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The Nation State ( Gianfranco Poggi)

A portrait of the state


Monopoly of legitimate violence
Territoriality
Sovereignty
Plurality
Relation with the population

A more expansive concept:


The role of law
Centralized organization
The distinction between state and society.
The state, religion and the market
The public sphere (alan)
Liberal and democratic arrangements for participation
Citizenship and nationhood
Civilianization
The conceptual portrait recapped.

State development
Consolidation of rule
Rationalization of rule
1-Centralization
2-Hierachy
3-Function
The expansion of rule
1. On the international scene, it sought chiefly to secure itself from encroachments by
other states on its territory and its ability to define and pursue its own interest
autonomously.
2. Within its territory, it was committed to maintaining public order and the effectiveness
of its laws.

Consolidation of rule: within each larger part of continent (beginning with its western parts)
one particular centre of rule asserted its own superiority over others generally defeating them
in war, subjecting the respective lands to its control and turning them into a unified territory.

Rationalization of rule: each centre of rule increasingly relied on functionaries selected and
empowered by itself, expressly qualified for their functions and forming hierarchically
structured units their careers within which would depend on the reliability and effectiveness
of their actions.

Expansion of rule: states progressively took on broader sets of functions both in order to
confront social needs generated by ongoing process of economic modernization and to
respond to requests for public regulation and intervention originating from various sectors of
society. They added new specialized administrative units and funded their activities by
increasing their ‘fiscal take’ from the economy.
Governments and Bureaucracies (Wolfang C. Müler)

Types of Government
Governments and the separation of powers
The Government under different democratic regime types
-Presidentialism
-Parliamentarism
-Directional government
-Directly elected prime minister
-Semi-presidentalism

The internal working of government


-Presidential government
-Cabinet government
-Prime ministerial government
-Ministerial government

The autonomy of government


Government autonomy: the party dimension
Party programmes
Selection of cabinet members
Permanent control of the party over the cabinet
-Dominance: One of the two dominates other.
-Autonomy: Government and government parties coexist without exercising influencing on
each other.
-Fusion: Party and government become politically indistinguishable.

The Political Capacity of Government


Unified vs. divided government
Majority vs. minority government
Single-party vs. coalition government

Bureacrotic capacities
Personnel
Organization
Procedure
Legislatures(millet meclisi) (Amie Kreppel)

What is a legislature?
Aseembly
Parliaments
Congress

The role of legislatures


Legislature as agent: linkage, representation and legitimation
Legislature as principal: control and oversight
Budeget control
Legislature as lagislator: policy-making vs. policy-influencing
Consultation
Delay
Veto
Amandment
Initation

The internal organization structures of legislatures


Number and type of chambers
Number, quality and consistency of members
-size
-time
Committees
-Permanancy
-Specialization
-Temporary committees
Rules of procedure
Hierarchical structures and internal decision-making
Instutional resources and disturibition
-Budget
-Spac
-Staff

Assessing a legislature’s power


- The independence of the instution as a whole;
- The independence of its members individually
Instutional indepence: executive-legislative realtions
Member independence: the role of political parties
-Party organization
-Electoral laws
Andrew Heywood THE STATE

What is the state?


The term state has been used to refer to a bewildering range of things: a collection of
instutions, a territorial unit, a philosophical idea, an insturument of coercion or oppression,
and so on.
-The state is sovereign
-State instutions are recognisably public, in contrast to the private instutions of civil society.
-The State is an exercşse şn legitimation.
-The state is an insturument of domination
-The state is a territorial association
Constitiuonal government: A system of government that oparetes witihin a set of legal and
instutional constraints that both limit its power and protect induvidual liberty.
-The state is more extensive than government.
-The state is a continuşng, even permanent entitiy.Government is temporary.

Rival Theories of State


-the pluralist state
-Political obligation: the duty of the citizen towards the state; the basis of the state’s right to
rule.
-State of nature: A society devoid of political authority and of formal (legal) checks on the
individual; usually employed as a theoretical device.
-Anarchy: Literally, without rule; anarchy is often used prjoratively to suggest instability or
even chaos.
-the capitalist state
-Bourgeoise: A marxist term, denoting the ruling class of a capitalist society, the owners of
productive wealth.
-the leviathan state
-the patriarchal state
-Radical feminism: A form of feminism that holds gender divisions to be the most politically
significant of social cleavages, and believes that they are rooted in the structure of domestic
life.
-Reserve army of labor: An available supply of labour easily shed in times of recession; the
army enjoys n security and exercises little market power.

The Role of the State


-the minimal state
-Rights: legal or moral entitlements to act or be treated in a particular way; civil rights differ
from human rights.
-the development state
-Tiger economies: Fast-growing and export-oriented economies modelled on Japan; for
example: South korea, taiwan and singapore.
-the social democratic state
-Social justice: A morally justifiable distrubition of material rewards; social justice is often
seen to imply a bias in favour of equality.
-the collectivised state
-Collectivisation: The abolution a private property in favour of a system of common or public
ownership.
-the totalitarian state
The Twilight of the State?
Privisation: The transfer of state assets from the public to the private sector, reflecting a
contraction of the state’s responsibilities.

CONSTITUTIONS,THE LAW AND JUDICIARIES (Andrew Haywood)


SUMMARY
- The Purpose of constitution:
- To empover states
- To establish unifying values and goals
- To provide government stability
- To protect freedom
- To legitimise regimes

Bill of rights: Constitutional document that specifies the rights and freedoms of the
indivual, and so defines
-
- A constutitution is a set of rule that seek to establish the duties, powers and functions
of the instutions of government and define the relationship between state and the
indivual. Constititions can be classified on the basis of the status of their rules, how
easily their rules can be changed, the degree to which their rules are observed in
practise, and the content of their rules and the instutional structure that they establish.
-
- Constitituons do not serve a single or simple purpose. Amongst their functions are that
hey empower states by defining a sphere of independent authority, establish a set of
values, ideals and goals for a society, bring stability, order and predictability to the
workings of government, protect indivuduals from the state, and legitimise regimes in
the eyes of the other states and their people.
-
ASSEMBLIES
Role of assemblies:
-legislatures make law; they enact legislation
-executives implement law; they execute the law
-Judiciaries interpret law; they adjudicate on the meaning of the law.

Parliamentary systems and presidential systems


-responsible government: a government that is answerable or accountable to an elected
assmbly ans through it, to the people.
-Immobilism
-Check and balances
-Cohabitation

Functions of assemblies:
-legislation
-representation
-scruinty
-political recruinment
-legitimacy
Performance of assemblies
Do assemblies make policy?
-policy making assemblies, which enjoy significant autonomy and have an active impact on
policy
-policy-influencing assemblies, which can transform policy but only by reacting to executive
initiatives..
-executive-dominated assemblies, which exert margin al influence or merely rubber-stamp
executive decisions.

Why assembles in decline?


-the emergence of disiplined political parties
-the growth in the role of government.
-the organisational weaknesses of assmblies
-the rise of interest-group power.

POLİTİCAL EXECUTİVES

Cabinet: A group of senior ministers that meets formally and regularly, and is chaired by the
chief executive; cabinets may make policy or be consultative.

Funcitons of political executives:


-ceremonial duties
-control of policy making
-popular political leadership
-bureaucratic management
-crisis response

The Politics of leadership


Theories of leadership:
-Leadership as a personal gift
-leadership as a sociological phenomenon
-leadership as a organizational necessity
-leadership as a political skill.
Bonapartism: A style of government that fuses personal leadershipwith
conservativenationalism; for marxists, it reflects the relative autonomy of the state

Styles of Leadership
-Laizzes-faire leadership
-transactional leadership
-transformational leadership
Governments, Systems and Regimes(heywood)

The ‘three worlds’ typology


-a capitalist ‘first world’
-a communist ‘second world’
-a devoloping ‘ third world’

Regimes of the modern world


-western polyarchies
-postcommunist regimes
-East asian regimes
-Islamic regimes
-Military regimes

Western polyarchies:
Westminister model: A system of government in which the executive is drawn from, and (in
theory) accountable to, the assembly or parliament.

-single party government


-a lack of seperation of powers between the executive and assembly
-an assembly that is either unicameral or weakly bicameral
-a two party system
-a simple plurality or first past the post electoral system
-unitary and centralised government
-an uncodified constitiution and a sovereign assembly.

Consociational democracy: A form of democracy that operates through power sharing and a
close association amongts a number of parties or political formations.

-coalition government
-a seperation of powers between the executive and the assembly
-an effective bicameral system
-a multipary system
-proportional representation
-federalism or devolution
-a coidifed constitiution and a bill of rights

POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES

What is a political ideology?


Rationalism: The belief that the world can be understood and explained through the exercise
of human reason, based on assumptions about its rational structure.

LIBERALISM
Meta-ideology
Elements of liberalism
-Freedom
-Reason
-Equality
-Toleration
-Consent
-Constitutionalism

Classical Liberalism: Extreme form of indivualism


-Economic liberalism

Modern Liberalism: more sympathetic attitude towards state intervention.


-Big government.

Conservatism
-Ancien regime: Literally, old order; usually linked with the absolutist structures that predated
the French Revolution.
Elements of Conservatism:
-Tradition
-Pragmatism
-Human imperfection
-Organicism
-Hierachy
-Authority
-Property

Paternalistic conservatism

The New Right


The free economy and the strong state

Neoliberalism
Neo conservatism

Socialism
Elements of socialism
-Community
-Fraternity
-Social equality
-Need
-Social class
-Common ownership

Marxism
Elements of marxism
-Historical metarialism.
-Dialectical change
-Alienation
-Class struggle
-Surplus value
-Proletarian revolution
-Communism

Other ideological traditions


Fascism
Anarchism
Feminism
Environmentalism

Micheal Sodaro / Political Culture

Defining political culture


Political Culture: is a pattern of shared values, moral norms, beliefs, expectations, and
attitudes that relate to politics and its social context.

Political Subculture: is a political culture that deviates from the dominant culture in key
respects.

Political socialization: is the process in which individuals learn about politics and the political
culture of their society.

STUDIES OF POLITICAL CULTURE


1-Participants
2-Subjects
3-Parochials

Civic culture: that is a combination of fairly large numbers of participants and subject
together with a smaller number of parochials.

Conceptualizing Political Culture

Attitudes Toward Authority


-alienated attitudes towards authority
-rebellious attitudes toward authority.

Attitudes Towards Society


-consensual-conflictual
-collectivist-individualist
-economic individualisim
-expressive individualism

Attitudes Toward the State


-permissive state-interventionist state dichotomy

-Societies with
1-high levels of interactive attitudes toward authority
2-a high level of consensual attitudes toward society.
3-intermediate levels of individualism and collectivism
4-roughly balanced support for permissiveness and intervention
-more likely to sustain a stable democracy than will societies whose majorities deviate from
these standarts.
-Societies with
1-a high level of alienated or rebellious attitudes toward authority
2-high levels of conflictual social attitıdes and indivualism
3-high levels of support for a permissive
-likely to be embroiled in contuining civil conflict.

Societies with
1-high levels of submissiveness or deference to authority
2-high levels of social consensus and collectivism
3-wide support for an interventionist state
-are likely to be fairly stable authoritarian states of one kind or another.

Culture shifts in modernizing and postindustrial societies


-Modernization
-Post modernization

Human developmant theory: the study demostrates causal linkages between economic
development, the value of freedom, and democratic institutions.

Political Culture ( Svaten Erssob, Erik Jan Lane)

The field of political culture


Definitions of political culture
-A variety of elements
Methodological issues
-Converse’s principle: value orientations are the product of correlations among response
items;
-Robinson’s principle: macro values may deviate drom micro values.

Dimensions of political culture:


Value orientations
Support for political institutions
Interpersonal trust
Post-materialism
Secularization
Ethnicity
Religion
Tradition

Current issues in political culture theory


Social capital
Civilizations
Gender and homosexuality

The True Clash of Civilizaitons (inglehart and norris)

Samuel huntington was half right- The cultural fault line that divides the west and the muslim
world is not about democracy but sex

-Democratic Performance
-Democratic ideals
-Strong leaders
-Religious leaders
-Gender Equality
-Divorve
-Abortion
-Homosexuality

Patrick O’Neil AUTHORITARIANISM

- Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains

Defining Authoritarism
Scholars define authoritarism as a political system in which a small group of indivuals
exercises power over the state without being constitutionaly responsible to the public.

Totalitarianisim is more accurately defining as a subcategory of authoritarism.


Totalitatrianism is practised by authoritarian regimes that process some form of strong
ideology that seeks to transform fundamental aspects of state, society and economy, using a
wide array of organizations and the application of force.

Sources of authoritarian rule


-Economic sources of Authoritarianism
Liberals thus view laissez-faire capitalim as a powerful defense against authoritarianism
-Authoritarianism and society

Authoritarianism and Political control


Violence and Surveillance
Cooptation -rent seeking: a process in which political leaders essentially rent out parts of the
state to their patrons.
Personality Cults
Authoritarianism and Legitimacy
-Authoritarin system may rely on charismatic authority.
-Authoritarian system often claim to be ‘scientific’ or ‘technocratic’ (the letter meaning
literally rule by expertise)
Finally, authoritarianism may be legitimate among much of the population if the public
cannot envision another alternative.

Types of Authoritarian rule:


Personal Rule
-Patrimonialism

Military rule
-bureaucratic authoritarism

One-pary rule

Quasi Democracies
Quasi democracies which may appear like other established democracies, people are given
right to vote, elections take place, and political parties compete, but whose regimes use
procedures of questionable democratic legitimacy.

Explaining diverse Authoritarinism


-rapid industrialization may lead bureacratic authoritarianism as the military intervenes in
response to polarized political environment. Cultural explanations would suggest that certain
forms of authorianism are more likely in some societies than others.

In sum: Authoritarianism in Retreat?


39 percent of worlds population currently lives in free countries, 25 percent lives in partly free
countries, and 36 percent lives in not free countries.

Paul Brooker: Authoritarian Regimes

The evolution of authoritarian regimes


The Russian revolution
Chinese civil war
The iranian islamic revolution

Who Rules?
Personal rule
Dictatorial Monarchies
Swaziland,Brunei and Tonga, Gulf region like Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman

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