ANDROID

Prepared by
Anil Kumar Agrawal
B. Tech (I.T.) Final Year
Roll No.- 0719313005

Aarti Mam Alok Sir

Co-ordinator Incharge
 Certificate
This is to certify that Anil Kumar Agrawal of
Information Technology Branch of final year of United
College of Engg. & Research has presented seminar on
Android in the session 2010-2011.

Aarti Mam Alok Sir

Co-ordinator Incharge
 Acknowledgement
With deep respect and immense gratitude we
express our profound sense of thanks to Mr. Sunil Mishra
( Head of the department ) for his excellent guidance and
untiring efforts during our seminar and Alok sir for being
there whenever we needed his help.

We would also like to thanks Aarti mam

( Co-ordinator) who has always there to boost our spirit of
doing the seminar to its completion.

Anil Kumar Agrawal

B. Tech. (I.T.) Final Year
Roll No. – 0719313005
 Contents
• Introduction
• Meaning of Android
• What is Android
• Open Handset Alliance
• License
• Hardware
• Operating System
• Network Connectivity
• Security
• Android history timeline
• History of Android
• Hardware products with Android
• Architecture of Android
• Android and mobile devices
• Android 1.5 platform highlights
• Future Possibilities
• Development requirements
• Disadvantages
• General advantages
• Future Expectations
• Conclusion
Introduction
1979 was the birth of the first cell phone and commercial cellular network (Mobile
Phone, 2009). In the past 30 years, mobile phones have come a long way. They started
out as a simple way of communication for emergencies to now being a person’s sidekick
or mobile computer. They have evolved and changed, and every year, they change even
more gaining momentum. One such company that has gained more momentum than ever
before is the web giant, Google. Google as changed many aspects of the internet and now
is changing the way mobile devices are operating. In the past, every phone had a
company who sponsored or made the phone, and the phone had that company’s operating
system or OS attach to it. This made developers choose a phone they wanted to develop
for, and anything they made for that phone had to stay with that phone which vastly
restricts developer’s customer base and funds to minimum. Google is changing that by
making an OS that is ready for all phones and devices which is open for the community
of developers to move their code from one phone to another. This operating system is
called Android.
Android is an open mobile operating system for all phones and devices including
personal computers. It is a multiple layer OS that is based off of the Linux architecture
which makes is super light for mobile phones and completely open. Android includes
many layers on top of the Linux kernel, but the main features of the OS is its user
interface and its application or app store. Google’s main goal of this operating system is
to make it easier for the developers and easier for the users.

Meaning Of Android
Android comes from. “The word derives from ανδρός, the genitive of the Greek ανήρ
anēr, meaning "man", and the suffix -eides, used to mean "of the species; alike"…”
(Android, 2009).
Android derived from Greek word andro- "human" + eides "form, shape." We can
say it , an automaton in the form of a human being. Its just the meaning of word
‘Android’.

What is Android?
• A software platform and operating system for mobile devices

• Based on the Linux kernel

• Developed by Google and later the Open Handset Alliance (OHA)

• Allows writing managed code in the Java language

 • Possibility to write applications in other languages and compiling it to
ARM native code (support of Google? No)

• Unveiling of the Android platform was announced on 5 November 2007

with the founding of OHA

What is the Open Handset Alliance (OHA)?

→ It's a consortium of several companies

• Devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices

• Develop technologies that will significantly lower the cost of developing

and distributing mobile devices and services

License
Android is under version 2 of the Apache Software License (ASL).
Hardware
Android is not a single piece of hardware; it's a complete, end-to-end software platform
that can be adapted to work on any number of hardware configurations. Everything is
there, from the bootloader all the way up to the applications.

Operating System(s)
• Android uses Linux for its device drivers, memory management, process
management, and networking.

• The next level up contains the Android native libraries. They are all
written in C/C++ internally, but you’ll be calling them through Java
interfaces. In this layer you can find the Surface Manager, 2D and 3D
graphics, Media codecs, the SQL database (SQLite), and a native web
browser engine (WebKit).

• Dalvik Virtual Machine. Dalvik runs dex files, which are coverted at
compile time from standard class and jar files.

Network Connectivity
It supports wireless communications using:

 GSM mobile-phone technology

 3G

 Edge

 802.11 Wi-Fi networks

Security
Android is a multi-process system, in which each application (and parts of the system)
runs in its own process. Most security between applications and the system is enforced at
the process level through standard Linux facilities, such as user and group IDs that are
assigned to applications.
Additional finer-grained security features are provided through a "permission"
mechanism that enforces restrictions on the specific operations that a particular process
can perform, and per-URI permissions for granting ad-hoc access to specific pieces of
data.

Android history timeline

September 23rd,
2008
July 2005 August
November Android 1.0 SDK
Google 28th, 2008
12th, 2007 release
purchased a Android
Early look Developers have
little known Market
SDK access to first 1.0
company called announced
released compatible SDK.
Android Inc.

September 23rd,
April 17th, 2008 October 21st,
November 5th, 2008
Android Developer 2008
2007 Open T-Mobile G1
Challenge I. $5 Android Open
Handset World's first
million in total Source Project
Alliance Android-powered
awarded to Source code is
announces phone
developers for released
Android announced.
great Android
applications

A Short History of Google Android

It won't make much of a difference to your code-writing whether you know the history of
Android or not. But to those of you who'd like to impress your developer friends with
your outstanding knowledge of Androidy-ness, read on.

Google acquires Android, Inc.

Way back in 2005, Google bought Android, Inc., a teeny tiny startup company, based in
Palo Alto, California. Some of the people who went over to work at Google were Rich
Miner, the co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Andy Rubin, co-founder of Danger
(a software services company), Chris White, and engineer at WebTV, and Nick Sears, the
former VP of T-Mobile.

Rubin and his minions (I love calling them that. Sorry, guys.) began developing a Linux-
based operating system for cell phones and other mobile devices. Their main marketing
targets were handset makers and carriers. Their winning pitch? An easy operating system
that was flexible and upgradeable at the same time.

In December 2006, rumors surfaced of Google's entry into the cell phone market, soon
followed by rumors of a new handset, branded by Google.

Open Handset Alliance is formed

On the 5th of November in 2007, several companies, including Google, HTC, Motorola,
Intel, Qualcomm, Sprint Nextel, T-Mobile, and NVIDIA, came together to form the Open
Handset Alliance. They stated their goal for developing open standards for mobile
devices, and unveiled their new product: Android, a mobile device platform built on the
Linux kernel.

Android goes open-source

Android has been available as open-source software since October 2008. Under the
Apache License, private companies could add on their own applications and extensions
and sell them, without having to submit them to the open-source community (darn).

So, now you know how this amazing peice of technology came together. Next, we'll talk
about some phones that feature Google Android.

Hardware Products With Google Android

Believe it or not, there were quite a few hardware devices that ran Google Android, even
before the new T-Mobile G1. At the Mobile World Conference, held in February 2008,at
least three cell phone prototypes were running simple Android applications. At the
Google IO conference in May, a cellphone with a touch screen, Qualcomm processor,
256 MB of flash, and 128 MB of RAM was unveiled.

Then there's the famous T-Mobile G1. It comes in three colors, and is pre-loaded with
Android. We have another article coming up dedicated to it, so stay updated!

Openmoko, a phone company, announced that it would be implementing basic Android

features into it's phones, the Neo FreeRunner and the Neo 1973. The Kogan Arora and
the Kogan Arora Pro (from Kogan Technologies), to be released January 29th, 2009, are
expected to be pre-loaded with Android. Motorola, too, is working on new Android
phones.

Basic Applications
The upcoming phones from Openmok and Kogan are expected to have the same basic
applications as Google Android. If this is the case, here's what your new Kogan Arora,
Neo FreeRunner, or whatever other new Android phone you buy will feature:

GMail

Google Calendar

YouTube

Google Talk

Amazon MP3 Store

Twitter

Maybe they'll replace the Google applications with their own, but I've found that in
adding a new application, Google services are the easiest to use on Android.

Architecture of Android
From the past, we all know that Linux is not the friendliest OS to use for the normal user.
Therefore to keep their goal of making the OS easy for users, Google had to apply many
layers to Android to keep it easy to develop for. There are 5 main layers to the Android
including the Linux Kernel.

The Linux Kernel is like most kernels of operating systems. It is a layer that talks directly
to hardware for the operating system. It supplies all the drivers for the different types of
components that may be on the hardware. These drivers include: Display Drivers,
Camera Drivers, Keypad Drivers, Wi-Fi Drivers, Flash Memory Drivers, Audio Drivers,
Binder (IPC) Drivers, and Power Management Drivers (Google Inc., 2009). It is based off
the Linux version 2.6 core systems.
This diagram shows the major components of the Android operating system.

The next layer is called the Android Runtime. It includes libraries that allow access and
functionality to the Linux Kernel from the Android SDK using the Java programming
language. This layer is the translator between the next layer, application layer, and the
operating system which is part of the kernel. It allows the Java programming language
code to be translated in machine language that can be used by the kernel or OS. This
layer is very important to the system because it is the translation of the software
development and it supplies a virtual machine called the Dalvik virtual machine to each
application.

This allows each application to run in parallel which is a feature that is not in most mobile
phones including Android biggest competition, iPhone OS.

The next layer is called the Libraries. It supplies the 2D and 3D graphics along with the
video encoders and codecs and also the application’s databases which are saved in
SQLite. Last but not least is the layer that provides the Webkit, which produces the
beautifully scaled sized websites to the user on the user interface of the handset. These
libraries include: System C, Media, Surface, Manager, LIbWebCore, SGL, 3D,
FreeType, and SQLite. All these libraries are written in C/C++ and are all accessible
through the Java SDK.
The next layer is called the Application Framework layer. It is written completely in Java
and is what all devices use for development. It supplies all the API and libraries that can
access the telephone system, the browser, and other practical functions mobile
computing devices use.

Finally the layer that users see and use is the Application layer. It is very similar to the
application layer that all OS’s have for the user. It supplies the user interface for the
user, contacts, phone, maps, and the browser. It is the layer that users touch and
interact with on a daily basis. It only allows the functions the developers have granted
the user access to not any more. Again, all these applications can run simultaneously
which means you can view contacts while listening to a podcast or talk on the phone.
With all these layers and most of them written in Java, this makes development easy,
portable, and transferable across all platforms. Not only do these layers help with
development, but also the SDK Google has supplied for Android developers. This makes
Android very important and useful for software development. Now, not only is a
developer not bound to one device and limited to customer bases of that one device, but
they can now distribute his/her software across many different platforms. Therefore,
development across multiple platforms and multiple customer bases means more money
in the pocket of the developers and/or the companies of the developers. This goes back
to one of the goals of Google’s Android, “…Reach as many people as possible”
(Speckmann, 2008).

In conclusion, Android is the future of mobile OS’s and mobile software development. “…
Android breaks down the barriers to building new and innovative applications” (Chitu, 2007). It
is the Linux of the mobile world and will broaden the uses and expandability of mobile
computing. Some even say it may be the OS that joins computing environments, mobile to pc
computing and will be the end all OS for all platforms. One thing is true; it is the OS for all
wireless devices and will help make new and more original products faster and quicker than any
other mobile platform for a much lower cost. As long as Google keeps Android open and easy to
develop for, Android OS will soon be the next OS for all embedded and mobile platforms.

Linux Kernel
 It is a layer that talks directly to hardware for the operating system.
 It supplies all the drivers for the different types of components that may be on the
hardware.
 These drivers include: display, camera, keypad, Wi-Fi, flash memory, audio,
binder(ipc) and power management drivers.
 It is based off the Linux version 2.6 core systems.

Android Runtime
 It includes libraries that allow access and functionality to the Linux Kernel from
the android sdk using the java programming language.
 This layer is the translator between next layer, application layer and kernel.
  It supplies a virtual machine called DVM to each application.
 This allows each application to run in parallel which is a feature that is absent in
most mobile phones.

Libraries
 It supplies 2D and 3D graphics along with the video encoders and codecs and also
the application’s databases which are saved in SQLite.
 It provides webkit, which produces the beautifully scaled sized websites to the
user.
 These libraries include system C, media, surface etc.
 All these libraries are written in C/C++ and are all accessible through the java
SDK.

Application Framework
 It is written completely in Java.
 It supplies all the API and libraries that can access the telephone system, the
browser and other practical functions mobile computing devices use.

Application Layer
 It is the layer that users see and use.
 It supplies the user interface for the user, contacts, phone, maps and the browser.
 It only allows the functions the developer has granted the user access to not any
more.
 All these applications can run simultaneously.

Android and Mobile Devices

Android can used for any of theses mobile devices-

 Digital still camera

 Digital video camera
 E-book readers or e-readers
  Graphing Calculator
 Mobile computers
 Mobile phones
 Pager
 Personal digital assistant
 Personal navigation devices
 Portable media players

e-Book Readers

An ebook reader, also called an ebook device or ereader, is an electronic device that is
designed primarily for the purpose of reading digital books and periodicals and uses e-ink
technology to display content to readers.

The main advantages of these devices are portability, readability of their screens in
bright sunlight, and long battery life.

Mobile Phone
A mobile phone or mobile (also called cellphone and handphone) is an electronic device
used for mobile telecommunications (mobile telephone, text messaging or data
transmission) over a cellular network of specialized base stations known as cell sites.
SmartPhone
A smartphone is a mobile phone offering advanced capabilities, often with PC-like
functionality (PC-mobile handset convergence).

For some, a smartphone is a phone that runs complete operating system software
providing a standardized interface and platform for application developers . In other
words, it is a miniature computer that has phone capability.

Performance
Android 1.5 Platform Highlights
The Android 1.5 platform introduces many new features for users and developers.
Below is a list of the new features which will make Android even better!
Performance Improvements
Faster Camera start-up and image capture
Much faster acquisition of GPS location (powered by SUPL AGPS)
Smoother page scrolling in Browser
New Features
Speedier GMail conversation
On-screen soft keyboard list scrolling
Works in both portrait and landscape orientation
Support for user installation of 3rd party keyboards
User dictionary for custom words
Home screen
Widgets
Bundled home screen widgets include: analog clock,
calendar, music player, picture frame, and search
Live folders
Camera & Gallery
Video recording
Video playback (MPEG-4 & 3GP formats)
Bluetooth 
Stereo Bluetooth support (A2DP and AVCRP profiles)
Auto-pairing
Improved hands free experience

New Features
Browser
• Updated with latest Webkit browser & Squirrelfish JavaScript engines
• Copy 'n paste in browser
• Search within a page User-selectable text-encoding
• UI changes include:

Unified Go and Search box

Tabbed bookmarks/history/most-visited screen

Contacts
• Shows user picture for Favorites
• Specific date/time stamp for events in call log
• One-touch access to a contact card from call log event

System
New Linux kernel (version 2.6.27)

SD card file system auto-checking and repair

SIM Application Toolkit 1.0

Google applications
(not available in the Android 1.5 System Image that is included in the Android SDK)

View Google Talk friends' status in Contacts, SMS, MMS, GMail, and Email
applications

Batch actions such as archive, delete, and label on Gmail messages

Upload videos to YouTube

Upload photos on Picasa

Phones using Android

HTC Dream/T-Mobile G1
-G1 launched
October 22nd, 2008
Available internationally

HTC Magic/T-Mobile MyTouch 3G

-HTC Magic Launched May 1,
2009 and July 10th, 2009 in Japan

HTC Hero/T-Mobile G2 Touch/Sprint HTC Hero

-HTC Hero Launched July 24th for Orange
UK. T-Mobile G2 Touch

Huawei U8230/ Pulse

-Available in T-Mobile UK
released in Europe this October
Phones using Android continued

Samsung Galaxy
-Launched in July;
Available with
European Carriers

HTC Tattoo/HTC Click

-Launched October 8th 2008 on
2009 Vodaphone

Motorola CLIQ
-Available
October 19th,
2009 on T-Mobile
and Orange UK

Motorola Droid
-Available
Samsung Moment/InstinctQ November 6th
- Av 200
ailable November 1st 9 on Verizon
from Sprint wireless. *Most
advanced droid phone available
Future possibilities
• Google Android Sales to Overtake iPhone in 2012
• The OHA is committed to make their vision a reality: to deploy the
Android platform for every mobile operator, handset manufacturers and
developers to build innovative devices
• Intel doesn’t want to lose ownership of the netbook market, so they need
to prepare for anything, including Android
• Fujitsu launched an initiative to offer consulting and engineering expertise
to help run Android on embedded hardware, which aside from cellphones,
mobile internet devices, and portable media players, could include GPS
devices, thin-client computers and set-top boxes.
• More Android devices are coming and some will push the envelope even
further

Development requirements
• Java

• Android SDK

• Eclipse IDE (optional)

IDE and Tools

Android SDK

• Class Library
• Developer Tools
 dx – Dalvik Cross-Assembler
 aapt – Android Asset Packaging Tool
 adb – Android Debug Bridge
 ddms – Dalvik Debug Monitor Service
• Emulator and System Images
• Documentation and Sample Code
Eclipse IDE + ADT (Android Development Tools)
• Reduces Development and Testing Time
• Makes User Interface-Creation easier
• Makes Application Description Easier

Programming Language(s)
• Java – officially supported

• C/C++ – also possible but not supported

Advantages
There are a host of advantages that Google’s Android will derive from being an open
source software. Some of the advantages include:

• The ability for anyone to customize the Google Android platform

• The consumer will benefit from having a wide range of mobile
applications to choose from since the monopoly will be broken by Google
Android
• Men will be able to customize a mobile phones using Google Android
platform like never before
• Features like weather details, opening screen, live RSS feeds and even the
icons on the opening screen will be able to be customized
• As a result of many mobile phones carrying Google Android, companies
will come up with such innovative products like the location
• In addition the entertainment functionalities will be taken a notch higher
by Google Android being able to offer online real time multiplayer games.

Limitations
Bluetooth limitations(older versions)
o Android doesn't support:
 Bluetooth stereo
 Contacts exchange
 Modem pairing
  Wireless keyboards

But it'll work with Bluetooth headsets, but that's about it

Firefox Mobile isn't coming to Android

Apps in Android Market need to be programmed with a custom form of Java

→ Mozilla and the Fennec won't have that

Latest trends in Mobile Computing

• Converged devices (communication, consumer electronics, computing)
– Phone, Radio/TV, Camera, PC – all in one
• Seamless mobility
– Mobility across heterogeneous wireless networks (WiFi àß GSM)
• Device operating systems
– Moving towards Linux from Symbian and Windows CE
• Motorola has already introduced Linux smart phones
– BREW (Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless) from Qualcomm
• Device form factor
• Global Positioning System
• Built-in sensors
– Gait sensors for security
• Ad-hoc networks
• M-Commerce

Operating Systems
• Symbian- kernal and middleware
• Linux- free and open source software
• Windows Mobile- encompasses entire stack
• Java- OS’s based on Java programming language
• Garnet OS- combines a Linux-based foundation with applications written for the
old Palm OS
• Unique operating systems- ex. Apple iPhone and RIM BlackBerry
Latest Devices
Blackberry Storm- Blackberry OS (Business Users)

• Camera (3.2 MP)

• Built-in GPS
• Media Player
• Video Recording
• BlackBerry® Maps
• Wireless Email
• Organizer
• Browser
• Phone
• Corporate Data Access
• SMS/MMS
Latest Devices

T-Mobile MDA Vario V- Windows Mobile OS

(Personal and Business Users)
512MB of flash storage
528MHz processors
Autofocus cameras
GPS
Bluetooth
Opera Mobile 9.5 web browser
Samsung’s 17110 Smartphone- S60 & Symbian OS
(Personal and Business Users)
2.6’’ screen
FMRadio
GPS Navigation (Geo-Tagging, Pedestrian & Driving)
Optical Mouse
3D Games
Bluetooth v2.0
USB 2.0
WiFi
50MB Memory
External Memory Slot (up to 16GB)
5Mpix Camera
Video and Music Player

Palm Treo 800w- Palm OS (Business Users)

Windows Mobile 6.1 Professional Edition

Touchscreen
Camera (enables new kinds of productivity applications)
One-touch WiFi button
(rapidly connected at home, office or in WiFi hotspots)
Integrated GPS and Palm software enhancements
(maps, point-to-point directions and point-of-interest (POI) searches)

Disadvantages
• Insufficient Bandwidth- slow wireless WAN systems
• Security Standards- public networks
 • Transmission Interferences- weather, distance, etc.
• Potential Health Hazards- hospitals
• Extensive Wireless Data Plans
• Physical Characteristic Limitations- bigger, heavier
• Dependence- social consequences?

General Advantage
• Work away from office
• Stay on top of current events
• Access databases and files
– Real time business decisions
• Stay in touch with the office

Two Basic Technologies

1. Touch-based Interfaces
2. Geotagging + Geolocation

Touch-based Interfaces

“Swipe” gesture
Interact “directly” with digital objects

Example: Classics
Touch-based Interfaces

“Pinch and zoom”

Fluid interface for navigating image
details

Example: Love Art: National Gallery,

London
Geotagging + Geolocation

Geographic navigation of content

Current location as as a content filter

Example: Zillow

Geotagging + Geolocation

Geographic navigation of content

Current location as as a content filter

Example: Around Me
Augmented Reality

Live camera
Compass
Geotagged content

Example: Layar (Google Android)

Expectations from future mobile
• It has better interaction features
• It has facilities of secure internet access with mobile banking
• It should be capable of containing e-wallets and e-cash
• It could be used as identification cards and other authentication features.
• Without our permissions no can use it . Or no one can use our personel details
through it, if we lost it by any way. It means it have biometrics security or other
type strong security.
• What Better n/w connectivity and better internet sped and bandwidth

• if we can see 3d pictures and videos on it.

• It must be lightwait and small , thin too.

The Future
• Improving Wireless Networks – 3G, 4G
– Allow users to access faster networks, increased bandwidth, and greater
connectivity
• New Services
– Memory as a Service for mobile devices
• Increased Security Standards
– Important to ensure users are protected while using mobile devices
• Hardware Improvements
– Processor Speed / Memory
– Environment Sensing Technology
– Biometric Technology
• Applications
– Aimed at business users create personal productivity applications
– Adds functionality to mobile devices for business users
Conclusion
In conclusion, Android seems to be the future of mobile OS's and mobile software
Development. In today's increasingly complicated technology this OS just adds to all of
the fun, making phones cooler and development easier.

It also seems as though Android could easily move its way into the market from phones
to netbooks and desktops as developers become more accustomed with it, and this will
only create more business.

Currently there are about 20 Android phones available on the market with more than 75
million Android handsets forecasted by 2012. This statistic is very impressive and proves
that there is indeed a bright future for Android.

Since Android is an open source (meaning it is available to anyone) developers and

handset manufacturers have full access to it. This means that developers and
manufacturers all over the world are taking advantage of the Android operating system.
This also means that the Business should grow very rapidly!

We can only hope that the next versions of Android have overcome the actual limitations
and that the future possibilities became a reality .