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State development
Consolidation of rule
Rationalization of rule
1-Centralization
2-Hierachy
3-Function
The expansion of rule
1. On the international scene, it sought chiefly to secure itself from encroachments by
other states on its territory and its ability to define and pursue its own interest
autonomously.
2. Within its territory, it was committed to maintaining public order and the effectiveness
of its laws.
Consolidation of rule: within each larger part of continent (beginning with its western parts)
one particular centre of rule asserted its own superiority over others generally defeating them
in war, subjecting the respective lands to its control and turning them into a unified territory.
Rationalization of rule: each centre of rule increasingly relied on functionaries selected and
empowered by itself, expressly qualified for their functions and forming hierarchically
structured units their careers within which would depend on the reliability and effectiveness
of their actions.
Expansion of rule: states progressively took on broader sets of functions both in order to
confront social needs generated by ongoing process of economic modernization and to
respond to requests for public regulation and intervention originating from various sectors of
society. They added new specialized administrative units and funded their activities by
increasing their ‘fiscal take’ from the economy.
Governments and Bureaucracies (Wolfang C. Müler)
Types of Government
Governments and the separation of powers
The Government under different democratic regime types
-Presidentialism
-Parliamentarism
-Directional government
-Directly elected prime minister
-Semi-presidentalism
Bureacrotic capacities
Personnel
Organization
Procedure
Legislatures(millet meclisi) (Amie Kreppel)
What is a legislature?
Aseembly
Parliaments
Congress
Bill of rights: Constitutional document that specifies the rights and freedoms of the
indivual, and so defines
-
- A constutitution is a set of rule that seek to establish the duties, powers and functions
of the instutions of government and define the relationship between state and the
indivual. Constititions can be classified on the basis of the status of their rules, how
easily their rules can be changed, the degree to which their rules are observed in
practise, and the content of their rules and the instutional structure that they establish.
-
- Constitituons do not serve a single or simple purpose. Amongst their functions are that
hey empower states by defining a sphere of independent authority, establish a set of
values, ideals and goals for a society, bring stability, order and predictability to the
workings of government, protect indivuduals from the state, and legitimise regimes in
the eyes of the other states and their people.
-
ASSEMBLIES
Role of assemblies:
-legislatures make law; they enact legislation
-executives implement law; they execute the law
-Judiciaries interpret law; they adjudicate on the meaning of the law.
Functions of assemblies:
-legislation
-representation
-scruinty
-political recruinment
-legitimacy
Performance of assemblies
Do assemblies make policy?
-policy making assemblies, which enjoy significant autonomy and have an active impact on
policy
-policy-influencing assemblies, which can transform policy but only by reacting to executive
initiatives..
-executive-dominated assemblies, which exert margin al influence or merely rubber-stamp
executive decisions.
POLİTİCAL EXECUTİVES
Cabinet: A group of senior ministers that meets formally and regularly, and is chaired by the
chief executive; cabinets may make policy or be consultative.
Styles of Leadership
-Laizzes-faire leadership
-transactional leadership
-transformational leadership
Governments, Systems and Regimes(heywood)
Western polyarchies:
Westminister model: A system of government in which the executive is drawn from, and (in
theory) accountable to, the assembly or parliament.
Consociational democracy: A form of democracy that operates through power sharing and a
close association amongts a number of parties or political formations.
-coalition government
-a seperation of powers between the executive and the assembly
-an effective bicameral system
-a multipary system
-proportional representation
-federalism or devolution
-a coidifed constitiution and a bill of rights
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
LIBERALISM
Meta-ideology
Elements of liberalism
-Freedom
-Reason
-Equality
-Toleration
-Consent
-Constitutionalism
Conservatism
-Ancien regime: Literally, old order; usually linked with the absolutist structures that predated
the French Revolution.
Elements of Conservatism:
-Tradition
-Pragmatism
-Human imperfection
-Organicism
-Hierachy
-Authority
-Property
Paternalistic conservatism
Neoliberalism
Neo conservatism
Socialism
Elements of socialism
-Community
-Fraternity
-Social equality
-Need
-Social class
-Common ownership
Marxism
Elements of marxism
-Historical metarialism.
-Dialectical change
-Alienation
-Class struggle
-Surplus value
-Proletarian revolution
-Communism
Political Subculture: is a political culture that deviates from the dominant culture in key
respects.
Political socialization: is the process in which individuals learn about politics and the political
culture of their society.
Civic culture: that is a combination of fairly large numbers of participants and subject
together with a smaller number of parochials.
-Societies with
1-high levels of interactive attitudes toward authority
2-a high level of consensual attitudes toward society.
3-intermediate levels of individualism and collectivism
4-roughly balanced support for permissiveness and intervention
-more likely to sustain a stable democracy than will societies whose majorities deviate from
these standarts.
-Societies with
1-a high level of alienated or rebellious attitudes toward authority
2-high levels of conflictual social attitıdes and indivualism
3-high levels of support for a permissive
-likely to be embroiled in contuining civil conflict.
Societies with
1-high levels of submissiveness or deference to authority
2-high levels of social consensus and collectivism
3-wide support for an interventionist state
-are likely to be fairly stable authoritarian states of one kind or another.
Human developmant theory: the study demostrates causal linkages between economic
development, the value of freedom, and democratic institutions.
Samuel huntington was half right- The cultural fault line that divides the west and the muslim
world is not about democracy but sex
-Democratic Performance
-Democratic ideals
-Strong leaders
-Religious leaders
-Gender Equality
-Divorve
-Abortion
-Homosexuality
Defining Authoritarism
Scholars define authoritarism as a political system in which a small group of indivuals
exercises power over the state without being constitutionaly responsible to the public.
Military rule
-bureaucratic authoritarism
One-pary rule
Quasi Democracies
Quasi democracies which may appear like other established democracies, people are given
right to vote, elections take place, and political parties compete, but whose regimes use
procedures of questionable democratic legitimacy.
Who Rules?
Personal rule
Dictatorial Monarchies
Swaziland,Brunei and Tonga, Gulf region like Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman