CHEMISTRY (EXAM #2)

Molecule Electrons Electron Arrangement Molecular Bonding

Geometry Angles
AX2 0 LP 2 BP LINEAR Linear 180

AX3 0 LP 3 BP Trigonal 120

planar
1 LP 2 BP TRIGONAL PLANAR Bent 118

AX4 0 LP 4 BP Trigonal 109.5

bipyramid
1 LP 3 BP TETRAHEDRAL Seesaw 104.5

2 LP 2 BP T-shaped 90, 180

AX5 0 LP 5 BP Trigonal 90, 180,

bipyramid 120
1 LP 4 BP Seesaw 90, 180,
TRIGONAL 120
2 LP 3 BP BIPYRAMID T-shaped 90, 180

3 LP 2 BP Linear 180

AX6 0 LP 6 BP Octahedral 180, 90

1 LP 5 BP Square 180, 90
OCTAHEDRAL pyramid
2 LP 4 BP Square 180, 90
planar

FORMULAS to learn by heart, Lydia

WAVELENGTHS, ENERGY, ETC.

- λ = c/v – to find wavelength, or frequency

- Planck’s constant h – 6.626 x 10-34
- ΔE = hv – to find quantum energy, increment of energy emitted
- E (photon) = hc/λ – to find energy of ONE emitted photon
- KE (electron) = mv2/2 = hv – hv(0) – hv0 is minimum amount of energy it takes
to remove the electron. KE is the excess energy to move the electron.
- E = mc2 – energy has a mass. M = mass.
 - So… m = E/c2 = (hc/λ)/c2= h/ λc -- apparent mass of photon
- ΔE = Bohr(1/n(final)2 – 1/n(initial)2) – to calculate change in energy between
energy levels in hydrogen atom.
- Bohr’s constant is 2.178 x 10 -18

QUANTUM NUMBERS

1. n = any whole integers > 0 size and energy of orbitals, increase in n = increase in
size + energy
2. l = integral values from 0 to n-1 for each value of n. shape of atomic orbitals. L =
0 is S, l = 1 is P, l = 2 is D, l = 3 is F.
3. Ml = integral values between l and –l, including 0. is related to the orientation of
the orbital is.
3 Rules!

1. Pauli principle = an orbital can only have two electrons and they must not have
the same set of quantum numbers. They must have opposite spins then.
2. Aufbau principle = As protons are added one by one to the nucleus to build up the
elements, electrons are similarly added to these hydrogenlike orbitals.
3. Hund’s rule = the lowest energy configuration for an atom is the one having the
maximum number of unpaired electrons allowed by the Pauli principle in a
particular set of degenerate orbitals. (COMMUNISM LAW)

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

Super easy, except for EXCEPTIONS.

1. Cu = [Ar] 4s1 3d10

2. Cr = [Ar] 4s1 3d5

PERIODIC TRENDS

- Ionization Energy:
What is it? Energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion.
(Check out p.320 in your textbook, the examples are good explanation questions. I bet
he gives us one like that.)
In Periodic Table:
Top to Bottom (TB) = decreasing
Left to Right (LR) = increasing

- Electron Affinity
What is it? Energy change associated with the addition of an electron to a gaseous
atom.

- Atomic Radius
In Periodic Table:
 TB = increasing
LR = decreasing

For the quantum numbers/energy of photons etc exercises see p.328-338 in textbook.