 2 ) Separation - dividing
of the complete process. The key to the up the mixture of acids on the basis of
quality and color of the acids produced chain length, saturation or some other
is the extensive use of stainless steel and factor of significance to the user.
other non-corrosive metals throughout Distillation under vacuum, either batch
the processing equipment. Operating or continuous, is widely employed for
flexibility results from automatic process purification. Stripping distillation, for
control and centralized instrumentation. example, is usually practical in connec-
Towers now in operation range in tion with separation by direct-pressing.
throughput from three to five thousand Stripping distillation permits the removal
pounds per hour. of undesirable non-fatty components.
Various other splitting methods differ- With continuous operation at high vacu-
ing in their mechanics are also employed. um and relatively low temperatures, the
Essentially, however, they all provide a fatty acids are not exposed to extreme
mixed group of acids whose composition heat, thereby reducing the development
is determined by the original fat charge of decomposition products which are
and whose output is subsequently dis- sometimes responsible for instability and
tilled or otherwise separated to provide odor.
the desired commercial products or Distillation is sometimes, but not uni-
fractions. versally, employed for the separation
step. Fractional distillation serves to
separate materials of different boiling
points which do not form constant boil-
ing mixtures. I t is effective in separating
fatty acids from rosin acids when tall
oil is the source.
Separation by Pressing
The original separation process for
tallow-based fatty acids takes advantage
of the appreciable difference in titer (or
melting point) between the saturated
. .<
stearic-palmitic portion and the unsatu-
rated oleic-linoleic acid portion. After returned to the system. The solid acids
distillation, the mixed acids are cooled are dhcharged from the still ready to be
to about 40" F. and partial solidfication finished and packaged as commercial
takes place. A "pressing" of the cakes so stearic acid.
formed removes the entrapped liquids. The filtrate containing the liquid acids
By two or three subsequent melting- is passed through a heat exchanger to a
cooling-pressing cycles, followed by a solvent recovery still. The discharged
bleaching operation, a commercial ste- liquid acids from the still are ready for
aric acid fraction of high purity is ob- finishing and packaging into commercial
tained. oleic acid.
A characteristic crystal structure de-
velops as the stearic-palmitic product is Fractional Distillation
slowly pan cooled. This structure in Used alone or in combination with
cakes of commercial stearic acid (55 pal- other methods, fractional distillation has
mitic-45 stearic) is regarded by some as particular application where useful sepa-
a guide to product quality. ration can be made of acids of different
Because of the poor crystallinity of boiling points. Temperatures in the 400-
mixtures substantially higher or lower in 450" F. range are normally employed at
stearic acid content, separation by press- pressures as low as 2mm. Hg.
ing is practical only for animal fatty Coconut oil fatty acids, for example,
acids with this particular ratio of com- are successfully separated by fractiona-
position. tion to provide the individual acids, such
as caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, pal-
Solvent Crystallization mitic, stearic, etc. at a purity of 90% or
More recently, continuous-process frac- more.
tional crystallization, using a solvent such In certain mixtures of acids, such as
as methanol, has put this separation on those derived from fish oil, the unsatu-
a more economical large-scale basis. The rated components generally consist of
methanol solution of the fatty acids is somewhat longer chains ( C ~ O , than
C82)
pumped continuously through a multi- the saturated portion. Thus, vacuum dis-
tubular crystallizer fitted with agitator tillation provides effective separation
scraper blades and cooled to about and provides a product with highly de-
-15°C. Cooling is accomplished by cir- sirable "drying" properties, as indicated
culating refrigerated methanol through by a high "iodine value." (See page 15). -,
the jackets of the crystallizer tubes. Dur- Vegetable oil fatty acids, such as cot-
ing chilling the solid fatty acids crystal- tonseed and soybean, also respond to
lize from the solvent solution to form a fractional distillation, as the linoleic and
slurry which is fed to a rotary vacuum other unsaturated acids have a some-
filter. The solid acids filter to form a cake what higher boiling point than the pal-
which is continuously washed with fresh mitic acid present. Highly efficient con-
90 per cent ,methanol and then dis- tinuous fractionating stills are employed.
charged from the filter. This filter cake In addition to fractional distillation of
containing approximately 40 to 60 per the acids themselves, certain derivatives
cent methanol is melted and pumped to such as methyl esters may be distilled to
a solvent recovery still in which the sol- provide individual fractions of high pur-
vent is removed from the fatty acids and ity.
rial. Other selective effects of 'hydrogen-
ation include the shifting of double
bonds, and the production of isomers
with characteristics differing to some de-
gree from the normal. The proper choice
between a naturally saturated acid, and
one in which saturation is made more
complete by hydrogenation will gener-
ally be determined 'by the particular con-
ditions of use.
OTHER PLANT Oxidative Cleavage
Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids
under controlled conditions produces di-
hydroxy acids, and if carried further has
a-Jrupture effect at a double bond posi-
&.'tion. Thus, oleic acid yields pelargonic
%-.
P
FAm COLD PRESS f . ..
PALMITIC ACID 0 S l t A R l C ACID
w
REPAN AIR-COOLED
u
I
OLElC ACID
PAN RACKS
I T I A a COTTONSEED A C I I
%-
STIARIC AClO
PRESSING
COSMETICS AND
ILVENT STORAGE TOILETRIES
SOAPS AND
DETERGENTS
SOLVENT CRYSTALLlZATlON
-
BAROMETRIC COND.
LUBRICATING
y CONOENSER CONDENSER
/ 1 I 1 I 1 , / l I
11 \I
WATER TO
HOT WELL
STEARlNE
PITCH
I n
& LEATHER GOODS
COMMUNICATION
JMN ONE 1 COLUMN TWO 11 COLUMN THREE I
FATTY AClO F R A C T I O N S 7 TYPEWRITER RIBBON
MILITARY USE
NAPALM BOMBS
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION 11
pharmaceutical and edible products, and
FIELDS OF USE meeting USP requirements, is notable
for its white color, mild odor and high
stability. Also important to toiletries are
FOR FATTY ACIDS high lauric content fatty acids, derived
from coconut oils, which provide excep-
tional lathering qualities for shaving
Few products have a wider range of creams and shampoos. All acid groups
application than fatty acids, yet their undesirable for personal use are removed
versatility in entering combinations in from the lauric acid composition. These
which they lose their--.identity leaves high lauric fatty acids are now being
them unknown to the ultimate user. In combined in many surface active and
this general booklet, we can only high- detergent compositions suitable for per-
light some' of the outstanding uses that sonal use, such as sodium lauryl sulphate.
typify the properties they provide. For Multiple distilled oleic acid (white
specific application data and choice of oleine) is also available to meet USP
type or grades, we suggest you consult standards, and has a wide range of uses
the manufacturers listed on page 20. in cosmetics, cleansing creams, and skin
protection preparations - generally of
Cosmetics and Toiletries the liquid or free-flowing type. Here
Many bland and soothing prepara- again new esters and condensation prod-
tions for personal use obtain their body ucts with emulsifying properties are find-
and "feel" from characteristics inherent ing increased usefulness.
in the fatty acid chains present. Use on Metallic salts of fatty acids, of which
the body is a natural application, as the zinc stearate is an outstanding example,
fats which normally exist on the skin are are used in pharmaceutical products of
of related structure. In the preparation the dry, water-repellent type.
of such products, the acids may be add- Once the formula for a cosmetic or
ed directly to the mix and there be par- toilet preparation has been established,
tially or completely saponified; or again, the use of fatty acids of known chain-
soaps, esters or other derivatives may be length composition goes a long way to
produced separately to become compo- assure uniform product composition and
nents of the final mixture. to simplify quality control. Impurities
Almost any desired level of oiliness, and "unstabilizers" are removed from
soapiness, waxiness or moistness may be the raw material, and never enter the
achieved by the balance of the acids user's plant to necessitate later removal.
used, and the bases with which they are
saponified, or combined. The ranges of Foods
melting points, softening points and vis- Foods and food packaging use fatty
cosities available from common fatty acids and fatty acid esters as emulsifiers,
acids have a natural relation to body defoaming agents, stabilizers, surface ac-
temperatures, so that creams and lotions tive agents, lubricants and plasticizers.
which soften and spread smoothly on In foods themselves they find applica-
application are easily produced. Surface- tion in ice creams, bakery products as so
active and emulsifying properties, as called shortening extenders, candy and
well as cleansing properties, come natu- chewing gums, shortenings and margar-
rally to the family of fatty acid deriva- ine.
tives. Many of them serve as a bridge For polyglycerol esters up to and in-
between water-solubility and oil-solu- cluding the decaglycerol esters, Food &
bility. And where water-repellent quali- Drug Administration approval has been
ties are desired in the formula, insoluble granted in the United States and Great
metallic soaps based on fatty acids come Britain. Thd polyglycerol esters such as
into the picture. stearates, palmititates, etc. are used in
Stearic acid in the grade suitable for margarine, special dietary fats, shorten-
ings, icings and salad oils. Of recent gent intermediates. As before, they also
years the use of polyunsaturated fatty offer definite quality control advantages
acids have been popularized and are over the use of oils and soapstocks as
widely used in shortenings and margar- starting points for the detergent pro-
ines. ducer.
Soaps and Synthetic Detergents Textile Industry Applications
The decisions as to whether to pro- Among the industrial fields in which
duce a soap by saponification of a gly- fatty acids and their derivatives have ap-
ceride (natural fat or oil) or by saponi- plication, the textile industry ranks high.
fication of the corresponding fatty acids To begin with, they serve as wetting
is primarily an economic one, but fre- agents, generally in the form of neutral
quently many of the hidden costs of soaps chosen to fit each particular fiber
starting with the glyceride are over- and processing step. Uniform dyeing
looked in the analysis. When using fatty characteristics are imparted by a related
acids there are savings in steam, labor group of fatty acid products. Textile lub-
and in the capital investment necessary ricating agents produced from sulphon-
for a certain output. In addition, greater ated acids serve another key require-
flexibility is possible in the choice of the ment. As manufacturers of textile soaps
composition of raw materials. Saponifi- and conditioning agents have increased
cation or esterification takes place pre- the degree of specialization of products,
dictably and completely even in combi- they have increased their preference for
nation with weak bases. Adaptation of fatty acids as a starting point.
the product to changing demands also In contrast to wetting and cleansing
supports the trend to greater usage of agents, heavy-metal insoluble "soaps" of
fatty acids. This applies as much to the
field of specialty and industrial soaps as
to toiletries.
Striking examples of extra flexibility
in adjusting products to different and
rapidly changing market needs are show-
fatty acids are applied to give water re-
pellency to textiles. Resins containing
fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives are
also finding increased application for
waterproofing, moldproofing and other
Oo
0 4;~
OQc 0
coating purposes.
ing up in the field of detergents derived
from fatty acids. In a recent list of sur- Lubricating Greases and Oils 00
face active agents, about 200 products Important advances in the formulation
out of some 700 are identified as deriva- of lubricating grease have taken place -
tives of fatty acids or containing typical particularly to meet the needs of mili-
fatty chain groups. These include esters, tary equipment - by approaching it as
condensation products with polyhydric a chemical problem, rather than as a
alcohols, various fatty acid amide deriv- compounding art. In these advances, the
atives, sulphates and sulphonates. While substitution of fatty acids, or metallic
fatty acid-based products are not cur- soaps of fatty acids, for natural fats, has
rently dominant in the low-price, gen- done much to assure grease of uniform
eral-purpose field, they are being em- lubricating and bodying characteristics
ployed in increasing quantities for spec- and which will not separate on long-
ial purpose detergent applications. term exposure to temperature extremes
The familiar water-soluble soaps of - Closer control and less time
in storage.
fatty acids, along with sodium and po- loss in the saponification reaction, and
tassium salts of fatty acid derivatives are more productive use of plant equipment,
in the anionic class of detergents. Other also result from the use of fatty acids.
derivatives, such as ethylene oxide con- Improvement of lubricating oils for
densation products, are nonionic, and special purposes by fatty acid additives
still others, such as the quartenary am- is of less commercial importance, but
monium group, are cationic. Thus, fatty their use to increase film strength
" and
acids have application "across the goArd" impart polar characteristics to the oil
in the preparation of detergents or deter- films finds some application. Of greater
significance is the development of special ,assist the action of the accelerators, help
wide-temperature-range lubricants from ' sdlubilize the zinc oxide activators, aid
dibasic fatty acids as a complete replace- in the dispersion of pigments, and lubri-
ment for the petroleum lubricant. Esters cate the product during milling and ex-
of sebacic, adipic and azelaic acids are truding. Stearic, lauric and various hy-
under investigation here. drogenated vegetable and animal fatty
acids are employed in quantities exceed-
Paints and Protective Coatings ing 50 million pounds per year.
The entire field of drying oils is chang- Polymerization of synthetic rubber
ing character as polymerization of films takes place in an emulsion generally
becomes better understood. Greater us- built around a potassium fatty acid soap.
age of fatty acids is a natural conse- Improved quality of synthetic rubber
quence, as they assist the manufacturer resulting from cold processing (5°C or
to choose and regulate the "functional- less) has required close control of con-
ity'' of reacting compounds. Resynthe- stituents of the emulsion bath and vari-
sized drying oils provide combinations ous activators and modifiers. In some
of drying speed and film qualities impos- formulations, fatty acids are providing
sible with natural oils, and have pro- the basis for accurately controlled emul-
vided products in plentiful supply for sion polymerization.
certain scarce natural drying oils. Many specialty applications as plasti-
Fractionated fatty acids derived from cizers, mold release compounds, soften-
soybean oil and tall oil can be "enriched" ers in rubber reclaiming, and the like
from an unsaturant standpoint, and fish add to the wide range of fatty acid usage
fatty acids can be freed from saturated associated with the rubber industry.
components. Some acids can be dimer-
ized, paralleling the effect of bodying Mining
an oil. Fatty acids play an essential role in
In the manufacture of alkyd resins, the concentration of certain minerals by
fatty acids of various degrees of unsatu- froth flotation. Phosphates, barites, hem-
ration are widely employed to modify atites, spodumene, feldspar, fluorospar,
the glycerol phthalate molecule. Here, and specific sulphides are enriched or
too, the processor has found increased selectively separated by these flotation
precision in the use of fatty acids as com- techniques. In petroleum production,
pared to natural oils. too, fatty acids are used as surface active
Fatty acids are also reacted with ma- agents for drilling muds.
leic anhydride to form adducts or male- Metal Working
inized oils with greater functionality Cutting oils and coolants on which the
than the original acid possessed. Some entire metal-working industry depends
of the resulting maleic resin derivatives are generally emulsions of oil in water,
are finding increased usage in the water- with fatty acid soaps as the emulsifying
dispersible type of paint. agent.
Metallic salts of fatty acids, such as Stamping and drawing compounds,
linoleates, have a further application as buffing and polishing compounds and
paint driers, and metallic stearates as many other applications in metal fabri-
flatting agents. A whole range of other cation, use fatty acids or products in
plasticizing, emulsifying and modifying which their lubricating and emulsifying
functions for fatty acids are employed properties are applied. Core oils, used to
in special finishes. bind sand molds, are sometimes com-
Rubber Manufacture pounded with fatty acids.
Fatty acids have been found essential Leather
over the past 50 years for vulcanizing Fat-liquoring, an essential step in soft-
and compounding natural rubber into a ening leather after tanning, requires sub-
commercially useful commodity. They stantial quantities of fatty acids for for-
II mulating the emulsions employed. Many by considering the wanted properties;
1
of the compounds for dressing, treating titer, color, stability, drying characteris-
and polishing leather are highly depend- tics and the like. The other is by con-
ent upon fatty acids. sidering the wanted composition in terms
of the component acids of various chain-
Communications lengths, degrees of unsaturation, and
Fatty acids and their derivatives cut molecular structure, M~~~~ properties
across the entire field of communications are determined by the ratio of particular
- pencil "lead," typewriter ribbons, car- acids present, but many significant vari-
ban Paper, printing ink, wax, and ations will depend on the degree of free-
various paper coatings. In the electronics dom from impurities, and the character
field, fatty acids are used in wire insula- of minor constituents,
tion, insulating varnishes and various
plastics and resins. Composition
Fatty acids have application too in the (by gas chromatography)
field of phonographic and P h o t o g r a ~ h ~ c In the past ten years, a revolution has
supplies. occurred in the ease with which mixed
Military fats, fatty acids or their esters can be
As in civilian life, there are hundreds separated and identified. BY the analy-
of yet indirect applications for technique known as gas liquid chro
fatty acids serving military purposes. m a t O g r a ~ (
h GLC
~ ), it has become Pas
They range from paints and mold-proof- sible to measure the individual co2m$i<b'
ing compollnds all the way to hospital ents in fatty h a v i n g r 3 y as
supplies. An important direct use of fatty 40 ' mers Or
THE CURVE WAS PREPARED O N A N F AND M MODEL 500 PROGRAMMED TEMPERATURE GAS CHROMATOGRAPH
EQUIPPED WITH A BROWN RECORDER, MODEL No. Y143 X (58)-(VB)-11-Ill-(27). THE COLUMN WAS B FT. LONG,
1h" OUTSIDE DIAMETER STAINLESS STEEL, PACKED WITH 60/80 MESH CHROMOSORB W; THE LIQUID.SUPPORT
BEING 20% DIETHYLENE GLYCOL SUCCINATE. THE COLUMN TEMPERATURE WAS 1BO0C. THE INJECTION PORT
TEMPERATURE WAS 325" C. THE DETECTOR BLOCK TEMPERATURE WAS 300" C.
4"s.
W H E R E FATTY ACIDS ARE USED
'- t-
4
MAJOR USE a' MINOR USE
-,
preferred to concentrate on special types
THE INDUSTRY with exceptional experience in the narrower
range.
The important additions to capacity since
BEHIND THE World War 11, and the extensive moderni-
zation programs carried on, have been based
on two broad convictions: 1) that natural
fats and oils, considered as a chemical
PRODUCT starting point, furnish untapped technical
possibilities and a stable, economic base,
and 2) that the availability of these natural
"chains" in the form of easily reactable
years, total domestic acids of fully identified composition will
has risen from less broaden and stimulate their use.
ds to almost 500 mil- Every member of the fatty acid industry
ued widening in the is moving in the direction suggested by
products has taken quality-minded and research-minded think-
ing. In some cases, research is taking the
s comprised of some form of new derivatives and secondary
ses where they are products. In other cases, it is being con-
lishments, they are centrated on application aid to present and
independent units, potential fields of fatty acid use.
uture progress 'of If your own possibilities for product im-
that of companies provement or product development call for
concentrating solely in this field. Included the properties furnished by fatty chemicals,
are "full-line" organizations that can meet we suggest you check with any of the or-
any fatty acid need, and others who have ganizations listed below.
The producers of fatty acids came together in 1951 t o carry on EMERY INDUSTRIES, INC.
activities which would be of general benefit to immediate and ultimate 4300 Carew Tower, Cincinnati 2, Ohio
consumers of fatty acids, to the producers, and to those directly or GENERAL MILLS, INC., CHEMICAL DIV.
indirectly supplying their raw materials. South Kensington Road, Kankakee, Ill.
THE GLIDDEN COMPANY
Statistical, technical and educational projects aimed at encouraging Organic Chemical Division
more effective use and broader application of fatty acids come within P.O. Box 389, Jacksonville 1, Florida
the scope of the organization's objectives. General information as to
A. GROSS & COMPANY
the status of the industry, its materials, methods and fields of applica- 295 Madison Ave., New York 17, N. Y.
tion is made available from time to time from the Association ofice.
HARCHEM DIV., WALLACE & TIERNAN, INC.
For complete information as to products, product specifications, and P.O. Box 178, Newark 1, New Jersey
performance, consult the individual companies listed below: HERCULES POWDER COMPANY
900 Market St., Wilmington 99, Del.
HUMKO PRODUCTS,
ACME-HARDESTY COMPANY DIV. NATIONAL DAIRY PRODUCTS
3512 Cedar St., Philadelphia 34, Pa. P.O. Box 398, Memphis, Tennessee
HER-DANIELS-MIDLAND COMPANY LEVER BROTHERS COMPANY
rquette Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 390 Park Ave., New York 22, N. Y.
NDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL CO. THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY
cker Dr., Chicago 6, 111. P.O. Box 599, Cincinnati 1, Ohio
STOR OIL COMPANY SWIFT & COMPANY
A, Bayonne, New Jersey 115 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago 4, 111.
ITY PRODUCTS COMPANY WEST VIRGINIA PULP & PAPER COMPANY
K' ACl D 9
69, Columbus, Ohio 43216
Q'- ~ ~ R O S ECHEMICALS,
Y INC.
230 Park Ave., New York, N. Y.
g$
. .4. ,,y' 5 <P.o.'$ox
. , 460, Picayune, Mississippi WILSON & COMPANY, INC.
Wilson-Martin Division
p R ~ D U ~ E R ~ f 3& COMPANY
L DAR~ING Snyder Avenue & Swanson Street
Philadelphia 48, Pennsylvania
;.?*; 420'1-',5. Ashland Ave., Chicago 9, 111.
HEMI.CAL,,CORPORATION WOBURN CHEMICAL CORPORATION
Ave., New York 36, N. Y. 1200 Harrison Ave., Harrison, New Jersey