EURADA-NEWS Nr 318 – 10.11.

10

European Association of Development Agencies

Association Européenne des Agences de Développement

EURADA-NEWS
Périodique Mensuel
Bureau de Dépôt
B – 1040 Bruxelles 4
Numéro d'agrément: P904017
Période couverte: Novembre 2010
Editeur Responsable : Christian SAUBLENS

SOMMAIRE SUMMARY

EDITORIAL ................................................ 1 EDITORIAL ................................................. 1

DATES A RETENIR ...................................
VIE DU RESEAU
Snapshot réunion avec des ARD turques .
Programmation conjointe de la recherche
Spécialisation régionale intelligente .........
BUDGET DE L'UE
Réexamen du budget de l'UE ..................
POLITIQUE INDUSTRIELLE .....................
MARCHE UNIQUE .....................................
MARCHES PUBLICS ELECTRONIQUES
Livre Vert e-Marchés publics ....................
APPELS A PROJETS ................................
BIBLIOGRAPHIE ........................................
INTELLIGENCE TERRITORIALE
Global Location Trends ............................ 11
STATISTIQUES
Taux de chômage régionaux .................... 13
1 IMPORTANT DATES .................................. 1
LIFE OF THE NETWORK
2 Snapshot meeting with Turkish RDAs ...... 2
2 Joint Programming in Research ................ 2
2 Smart regional specialisation .................... 2
EU BUDGET
3 EU budget review ...................................... 3
4 INDUSTRIAL POLICY ................................ 4
6 SINGLE MARKET ....................................... 6
ELECTRONIC PUBLIC PROCUREMENT
7 Green Paper e-Public Procurement .......... 7
8 CALLS FOR PROJECTS ............................ 8
9 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................... 9
TERRITORIAL INTELLIGENCE
Global Location Trends ............................. 11
STATISTICS
Regional unemployment rates .................. 13

EURADA - Avenue des Arts 12 - Bte 7 - B 1210 Bruxelles

Tel. +32 2 218 43 13 - Fax. +32 2 218 45 83 - E-mail : info@eurada.org
 -1- EURADA-NEWS Nr 318 – 10.11.10

EDITORIAL

In recent years, the Nobel Economy Prizes rewarded the authors of work highlighting
market failures or asymmetries of information between operators.
I am surprised that up to now, no Nobel Prize has rewarded work in the field of regional
development. The subject is indeed relevant: to market failures and asymmetries of
information we can add public service failures due to institutional and administrative failures
(bureaucracy, conservatism, JIMA syndrome, dogmatic decisions, etc.) as well as
asymmetries of the public activity cycles with the economic cycles (elections, multi-annual
programming, …).
The reasons of these failures can undoubtedly be found in the following attitudes:
1. Lack of consistency. The problems are diagnosed, then a new device is being created.
2. No risk taking. One keeps what one has in preference to innovation.
3. Reactivity rather than proactivity. Few regions implement regional intelligence strategies.
4. Support in series. One looks for grants in order to give grants.
5. The attraction of tangible investment to the detriment of intangible investment.
6. Navelgazing. Lack of a true global strategy.
Furthermore, in certain cases, we even note a system of hushing-up the private initiative,
either by an excess of bureaucracy, incl. an excess of audits, or by slow administrative
procedures or a dogmatic approach (cf. the fate of the English RDAs).
Will regional development stay in the sphere of the "Welfare State" or will it evolve towards
an "Accompanying State" of the beneficiaries in a transitional period?

IMPORTANT DATES

25/26.11.10 Agorada 2010+ The RDA Experience (Arnhem, NL)

Join us at our AGORADA 2010+ – Arnhem (NL), 25/26 November 2010

The RDA Experience – Business Models in Regional Economic Development
For further info, visit www.eurada.org
 -2- EURADA-NEWS Nr 318 – 10.11.10

LIFE OF THE NETWORK

SNAPSHOT OF THE MEETING BETWEEN EURADA AND THE TURKISH RDAS

On 25 and 26 Octobre last, a meeting between Eurada and representatives of the 26 newly
created Turkish RDAs has allowed:
¼ to consolidate the links with the new Turkish members,
¼ to envisage cooperation forms beteen the Turkish agencies and the Eurada secretariat
but also, in a near future, with the Eurada members,
¼ to note that the staff of these new agencies (generally approx. 30 persons per agency)
is competent, multilingual and enthousiastic,
¼ to get informed on the strategies and achievements of a few Turkish RDAs.

FP7 – JOINT PROGRAMMING IN RESEARCH

The Eurada Secretariat has been invited to participate in the seminar entitled "Joint
Programming in research 2010: a common approach towards innovation" organised by the
Belgian Presidency of the EU and DG Research and to make a presentation on the role the
RDAs might play in implementing future actions. The main points of the message delivered
were as follows:
3 RDAs are implementing sectoral strategies which can be of interest to the project
promoters, above all when the results of research work have to be implemented;
3 by their proximity with key actors, RDAs can take part in the reflections relating to the
latters' demand;
3 the Community programmes can be better defined in order to favour a complementarity
of the devices (FP7-CIP-ERDF). The Interreg and Regions of Knowledge programmes
might be redefined in order to contribute to the exploitation at regional level of the
results of research work or to their dissemination in order to induce innovation in all
regions.

SMART REGIONAL SPECIALISATION

As mentioned in Eurada-News Nr 317, DG Regio will establish a platform with a view to

exchanging experience in the field of smart regional specialisation.
A meeting to exchange views between DG Regio and Eurada members is scheduled in the
second half of January 2011.
 -3- EURADA-NEWS Nr 318 – 10.11.10

EU BUDGET

EU BUDGET REVIEW

The European Commission has just presented its communication concerning the EU budget
review.
A first reading, the threats on the future of the cohesion policy are passed now, as shown by
Point 3.3 of the communication itself and Points 7 and 8 of the staff working document
complementing the communication. The text nevertheless announces new orientations:
concentration, links with the EU2020 strategy, territorial cohesion, competition between
programmes, etc.
The next step for the Eurada members will be the coming publication of the 5th report on
cohesion and its introduction for public consultation.

What to keep in mind of this communication about the cohesion policy?

Cohesion has positive effects for all: investing in the economies of the EU benefits all Member States.
It acts as a catalyst for change in all Europe's regions. However, to ensure these benefits, cohesion
funding must be accurately targeted so that its added value is maximised. This points to a disciplined
concentration on the objectives of Europe 2020, and a rigorous concentration on results.
For the next period the Europe 2020 strategy provides both a clear set of common priorities, and a
clear framework for identification of funding priorities. Europe 2020 allows a much greater
concentration than in the past. Clear priorities could be fixed to deliver smart, sustainable and
inclusive growth, with work on: support for new businesses; innovation; reducing emissions;
improving the quality of our environment; modernising universities; energy saving; the development
of energy, transport and telecommunication networks with a common EU interest; investment in
research infrastructure; human capital development; and active inclusion to help the fight against
poverty.
Cohesion policy should become a standard bearer for the objectives of smart, inclusive and
sustainable growth of the Europe 2020 strategy in all regions.
As today, Community resources should be focused on the poorest regions and Member States in line
with the Union's commitment to solidarity. Cohesion policy support is also important for the rest of
the Union. Particular attention needs to be paid to those regions which have not yet completed their
process of catching up. A simple and fair system of transitional support would avoid an economic
shock due a sudden drop of funding.
More developed regions could be required to allocate the entirety of the financial allocation available
to two or three priorities, while less developed regions could devote their larger resources to a
slightly wider range of priorities.
The Commission could adopt a common Strategic Framework, outlining a comprehensive investment
strategy translating the targets and objectives of Europe 2020 into investment priorities.
Such a framework would replace the current approach of separate sets of strategic guidelines for
policies and would ensure greater coordination between them.
 -4- EURADA-NEWS Nr 318 – 10.11.10

The document obviously addressed the reform of the Common Agricultural policy and thus
rural development as well as sustainable growth.
Documents available on Eurada's webiste ¼ Members Area ¼ Heading Eurada-News

INDUSTRIAL POLICY

The European Commission has just published a communication entitled "An integrated
industrial policy for the globalisation era", one of the 7 flagship initiatives of the Europe
2020 strategy.
The document's table of contents is as follows:
1. Europe needs industry
2. A Fresh Approach to Industrial Policy
3. Improving framework conditions for industry
with one point devoted to improving access to finance for businesses
4. Strengthening the Single Market
5. A new industrial innovation policy
6. Capitalising on globalisation
7. Promoting industrial modernisation
8. The sector-specific dimension — a targeted approach
9. Conclusions: A new EU governance for industrial policy

It is to be noted that the document comprises a part devoted to industrial innovation which
complements the content of the flagship initiative entitled "Innovation Union" (cf. Eurada-
News Nr 317).

What to keep in mind of this document?

The Commission
y will examine whether European financial instruments can be refocused in the next programming
period post-2013 to help overcome market failures in financing small businesses and innovation;
y launch an initiative to promote the wide and timely deployment, take-up and commercialisation of
competitive Key Enabling Technologies;
y promote industrial research, development and innovation on advanced manufacturing
technologies, building on the ‘Factories for the Future’ initiative, in order to facilitate the
modernisation of the EU industrial base and providing a response to societal challenges like
energy efficiency, climate change and resource scarcity;
y develop policy approaches to foster the potential for greater cross-fertilisation between sectors,
including traditional manufacturing sectors and SMEs;
 -5- EURADA-NEWS Nr 318 – 10.11.10

y present a new Strategy for globally competitive Clusters and Networks including specific action to
promote globally competitive clusters and networks in both traditional and emerging industries
(2011);
y present a strategy for support for the internationalisation of SMEs with concrete measures
building on policies set out in the Small Business Act (Communication in 2011);
y launch an Eco-innovation Action Plan to ensure the commercialisation and deployment of key
environmental technologies.
y review the Rescue and Restructuring Guidelines for State Aid (2012);
y support Member States and regions through Cohesion Policy in the diversification of existing
industries, upgrading industrial capacity, stimulating investment and innovation to re-develop and
strengthen the resilience of local economies;
y put forward a new policy initiative on corporate social responsibility addressing emerging issues
such as business and human rights, and company disclosure of environmental, social,
employment-related, and governance information (2011);
Some sector-specific initiatives could be taken for certain types of sectors:
y a sectoral industrial policy for space based on the new competences given by the Lisbon Treaty.
y Motor vehicles and transport equipment industries will play a major role in developing the
solutions for sustainable mobility.
y Sectors which are most promising in meeting the other future societal challenges of climate
change, health, and security (for example healthcare, environmental goods and technologies,
energy supply industries, and security industries).
y Sectors where value-chain considerations are particularly important (for example chemicals,
engineering, transport-equipment manufacturers, agro-food, and business services).
y Energy-intensive sectors exposed to international competition need the advantages of competitive
energy markets, which offer favourable framework conditions that will enable them to prosper in
the EU (access to energy and raw materials at competitive prices, level playing field on the global
market, etc.).
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SINGLE MARKET

The European Commission has just published a communication and opened a public
consultation entitled "Towards a single market act for a highly competitive social market
econom. 50 proposals for improving our work, business and exchanges with one another".
In the introduction, the document underlines that "this is a social market economy
approach, based on the assumption that a single market needs to enjoy the support of all
market players: businesses, consumers and workers. In this way, the single market will
allow Europe to become collectively competitive.
Because the single market can offer even more growth and jobs. Full use has yet to be
made of its potential. For example, cross-border procurement accounted for only around
1.5% of all public contracts awarded in 2009. Despite the significant progress achieved in
the single market for services, cross-border services account for only 5% of the EU's GDP,
compared with 17% for manufactured goods traded within the single market. Only 7% of
consumers used the Internet to make cross-border purchases in 2008.
The Commission estimates that completing, deepening and making full use of the single
market, in particular by means of the measures proposed in this Communication would
potentially produce growth of about 4% of GDP over the next ten years.
Furthermore, the single market is not an end in itself. It is a tool for implementing other
policies. All of the public and private measures, the responses to the challenges concerning
growth, social cohesion and employment, security and climate change, will be more likely to
succeed if the single market works as it should.
The relaunch of the single market is therefore an essential element of the EU 2020
strategy."
Le document est structuré en trois thématiques:
1. A strong, sustainable and equitable growth for business, which proposes i.a. measures
aiming at :
– promoting and protecting creativity (EU patent),
– an action plan against counterfeiting and piracy,
– the development of an internal market in services,
– the development of electronic commerce,
– the revision of the energy tax directive,
– an action plan for improving SME access to capital markets
– an assessment of European public procurement legislation
– a legislative initiative on services concessions, incl. PPPs.
2. Restoring confidence by putting Europeans at the heart of the single market with among
other things, measures concerning:
– communication on services of general interest,
– initiative on a social business initiative.
3. Dialogue, partnership, evaluation: the keys to good governance of the single market
 -7- EURADA-NEWS Nr 318 – 10.11.10

The document is subject to a public consultation until 28 February 2011. All interested
parties are invited to submit their views about the relaunch of the single market and, in
particular on the 50 measures proposed in the document, to the following address:
http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/smact. Specific information tools will be made available
to interested parties.

ELECTRONIC PUBLIC PROCUREMENT

GREEN PAPER ON E-PROCUREMENT

The European Commission has just published a green paper on expanding electronic
procurement in the European Union and to introduce 15 proposals for a public consultation
until 31 January 2011.
The European Commission has to note that the hope voiced by EU Ministers that by 2010 at
least 50% of public procurement above the EU public procurement threshold should be
carried out electronically is far from being achieved (except in Portugal) and represents less
than 5%. The Commission has presented in this Green Paper some new ideas for
overcoming inertia on the part of contracting authorities and economic operators which is
currently holding back the migration to e-Procurement.
Full text available on Eurada's website ¼ Members Area ¼ Heading Eurada-News
 -8- EURADA-NEWS Nr 318 – 10.11.10

CALLS FOR PROJECTS

LIFE-LONG LEARNING
O.J. C 290, 27.10.10, contains the deadlines for the submission of projects under the
Leonardo da Vinci, Comenius, Erasmus and Grundvig programmes.
For Leonardo da Vinci, the deadlines are 4 February 2011 or 28 February 2011 depending
on the nature of the projects.

Infopack: http://ec;europa.eu/education/llp/doc848_en.htm

FUTURE CALLS FOR CIP PROJECTS

Clusters
The Commission seems to intend to launch mid-2011 a new call for projects to support
clusters. The current pathes seem to be in the field of support to internationalisation and
excellence. In the first case, the call for tenders would be intended to public authorities and
intermediary bodies which, in their turn, would launch calls for projects to clusters from
different member states wishing to establish transnational relationships. Non European
clusters might be associated, but could nevertheless not receive funding for their activities.
There is already a memorandum of coopeation in this area with Japan via the EU-Japan
Centre for Industrial Cooperation. A similar one is under preparation with India.
With regard to excellence, the call would aim at financing the training of cluster managers
based on the training material developed within the framework of the Cluster Excellence
project.

Public procurement
Mid-2012 the European Commission should launch a new call for projects in the field of
innovation in public procurement.
The call will be endowed with a budget of approximately 12 million EURO. It would comprise
two strands, one relating to the exchange of experience and the other one to
experimentation financing. The costs for the design of the calls, the legal advices etc. would
be eligible for the second strand, but not the purchase of goods or services.

Other topics of calls for projects under preparation

You will find below a list of calls for projects under preparation within the framework of the
CIP programme.
3 Better policies to develop world-class clusters in Europe
3 European Creative Industries Alliance (ECIA)
3 Joint actions for non-technological, user-centred innovation
 -9- EURADA-NEWS Nr 318 – 10.11.10

3 Eco-innovation: first application and market replication projects

3 Sustainable industry low carbon scheme (SLIC). This will be an industrial programme
which consists of a set of sector-specific industrial projects carried out by consortia of
industrial stakeholders representing sectors of the energy intensive manufacturing
industries.
3 Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) programme. ETV will be provided by
verification bodies. In order to lower the cost for vencors grant agreements will be
proposed to accredited VBs in order to cover the fixed costs of the system.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

THE REGIONAL IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IN 2020

By UNU-MERIT for DG Regio
Table of contents
1. Introduction
2. Framework conditions for innovation
3. Regional typology
4. Pathways of innovation
5. Sectors of the future and policy challenges
6. Policy issues for each type of region
7. Conclusions
The report classifies the European regions into seven categories:
1. Metropolitan knowledge-intensive services regions
2. Knowledge absorbing regions
3. Public knowledge centres
4. Skilled industrial Eastern Europe
5. High-tech regions
6. Skilled technology regions
7. Traditional Southern EU regions
To be highlighted, among other things:
Most important sectors for regional economic development
Most mentioned sectors are: 'research and development (contract research)',
'education', 'transport, storage and communication services', 'motor vehicles', 'hotels
and restaurants', 'health and social work', 'agriculture, forestry and fishing',
'pharmaceuticals', 'food products, beverages and tobacco', 'machine-tools and special
purpose machinery'.
It is striking that many of the most mentioned sectors are quite traditional. The focus
group workshops confirmed that most answers reflected the existing regional importance
of the sectors. Per type of regions the answers differed, in the sense that in Metropolitan
KIS regions more than half of the sectors mentioned are in services. In Skilled industrial
 - 10 - EURADA-NEWS Nr 318 – 10.11.10

East EU regions tourism was mentioned most often. In the High-tech and the Skilled
technology regions ‘motor vehicles’ was most often mentioned. For Traditional Southern
regions 'agriculture', 'tourism' and 'food' are most often mentioned by respondents as
most important sectors for future economic development of ‘their’ region.
Most important technologies for the development of promising economic sectors
The nine most mentioned technology fields can be seen as General Purpose Technologies
as they are important for many industries. Besides ICT, which is applicable in all sectors,
we also note the importance of energy technologies, biotechnology, nanotechnology,
automation and new materials. New and rapidly developing fields of technology are
rarely specific to one sector only, but are very often of a more generic nature. It is
especially important to consider that they are also used in traditional industries which
can be transformed into completely new industries, or into new hybrid specialisations,
linking formerly distinct industries and technologies.
The generic nature of many important future technologies and the blurring of boundaries
between industries became also apparent in the focus group workshops, where
promising regional specialisations where mentioned, which comprised of specific
crossroads or combinations of certain sectors and technology applications, for example
combining:
y· Food industry, sustainable agriculture, biotechnology and the health sector;
y· Textile and chemical industries with new fibres (new materials);
y· Textiles and clothes linked with new materials, nanotechnology, and software;
y· Nanotechnology with pharmaceuticals;
y· New materials and, textiles and the aircraft industry;
y· Water recycling, medicine and health, biochemistry and biotechnology;
y· ICT and software linked with office machinery, machine-tools and the automotive sector;
y· Mechatronics, robotics and machinery.
Barriers hampering research and innovation
The most frequently mentioned barrier is the ‘Lack of (risk) capital’. It is the only barrier
that receives a rate of agreement close to two thirds of respondents. Lack of capital is
always a frequently mentioned barrier in innovation surveys, but the financial crisis must
have made it even worse. A majority agreeing can be found on four further barriers:
'Limited production, transfer and use of knowledge', 'Limited cross-sectoral
collaboration', 'Lack of entrepreneurship' and, 'Longer-term negative effects of the
financial crisis on the funding of R&D'. During the local workshops and validation
workshops in Brussels the importance of cross-sectoral collaboration was confirmed and
emphasised. Cross-sectoral collaboration is important for developing specific niches of
expertise: fields of ‘smart specialisation’.
Document can be downloaded from the Eurada website¼ Members area ¼ Eurada-News

COHESION POLICY: RESPONDING TO THE ECONOMIC CRISIS

This staff working document of DG Regio (only in English) gives examples of measures
taken in or by the Member States in the following fields:
¼ acceleration and facilitation of the actual take-up of Structural Funds,
¼ offer of flexibility in programme management,
¼ extension of the scope of eligible expenditure in strategic areas such as energy
efficiency and renewable energy schemes,
¼ simplification of the use of technical support for programme implementation.
 - 11 - EURADA-NEWS Nr 318 – 10.11.10

TERRIGORIAL INTELLIGENCE

GLOBAL LOCATION TRENDS

Annual report of IBM Global Business Services

To be found below, the point entitled "Trends by business function":
The changes in corporate location strategies manifest themselves in more nuanced ways for different types of
business functions. Hence, investment in services activities (regional headquarters, shared services centers,
business support functions) recovered in 2009, with more than 115,000 jobs created globally in these functions
compared to just over 100,000 in 2008. Accordingly, a central feature of the corporate restructuring currently
taking place is the move toward greater use of the Shared Services Center model (where a particular function is
concentrated in one place for use throughout the organization) for a wider range of activities, including higher
value added activities such as Human Resources and decision support functions. Meanwhile, as activities are
separated into individual shared services centers, we see fewer new large headquarters with all key service
activities centralized within one location. Rather, companies are increasingly ready to embrace the opportunities
offered by different locations within a region or globally for their service functions, such as to take advantage of
the differences in costs and skills in different countries, regions, and cities.
For business support functions (such as shared services and business process outsourcing) the Philippines has
taken over the lead in the global ranking from India, after having challenged the top position for several years.
This is the first time that India is not in the leading position for these activities. The Philippines offers a
similarly attractive business environment for international business support functions as India, but has not had
the same labor cost increases as have occurred in various Indian ‘hot spots’ in recent years. China is continuing
its ascent as a services destination, and confirms it should not be considered anymore “merely” the world’s
factory. Sri Lanka is another Asian country that has succeeded in positioning itself as an alternative to India.
While South Africa and Egypt confirm their increased attractiveness for services investment, various other
countries have emerged as new preferred destinations, notably in Latin America where Costa Rica and
Colombia are now both among the world’s top ten recipient countries. Finally, Fiji is remarkably highly ranked.
This is due to one single large services center.
In contrast to services, investment in production activities remained low, with further decreases in 2009
compared to 2008. This is perhaps unsurprising, as production investment is often more capital intensive and
driven by market growth, with companies awaiting firmer signs of economic recovery before initiating such new
projects. The decline has been particularly pronounced among the four BRIC countries and traditional hotspots
for production investment in Eastern Europe. In contrast, the US saw an increase in production investment and
is ranked as the top destination country. Moreover, Mexico saw a huge increase in new jobs in production
operations of which many are focused on serving the US market. These trends support the view that in troubled
times, production investment returns to the safest, most predictable places, such as the United States, and those
countries that are intimately connected to their markets, such as Mexico.
Similarly, research & development (R&D) activities are investments with long pay-back periods, with
companies typically postponing such investments until there is more solid evidence of a sustainable economic
recovery. Consequently, countries that have been key recipients of R&D investment in the past - notably India,
which had received many large software development projects - have experienced substantial declines in job
creation. Similarly, China has suffered a considerable reduction in inward R&D investment and is now ranked
third after the US.
For R&D investment it is worth emphasizing that the analysis is focused on standalone R&D centers. This
means that R&D activity that takes place in support of local production operations is not included in this
analysis. As a consequence, the number of R&D investment projects and jobs created in these centers are
 - 12 - EURADA-NEWS Nr 318 – 10.11.10

relatively low in comparison with other business functions, and probably does not reflect the full extent of R&D
activities in these countries.
Also, we see more of these R&D activities being done in partnerships, with joint ventures a growing operating
model. This suggests that companies will increasingly be looking for locations with an existing R&D base that
offers such opportunities for partnership.
With regard to the top ranking destination cities, the following results are to be noted:
1. London 6. Sao Paulo
2. Shanghai 7. New York
3. Paris 8. Sydney
4. Dubai 9. Chennai
5. Bangalore 10. Amsterdam
The Top 20 by continent is as follows:
Europe 6
North America 3
South America 2
Asia 7 (India: 5)
Oceania 1
Middle East 1
Report available on demand from the Eurada secretariat.
 159/2010 - 27 October 2010

Unemployment in the EU27 in 2009

Regional unemployment rates ranged from
2.1% in Zeeland to 27.1% in Réunion
Regional unemployment rates1 varied widely across the EU27 in 2009, from 2.1% in the region of Zeeland in the
Netherlands, to 27.1% in Réunion, a French Overseas Department. Between 2008 and 2009 unemployment rose
in 90% of the 271 NUTS 22 regions of the EU27.
Of these 271 regions, 28 had an unemployment rate of 4.4% or less in 2009, half the average for the EU27. They
included eleven out of twelve regions in the Netherlands, five regions in Austria, three in Italy, two each in
Belgium, the Czech Republic and Germany, and one each in Bulgaria, Romania and the United Kingdom. At
the other extreme, thirteen regions had a rate of 17.8% or higher, double that of the EU27: nine regions in Spain
and the four French Overseas Departments.
These data on regional unemployment, compiled on the basis of the EU Labour Force Survey, are published by
Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union.

Female unemployment rates varied from 2.4% in Zeeland to 33.6% in Melilla

At regional level, the female unemployment rate was lowest in 2009 in Zeeland (2.4%) and Utrecht (2.9%) in the
Netherlands and Tirol (2.9%) in Austria. The rate was highest in the Spanish region of Melilla (33.6%) and the
French Overseas Department of Réunion (29.0%).
In 32 regions the female unemployment rate was 4.4% or less, half the average for the EU27. They included eleven
out of twelve regions in the Netherlands, five regions in Austria, four in the United Kingdom, three in Germany,
two in Belgium, and one each in Bulgaria, Denmark, the Czech Republic, Italy, Romania, Slovenia and
Slovakia. At the other extreme, twelve regions had a rate of 17.8% or higher, double that of the EU27: eight
regions in Spain and the four French Overseas Departments.

Unemployment rates for young people varied from 4.0% in Zeeland to 59.3% in Guadeloupe
Regional differences in the unemployment rate for young people are also very marked. In the EU27 in 2009, the
lowest rates for young people were recorded in the Dutch regions of Zeeland (4.0%), Gelderland (5.4%),
Overijssel (5.6%) and Utrecht (5.7%), and the highest in the French Overseas Departments of Guadeloupe
(59.3%), Martinique (57.6%) and Réunion (49.6%).
In 35 regions the unemployment rate for young people was 9.9% or less, half the average for the EU27: fourteen
regions in Germany, all twelve regions in the Netherlands, five in Austria, and one each in the Czech Republic,
Italy, Slovakia and the United Kingdom. In seven regions the rate was 39.8% or more, double that of the EU27:
three regions each in Spain and France and one in Italy.
There was only one region where youth unemployment was lower than total unemployment, Bremen in Germany,
and in three quarters of the EU27 regions the unemployment rate for young people was at least twice that for total
unemployment.
 Highest and lowest unemployment rates in the EU27 in 2009 (in %)
Lowest unemployment rates Highest unemployment rates
Region Rate Region Rate
Total
1 Zeeland (NL) 2.1 1 Réunion (FR) 27.1
2 Gelderland (NL) 2.8 2 Canarias (ES) 26.2
3 Bolzano / Bozen (IT) 2.9 3 Andalucia (ES) 25.4
3 Utrecht (NL) 2.9 4 Melilla (ES) 24.2
3 Tirol (AT) 2.9 5 Guadeloupe (FR) 23.4
6 Praha (CZ) 3.1 6 Martinique (FR) 21.8
7 Noord-Brabant (NL) 3.2 7 Valenciana (ES) 21.2
7 Noord-Holland (NL) 3.2 8 Murcia (ES) 20.7
7 Salzburg (AT) 3.2 9 Extremadura (ES) 20.5
10 Trento (IT) 3.5 10 Guyane (FR) 20.2
10 Friesland (NL) 3.5 11 Ceuta (ES) 18.9
12 Castilla-La Mancha (ES) 18.8
Women
1 Zeeland (NL) 2.4 1 Melilla (ES) 33.6
2 Utrecht (NL) 2.9 2 Réunion (FR) 29.0
2 Tirol (AT) 2.9 3 Ceuta (ES) 28.2
4 Gelderland (NL) 3.1 4 Andalucia (ES) 27.1
5 Praha (CZ) 3.2 5 Canarias (ES) 27.0
6 Noord-Brabant (NL) 3.3 6 Guadeloupe (FR) 26.3
7 Bolzano / Bozen (IT) 3.4 7 Guyane (FR) 25.9
7 Noord-Holland (NL) 3.4 8 Extremadura (ES) 25.3
9 Flevoland (NL) 3.5 9 Martinique (FR) 23.0
10 Drenthe (NL) 3.6 10 Castilla-La Mancha (ES) 21.4
10 Overijssel (NL) 3.6 11 Valenciana (ES) 21.0
10 Zuid-Holland (NL) 3.6 12 Murcia (ES) 18.8
10 Salzburg (AT) 3.6
10 Bucureşti - Ilfov (RO) 3.6
Young people (aged 15-24)
1 Zeeland (NL) 4.0 1 Guadeloupe (FR) 59.3
2 Gelderland (NL) 5.4 2 Martinique (FR) 57.6
3 Overijssel (NL) 5.6 3 Réunion (FR) 49.6
4 Utrecht (NL) 5.7 4 Canarias (ES) 47.9
5 Tübingen (DE) 5.8 5 Andalucia (ES) 45.0
6 Noord-Holland (NL) 6.1 6 Sardegna (IT) 44.7
7 Noord-Brabant (NL) 6.3 7 Extremadura (ES) 41.2
8 Oberbayern (DE) 6.4 8 Melilla (ES) 39.7
8 Tirol (AT) 6.4 9 Valenciana (ES) 39.5
10 Freiburg (DE) 6.7 10 Sicilia (IT) 38.5
11 Bremen (DE) 6.9 11 Basilicata (IT) 38.3
11 Oberpfalz (DE) 6.9 12 Campania (IT) 38.1

1. The unemployment rate is defined as the percentage of unemployed persons in the economically active population.
According to the recommendations of the International Labour Organisation, a person is deemed to be unemployed if all
three of the following conditions are met:
ƒ he or she is without work during the survey reference week;
ƒ he or she is available for work, being able to take up employment within two weeks;
ƒ he or she has actively sought work over the past four weeks.
2. These data are based on the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) as last modified in February 2007.
NUTS 2006 provides a uniform, consistent breakdown of territorial units for the production of regional statistics for the EU.
Level 2 of the nomenclature has 271 regions: Belgium (11), Bulgaria (6), the Czech Republic (8), Denmark (5), Germany
(39), Ireland (2), Greece (13), Spain (19), France (26), Italy (21), Hungary (7), the Netherlands (12), Austria (9), Poland (16),
Portugal (7), Romania (8), Slovenia (2), Slovakia (4), Finland (5), Sweden (8) and the United Kingdom (37). Estonia, Cyprus,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg and Malta are all considered as single regions at NUTS 2 level.
The statistical regions in the candidate and EFTA follow the same rules as the NUTS regions in the EU, except that there is
no legal base. There are 46 regions in these countries at Level 2: Norway (7), Switzerland (7), Croatia (3) and Tukey (26).
Iceland, Liechtenstein and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia are all considered as single regions at Level 2.

Issued by: Eurostat Press Office For further information on data:

Tim ALLEN Berthold FELDMANN

Tel: +352-4301-33 444 Tel: +352-4301-34 401
eurostat-pressoffice@ec.europa.eu berthold.feldmann@ec.europa.eu

Eurostat news releases on the internet: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat

 Unemployment rates in the regions of the European Union
Total Females 15-24 years old
2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009
EU27 7.0 8.9 7.5 8.9 15.6 19.9
BELGIUM 7.0 7.9 7.6 8.1 18.0 21.9
Bruxelles-Cap. / Brussels Hfdst. 15.9 15.7 16.6 15.7 33.2 31.7
Vlaams Gewest 3.9 4.9 4.2 4.9 10.5 15.7
Antwerpen 4.6 5.7 4.6 6.1 10.2 16.2
Limburg (BE) 4.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 11.7 18.0
Oost-Vlaanderen 3.6 4.2 3.9 4.3 11.4 13.9
Vlaams Brabant 4.2 4.9 3.9 4.6 12.0 18.7
West-Vlaanderen 2.7 4.3 3.3 4.1 8.0 13.0
Région Wallonne 10.0 11.2 11.4 11.8 27.5 30.5
Brabant Wallon 6.5 6.9 6.8 7.1 19.7 19.4
Hainaut 11.6 13.2 13.6 14.4 32.8 38.0
Liège 10.5 12.1 11.6 12.7 26.9 29.7
Luxembourg (BE) 7.7 7.4 9.3 7.8 22.9 21.7
Namur 8.8 9.4 10.3 9.7 23.8 22.7
BULGARIA 5.6 6.8 5.8 6.6 12.7 16.2
Severna i Iztochna Bulgaria 7.5 8.3 7.8 8.3 17.4 19.8
Severozapaden 7.1 8.0 6.5 7.7 18.3 15.1
Severen tsentralen 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.2 17.9 21.7
Severoiztochen 8.6 10.4 10.2 10.2 19.0 23.5
Yugoiztochen 5.8 6.6 6.0 7.1 14.8 18.0
Yugozapadna i Yuzhna tsentralna Bulgaria 3.8 5.3 3.9 5.0 7.8 12.7
Yugozapaden 2.9 4.1 3.0 3.9 6.7 10.0
Yuzhen tsentralen 5.1 7.3 5.2 6.8 9.7 17.3
CZECH REPUBLIC 4.4 6.7 5.6 7.7 9.9 16.6
Praha 1.9 3.1 2.3 3.2 4.8 9.4
Střední Čechy 2.6 4.4 3.0 5.2 6.1 15.3
Jihozápad 3.1 5.2 4.3 6.1 6.6 13.5
Severozápad 7.8 10.3 8.8 12.5 18.2 23.5
Severovýchod 4.0 7.3 5.4 8.8 8.3 14.9
Jihovýchod 4.0 6.5 5.4 7.5 7.8 15.8
Střední Morava 4.9 7.5 6.1 8.8 11.2 18.1
Moravskoslezsko 7.4 9.7 10.3 10.9 15.0 21.3
DENMARK 3.3 6.0 3.7 5.4 7.6 11.2
Hovedstaden 3.6 6.1 3.5 5.4 6.9 11.6
Sjælland 3.2 5.2 3.8 4.2 8.7 11.1
Syddanmark 3.2 6.1 3.5 5.8 8.1 11.6
Midtjylland 3.1 5.8 3.8 5.1 7.9 10.4
Nordjylland 3.4 7.0 4.2 6.5 6.9 11.0
GERMANY 7.5 7.7 7.5 7.2 10.5 11.2
Baden-Württemberg 4.2 5.1 4.7 5.0 6.6 8.3
Stuttgart 4.2 5.2 4.9 5.3 7.0 9.4
Karlsruhe 4.8 5.6 5.1 5.2 6.4 9.8
Freiburg 3.8 4.4 4.3 4.1 6.3 6.7
Tübingen 3.7 4.9 4.4 4.9 6.6 5.8
Bayern 4.2 5.0 4.6 5.0 6.0 8.0
Oberbayern 3.3 4.2 3.4 3.9 5.0 6.4
Niederbayern 4.2 5.0 5.2 5.1 4.6 7.3
Oberpfalz 4.2 4.9 4.2 5.0 5.7 6.9
Oberfranken 6.1 6.6 6.7 6.7 8.5 13.5
Mittelfranken 5.5 6.3 5.4 6.6 7.2 9.2
Unterfranken 4.4 5.6 5.0 5.8 6.7 9.7
Schwaben 4.1 4.6 4.8 4.5 6.3 7.1
Berlin 15.1 13.7 13.4 11.6 17.9 17.5
Brandenburg 11.5 11.3 11.2 10.3 14.5 17.1
Brandenburg-Nordost 12.6 12.8 12.3 11.8 16.1 19.6
Brandenburg-Südwest 10.5 10.1 10.4 9.1 13.1 14.7
Bremen 9.5 9.0 7.6 6.9 10.2 6.9
Hamburg 7.1 7.1 6.4 5.7 12.1 10.3
Hessen 6.4 6.3 6.5 6.1 10.5 11.2
Darmstadt 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.0 10.0 10.7
Gießen 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.4 12.2 12.8
Kassel 7.4 6.6 7.4 6.3 10.3 11.4
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 14.6 13.9 14.4 12.9 15.0 15.1
Niedersachsen 7.1 6.8 7.0 6.4 10.4 10.3
Braunschweig 8.6 8.4 8.8 8.0 11.1 10.8
Hannover 7.6 7.9 6.7 6.9 11.0 12.0
Lüneburg 6.2 5.4 6.2 5.2 11.3 9.5
Weser-Ems 6.2 5.9 6.5 5.7 9.1 9.2
Nordrhein-Westfalen 7.4 7.8 7.2 7.0 11.5 12.3
Düsseldorf 7.4 7.7 7.0 6.7 12.7 13.1
Köln 6.9 7.1 6.8 6.5 10.8 10.6
Münster 6.4 7.3 6.0 6.4 8.8 10.8
Detmold 7.2 7.7 7.5 6.9 12.1 12.1
Arnsberg 8.7 9.2 8.8 8.3 12.3 14.2
Rheinland-Pfalz 5.6 6.0 5.8 5.6 9.7 10.7
Koblenz 5.8 6.7 6.5 6.4 9.6 10.9
Trier 5.2 4.6 5.2 4.3 9.3 7.7
Rheinhessen-Pfalz 5.6 5.8 5.4 5.4 9.8 11.7
 Unemployment rates in the regions of the European Union
Total Females 15-24 years old
2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009
EU27 7.0 8.9 7.5 8.9 15.6 19.9
GERMANY (cont.) 7.5 7.7 7.5 7.2 10.5 11.2
Saarland 7.1 8.3 6.8 8.2 13.9 14.7
Sachsen 12.9 12.4 12.6 12.2 15.6 14.9
Chemnitz 12.1 12.3 13.1 12.7 11.4 13.1
Dresden 12.3 12.0 11.5 11.5 17.6 16.5
Leipzig 14.7 13.2 13.6 12.5 17.6 14.9
Sachsen-Anhalt 14.6 13.7 15.5 13.3 18.3 16.0
Schleswig-Holstein 6.8 7.2 6.8 6.8 11.3 10.4
Thüringen 10.6 10.6 11.9 10.5 11.7 11.4
ESTONIA 5.5 13.8 5.3 10.6 12.0 27.5
IRELAND 6.0 11.7 4.6 7.9 12.7 24.2
Border, Midland and Western 7.0 13.0 5.8 8.8 15.1 27.2
Southern and Eastern 5.7 11.3 4.2 7.6 11.8 23.2
GREECE 7.7 9.5 11.4 13.1 22.1 25.8
Voreia Ellada 8.7 10.1 13.5 14.4 23.6 28.7
Anatoliki Makedonia, Thraki 8.7 10.9 14.4 15.7 21.8 31.5
Kentriki Makedonia 8.3 9.9 12.8 14.1 22.2 27.7
Dytiki Makedonia 12.5 12.5 19.3 17.0 36.8 35.2
Thessalia 8.4 9.2 12.1 13.1 23.7 26.6
Kentriki Ellada 8.7 9.6 14.0 15.0 27.5 28.8
Ipeiros 9.9 11.2 16.3 16.2 30.7 34.2
Ionia Nisia 8.5 9.7 12.1 14.0 26.7 26.1
Dytiki Ellada 9.6 9.5 15.6 15.1 31.2 28.6
Sterea Ellada 8.5 10.5 14.3 16.9 28.1 33.4
Peloponnisos 7.1 8.0 11.3 13.2 21.2 23.3
Attiki 6.5 8.8 8.6 11.1 19.1 21.9
Nisia Aigaiou, Kriti 6.5 9.3 10.7 13.6 15.0 22.5
Voreio Aigaio 4.5 6.0 9.4 12.1 20.2 25.0
Notio Aigaio 8.1 12.0 12.7 17.5 14.9 24.6
Kriti 6.3 8.8 10.1 12.2 13.9 20.8
SPAIN 11.3 18.0 13.0 18.4 24.6 37.8
Noroeste 8.5 12.7 10.3 13.7 21.0 31.7
Galicia 8.7 12.6 10.4 13.6 21.2 30.8
Asturias 8.4 13.4 11.0 14.5 21.6 35.4
Cantabria 7.2 12.0 8.9 12.8 19.1 30.0
Noreste 6.8 11.7 8.1 12.0 19.6 31.7
País Vasco 6.4 11.0 7.7 11.5 19.2 31.5
Navarra 6.7 10.9 8.3 12.0 18.7 30.9
La Rioja 7.8 12.8 9.8 13.0 22.0 33.1
Aragón 7.1 12.8 8.2 12.5 20.0 32.0
Madrid 8.7 14.0 9.6 13.9 21.0 34.4
Centro (ES) 11.3 16.9 15.6 19.9 24.0 35.6
Castilla y León 9.5 13.8 13.4 16.5 22.2 31.7
Castilla-La Mancha 11.6 18.8 15.4 21.4 22.9 36.4
Extremadura 15.2 20.5 21.6 25.3 29.1 41.2
Este 10.2 18.2 10.8 17.4 23.1 37.6
Cataluña 9.0 16.2 9.0 15.2 20.4 37.1
Valenciana 12.1 21.2 13.6 21.0 26.4 39.5
Illes Balears 10.2 18.0 10.8 16.5 24.3 31.7
Sur 17.0 24.6 20.4 25.9 30.0 43.2
Andalucía 17.8 25.4 21.5 27.1 31.1 45.0
Murcia 12.6 20.7 13.6 18.8 23.6 33.7
Ceuta 17.3 18.9 26.8 28.2 39.1 34.8
Melilla 20.7 24.2 29.3 33.6 37.8 39.7
Canarias 17.4 26.2 19.0 27.0 32.1 47.9
FRANCE 7.8 9.5 8.4 9.8 19.1 23.3
Île de France 7.2 8.4 6.4 7.8 18.6 19.5
Bassin parisien 7.2 8.8 8.3 9.2 18.2 22.7
Champagne-Ardenne 8.0 9.6 9.5 10.4 19.4 19.4
Picardie 7.5 10.7 8.3 10.7 17.9 27.7
Haute-Normandie 8.9 10.4 10.7 11.5 22.5 23.6
Centre 5.7 7.0 6.7 7.2 14.2 18.3
Basse-Normandie 6.7 7.3 8.7 8.0 16.6 22.2
Bourgogne 6.7 8.1 6.8 8.2 18.7 26.0
Nord - Pas-de-Calais 11.4 13.5 12.0 13.4 27.2 35.9
Est 7.3 10.0 8.7 10.0 17.0 23.2
Lorraine 8.4 11.6 9.2 11.3 19.2 27.3
Alsace 6.1 8.5 7.6 8.8 13.6 19.9
Franche-Comté 7.1 9.2 9.7 9.2 18.5 20.1
Ouest 6.3 7.3 6.9 8.5 16.1 18.8
Pays de la Loire 6.4 8.0 7.3 9.3 16.2 19.3
Bretagne 5.6 5.9 6.0 7.3 15.2 15.5
Poitou-Charentes 7.4 8.7 7.8 9.1 17.7 23.8
Sud-ouest 6.8 8.8 7.9 9.8 17.7 20.7
Aquitaine 7.4 8.7 8.8 9.5 20.7 21.9
Midi-Pyrénées 6.4 9.4 7.3 10.8 16.1 21.0
Limousin 5.8 6.5 6.5 6.8 13.8 15.0
 Unemployment rates in the regions of the European Union
Total Females 15-24 years old
2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009
EU27 7.0 8.9 7.5 8.9 15.6 19.9
FRANCE (cont.) 7.8 9.5 8.4 9.8 19.1 23.3
Centre-est 6.6 8.5 7.3 8.8 13.3 20.9
Rhône-Alpes 6.6 8.7 7.2 8.9 13.8 21.6
Auvergne 6.7 7.8 7.8 8.3 10.8 16.9
Méditerranée 8.8 10.8 9.1 11.0 22.4 27.2
Languedoc-Roussillon 9.9 13.9 10.1 13.5 26.1 32.9
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 8.2 9.5 8.4 9.6 20.8 24.8
Corse 8.4 6.9 13.0 12.0 17.4 10.4
Départements d'Outre-Mer 23.1 24.4 25.8 26.6 48.1 51.2
Guadeloupe 21.9 23.4 25.5 26.3 51.7 59.3
Martinique 22.3 21.8 24.2 23.0 50.0 57.6
Guyane 21.4 20.2 28.8 25.9 39.6 37.6
Réunion 24.4 27.1 26.4 29.0 47.6 49.6
ITALY 6.7 7.8 8.5 9.3 21.3 25.4
Nord Ovest 4.2 5.8 5.4 6.9 13.9 20.1
Piemonte 5.0 6.8 6.3 7.8 14.9 24.1
Valle d’Aosta / Vallée d’Aoste 3.3 4.4 4.2 5.6 12.0 17.5
Liguria 5.4 5.7 7.1 7.1 22.0 18.8
Lombardia 3.7 5.4 4.8 6.4 12.5 18.5
Nord Est 3.4 4.7 4.8 5.8 10.7 15.7
Bolzano / Bozen 2.4 2.9 3.0 3.4 6.0 8.9
Trento 3.3 3.5 4.5 4.6 8.5 11.5
Veneto 3.5 4.8 5.2 6.4 10.7 14.4
Friuli-Venezia Giulia 4.3 5.3 6.4 6.4 13.9 18.9
Emilia-Romagna 3.2 4.8 4.3 5.5 11.1 18.3
Centro (IT) 6.1 7.2 8.2 9.2 19.6 24.8
Toscana 5.0 5.8 7.3 7.8 14.4 17.8
Umbria 4.8 6.7 6.8 9.3 14.4 19.6
Marche 4.7 6.6 5.7 7.2 12.6 22.6
Lazio 7.5 8.5 9.7 10.8 26.2 30.6
Sud 11.4 11.9 15.1 14.8 31.2 34.0
Abruzzo 6.6 8.1 8.7 10.5 19.7 24.0
Molise 9.1 9.1 12.4 11.0 28.8 27.1
Campania 12.6 12.9 16.8 16.0 32.4 38.1
Puglia 11.6 12.6 15.8 16.2 31.6 32.6
Basilicata 11.1 11.2 15.2 13.9 34.6 38.3
Calabria 12.1 11.3 15.7 13.9 34.5 31.8
Isole 13.3 13.7 16.8 16.4 38.7 40.1
Sicilia 13.8 13.9 17.3 16.6 39.3 38.5
Sardegna 12.2 13.3 15.9 16.0 36.8 44.7
CYPRUS 3.7 5.3 4.2 5.5 9.0 13.8
LATVIA 7.5 17.1 6.9 13.9 13.1 33.6
LITHUANIA 5.8 13.7 5.6 10.4 13.4 29.2
LUXEMBOURG (GRAND-DUCHY) 5.1 5.1 6.0 6.1 17.9 17.2
HUNGARY 7.8 10.0 8.1 9.7 19.9 26.5
Közép Magyarország 4.6 6.6 5.3 6.1 11.6 19.0
Dunántúl 6.8 9.6 7.0 9.8 17.0 25.2
Közép Dunántúl 5.8 9.3 6.0 9.7 15.6 22.6
Nyugat Dunántúl 4.9 8.6 6.2 8.9 10.4 23.2
Dél Dunántúl 10.3 11.0 9.4 10.9 25.9 30.9
Alföld es Észak 11.3 13.3 11.2 12.9 26.8 32.0
Észak Magyaroszág 13.4 15.2 12.5 14.0 29.7 35.0
Észak Alföld 12.0 14.2 12.3 14.0 28.3 32.7
Dél Alföld 8.8 10.6 9.0 10.8 22.0 27.9
MALTA 6.0 7.0 6.8 7.6 12.2 14.4
NETHERLANDS 2.8 3.4 3.0 3.5 5.3 6.6
Noord-Nederland 3.4 4.2 3.8 4.3 6.7 8.0
Groningen 4.0 4.8 4.5 5.4 7.3 9.2
Friesland 2.9 3.5 3.1 3.7 5.7 7.3
Drenthe 3.6 4.2 4.0 3.6 7.1 7.1
Oost-Nederland 2.7 3.1 3.0 3.3 5.1 5.8
Overijssel 2.6 3.6 3.1 3.6 4.3 5.6
Gelderland 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.1 5.1 5.4
Flevoland 3.4 3.6 3.9 3.5 6.7 8.3
West-Nederland 2.7 3.3 2.8 3.3 5.2 6.6
Utrecht 2.1 2.9 2.2 2.9 4.3 5.7
Noord-Holland 2.6 3.2 2.6 3.4 4.7 6.1
Zuid-Holland 3.0 3.6 3.3 3.6 6.0 7.5
Zeeland 2.8 2.1 2.3 2.4 3.6 4.0
Zuid-Nederland 2.7 3.6 3.0 3.5 5.0 6.9
Noord-Brabant 2.3 3.2 2.9 3.3 4.3 6.3
Limburg (NL) 3.4 4.4 3.4 4.0 6.6 8.4
 Unemployment rates in the regions of the European Union
Total Females 15-24 years old
2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009
EU27 7.0 8.9 7.5 8.9 15.6 19.9
AUSTRIA 3.8 4.8 4.1 4.6 8.0 10.0
Ostösterreich 5.0 5.9 5.1 5.2 10.9 12.6
Burgenland 3.6 4.6 3.5 4.8 8.3 8.8
Niederösterreich 3.4 4.3 4.0 4.0 8.4 11.2
Wien 6.7 7.5 6.5 6.4 14.0 14.6
Südösterreich 3.4 4.5 3.6 4.2 6.9 9.8
Kärnten 3.4 4.2 4.1 4.2 7.0 9.4
Steiermark 3.4 4.6 3.3 4.3 6.8 10.0
Westösterreich 2.7 3.7 3.3 4.0 5.9 7.6
Oberösterreich 2.6 4.0 3.3 4.5 5.3 7.5
Salzburg 2.5 3.2 2.9 3.6 6.5 7.5
Tirol 2.4 2.9 2.8 2.9 5.8 6.4
Vorarlberg 3.9 4.9 4.6 5.0 7.5 10.5
POLAND 7.1 8.2 8.0 8.7 17.3 20.6
Region Centralny 6.2 6.5 6.8 6.8 15.5 16.2
Łódzkie 6.7 7.6 7.5 8.1 16.8 19.1
Mazowieckie 6.0 6.0 6.4 6.2 14.9 14.9
Region Południowy 6.4 7.2 7.4 8.0 18.0 20.9
Małopolskie 6.2 7.9 7.2 8.3 19.0 24.2
Śląskie 6.6 6.7 7.5 7.8 17.2 18.3
Region Wschodni 8.2 9.6 8.5 9.6 21.1 26.4
Lubelskie 8.8 9.7 8.8 9.2 24.5 26.9
Podkarpackie 8.2 10.1 9.0 11.0 21.6 33.1
Świętokrzyskie 8.8 10.8 8.8 10.0 20.2 23.9
Podlaskie 6.4 7.1 6.6 7.1 15.3 17.4
Region Północno-Zachodni 7.0 8.6 8.4 9.8 15.0 20.1
Wielkopolskie 6.1 7.5 8.0 9.5 12.7 17.8
Zachodniopomorskie 9.5 10.4 10.2 10.8 21.9 24.5
Lubuskie 6.5 9.6 7.3 9.3 15.7 23.5
Region Południowo-Zachodni 8.5 10.0 9.6 10.4 19.1 22.6
Dolnośląskie 9.1 10.1 10.3 10.3 19.9 23.3
Opolskie 6.5 9.9 7.3 10.7 16.6 20.3
Region Północny 7.3 8.5 8.6 9.1 15.3 19.1
Kujawsko-Pomorskie 9.1 10.4 10.2 10.6 19.0 21.5
Warmińsko-Mazurskie 7.4 8.5 9.0 10.0 16.0 18.8
Pomorskie 5.5 6.4 6.7 6.8 11.3 16.2
PORTUGAL 7.6 9.5 8.8 10.2 16.4 20.0
Continente 7.7 9.6 8.9 10.3 16.6 20.2
Norte 8.7 11.0 10.1 12.4 16.2 21.9
Algarve 7.0 10.3 9.0 11.5 19.3 24.6
Centro (PT) 5.4 6.9 7.1 7.2 12.1 16.0
Lisboa 8.2 9.8 8.4 9.9 20.9 19.2
Alentejo 9.0 10.5 11.7 11.9 19.6 23.6
Açores 5.5 6.7 8.3 8.0 12.8 15.9
Madeira 6.0 7.6 6.3 6.1 15.1 19.7
ROMANIA 5.8 6.9 4.7 5.8 18.6 20.8
Macroregiunea unu 6.1 8.1 4.8 6.9 18.3 23.8
Nord-Vest 3.8 5.6 2.8 5.1 13.5 16.8
Centru 8.5 10.7 7.0 8.8 22.6 30.2
Macroregiunea doi 5.6 6.6 4.5 5.6 17.2 18.4
Nord-Est 4.5 6.0 3.5 5.0 14.0 16.2
Sud-Est 7.2 7.5 6.1 6.7 21.7 21.8
Macroregiunea trei 5.4 6.4 4.9 6.1 18.8 21.5
Sud-Muntenia 6.8 8.0 6.5 8.0 19.4 23.6
Bucureşti-Ilfov 3.4 4.0 2.5 3.6 17.4 16.9
Macroregiunea patru 6.1 6.5 4.6 4.6 21.1 20.1
Sud-Vest Oltenia 6.5 6.8 4.6 4.7 21.7 20.3
Vest 5.7 6.0 4.5 4.5 20.4 19.7
SLOVENIA 4.4 5.9 4.8 5.8 10.4 13.6
Vzhodna Slovenija 5.2 6.8 6.2 7.4 12.2 15.5
Zahodna Slovenija 3.4 4.8 3.3 4.0 8.5 11.6
SLOVAKIA 9.5 12.0 10.9 12.8 19.0 27.3
Bratislavský kraj 3.4 4.6 3.4 3.8 6.5 9.7
Západné Slovensko 6.4 9.9 8.5 11.5 12.0 22.6
Stredné Slovensko 13.1 14.6 14.1 15.4 25.3 32.5
Východné Slovensko 13.2 15.9 15.3 17.0 26.9 34.4
FINLAND 6.4 8.2 6.7 7.6 16.5 21.5
Manner-Suomi 6.4 8.3 6.7 7.6 16.5 21.5
Itä-Suomi 9.0 10.9 9.1 9.7 21.6 27.2
Etelä-Suomi 5.3 7.0 5.6 6.4 14.8 20.0
Länsi-Suomi 6.5 9.0 7.2 8.4 16.1 21.7
Pohjois-Suomi 8.5 10.1 8.8 9.7 19.4 22.9
Åland 2.2 5.4 2.8 4.8 10.6 19.4
 Unemployment rates in the regions of the European Union
Total Females 15-24 years old
2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009
EU27 7.0 8.9 7.5 8.9 15.6 19.9
SWEDEN 6.2 8.4 6.6 8.0 20.2 25.0
Östra Sverige 5.9 7.8 6.3 7.7 20.0 24.0
Stockholm 5.2 6.8 5.3 6.5 18.1 22.1
Östra Mellansverige 6.9 9.3 7.8 9.4 22.1 26.2
Södra Sverige 6.3 8.5 6.7 8.2 20.2 25.3
Småland med öarna 5.0 8.1 5.4 7.1 16.7 26.6
Sydsverige 7.4 8.7 8.3 8.6 22.0 25.3
Västsverige 6.1 8.6 6.0 8.3 20.5 24.8
Norra Sverige 6.7 9.1 6.9 8.3 20.6 26.4
Norra Mellansverige 6.6 9.4 7.5 9.0 19.0 25.8
Mellersta Norrland 7.1 8.9 6.9 7.4 27.1 30.8
Övre Norrland 6.6 8.9 5.9 7.9 18.7 24.5
UNITED KINGDOM 5.6 7.6 5.1 6.4 15.0 19.1
North East 7.6 9.2 6.7 7.1 18.3 22.5
Tees Valley & Durham 7.9 8.3 7.3 7.4 17.1 21.4
Northumberland and Tyne & Wear 7.3 9.9 6.3 6.9 19.3 23.3
North West 6.7 8.3 5.6 6.7 17.4 20.8
Cumbria 3.1 6.4 2.9 5.5 8.9 20.1
Cheshire 5.1 6.7 3.8 6.6 15.5 19.6
Greater Manchester 7.7 9.5 6.7 8.2 18.6 21.0
Lancashire 5.4 7.2 4.5 5.4 14.1 17.5
Merseyside 8.9 9.4 7.2 5.7 23.3 25.8
Yorkshire & the Humber 6.1 8.5 5.2 6.9 15.3 20.2
East Yorkshire & Northern Lincolnshire 5.1 9.4 4.7 7.0 11.1 24.7
North Yorkshire 2.8 5.3 1.3 4.1 10.3 13.0
South Yorkshire 8.2 9.7 7.0 7.5 20.4 22.4
West Yorkshire 6.5 8.7 5.9 7.5 15.9 19.3
East Midlands 5.7 7.1 5.5 5.9 15.3 17.3
Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire 5.3 7.2 5.0 5.5 14.3 15.1
Leicestershire, Rutland & Northamptonshire 6.0 7.3 5.2 6.2 16.5 18.0
Lincolnshire 6.2 6.3 7.3 6.3 14.8 21.5
West Midlands 6.6 9.7 5.5 7.5 16.9 24.0
Herefordshire, Worcestershire & Warwickshire 4.2 6.4 4.1 5.2 13.9 19.7
Shropshire & Staffordshire 4.4 7.1 3.8 5.7 10.8 17.5
West Midlands 9.4 13.1 7.5 9.9 21.7 29.7
East of England 4.8 6.2 4.4 5.7 13.1 16.5
East Anglia 4.5 5.9 4.3 5.3 12.6 17.2
Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire 4.8 5.9 4.2 4.7 12.7 16.2
Essex 5.1 6.9 4.7 7.2 14.2 15.9
London 7.1 8.9 7.1 9.0 19.6 22.7
Inner London 7.8 9.4 8.1 9.8 21.7 25.0
Outer London 6.5 8.6 6.4 8.4 18.2 21.2
South East 4.3 5.8 4.1 5.0 12.3 16.2
Berkshire, Buckinghamshire & Oxfordshire 4.1 5.4 3.9 4.5 11.9 15.5
Surrey, East & West Sussex 4.4 5.6 4.1 4.9 13.3 15.6
Hampshire & Isle of Wight 3.6 5.3 3.5 5.3 8.8 13.8
Kent 5.3 7.3 5.0 5.3 16.2 20.6
South West 4.1 6.1 3.6 5.1 10.2 15.4
Gloucestershire, Wiltshire & Bristol/Bath area 3.7 5.7 3.4 4.8 8.4 16.9
Dorset & Somerset 4.2 6.4 3.7 5.1 12.3 11.3
Cornwall & Isles of Scilly 5.8 5.2 5.9 4.9 11.1 12.2
Devon 3.8 7.1 3.1 5.9 11.3 18.6
Wales 6.0 8.1 5.1 6.3 15.9 19.9
West Wales & the Valleys 6.2 8.9 5.3 6.7 16.9 22.0
East Wales 5.6 6.7 4.9 5.7 14.1 16.1
Scotland 4.7 6.9 4.2 5.7 13.0 16.6
Eastern Scotland 4.8 7.5 4.4 6.5 14.8 20.5
South Western Scotland 5.4 7.4 4.7 5.6 14.1 14.9
North Eastern Scotland 3.0 3.6 2.9 4.4 6.5 7.8
Highlands & Islands 3.0 5.9 2.5 4.3 8.2 20.6
Northern Ireland 4.4 6.5 2.7 4.2 11.8 16.8
 Unemployment rates in the regions of the EFTA and Candidate countries
Total Females 15-24 years old
2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009
EU27 7.0 8.9 7.5 8.9 15.6 19.9
ICELAND 2.9 7.2 2.6 5.7 8.2 15.9
LIECHTENSTEIN : : : : : :
NORWAY 2.5 3.1 2.4 2.6 7.5 9.2
Oslo og Akershus 2.9 3.6 2.6 3.0 7.7 10.8
Hedmark og Oppland 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.1 9.3 8.4
Sør-Østlandet 2.7 3.4 2.5 2.5 9.0 10.4
Agder og Rogaland 1.8 2.2 1.7 1.7 4.1 4.7
Vestlandet 2.1 2.4 2.0 2.3 6.4 7.7
Trøndelag 3.3 3.7 3.6 3.4 10.3 10.4
Nord-Norge 2.9 3.7 2.1 3.4 7.9 12.6
SWITZERLAND 3.3 4.1 4.0 4.5 7.0 8.2
Région lémanique 4.6 5.9 4.9 5.9 11.1 13.5
Espace Mittelland 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 7.0 8.0
Nordwestschweiz 3.1 4.5 4.0 5.0 7.4 8.5
Zürich 3.1 3.7 3.5 3.9 6.2 7.0
Ostschweiz 2.7 3.3 3.6 3.9 5.1 4.4
Zentralschweiz 2.3 2.7 3.0 3.5 2.7 5.7
Ticino 5.0 5.0 5.8 5.2 11.2 13.5
CROATIA 8.4 9.1 10.0 10.3 21.9 25.0
Sjeverozapadna Hrvatska 4.9 5.4 4.8 5.3 14.0 15.4
Središnja i Istočna (Panonska) Hrvatska 12.9 13.7 16.7 16.7 31.4 35.4
Jadranska Hrvatska 8.7 9.6 11.1 11.3 21.2 25.1
FORMER YUGOSLAV REP. OF MACEDONIA : : : : : :
TURKEY 9.7 12.6 10.0 12.6 18.5 22.8
İstanbul 10.0 15.9 11.9 18.9 16.3 25.4
Bati Marmara 8.0 9.4 10.3 11.9 17.6 20.9
Tekirdağ 9.8 11.6 12.9 15.5 20.0 25.6
Balıkesir 6.2 7.1 7.4 8.2 15.0 15.0
Ege 9.4 12.9 10.9 14.6 17.9 24.9
İzmir 10.9 15.4 13.2 16.9 21.0 30.4
Aydın 9.6 12.8 11.1 16.3 17.7 22.6
Manisa 7.0 9.6 6.6 8.5 13.8 19.7
Doğu Marmara 9.7 12.7 12.2 15.0 19.6 23.3
Bursa 9.7 12.6 12.2 15.0 18.6 22.5
Kocaeli 9.7 12.8 12.1 15.1 20.9 24.3
Bati Anadolu 10.2 11.1 13.9 12.7 21.3 21.6
Ankara 10.8 12.2 14.9 14.6 22.9 26.2
Konya 9.1 8.8 11.9 9.5 19.1 15.4
Akdeniz 12.3 15.4 13.3 16.3 20.9 25.9
Antalya 8.5 10.1 9.9 11.6 16.1 19.6
Adana 14.4 19.9 17.7 23.2 24.7 31.6
Hatay 14.1 14.8 12.5 11.4 20.8 22.5
Orta Anadolu 9.3 12.5 8.6 10.2 22.2 24.8
Kırıkkale 8.1 14.2 5.6 8.7 22.0 27.9
Kayseri 10.1 11.2 10.6 11.3 22.3 22.5
Bati Karadeniz 6.0 6.5 4.5 5.6 13.4 13.3
Zonguldak 5.9 6.7 3.6 5.0 16.3 19.4
Kastamonu 4.9 8.4 4.5 9.4 10.3 17.0
Samsun 6.3 6.0 4.9 4.9 13.3 10.4
Doğu Karadeniz 4.3 4.2 4.0 3.3 13.2 12.8
Kuzeydoğu Anadolu 5.0 6.9 1.6 2.3 10.2 13.8
Erzurum 5.2 6.3 2.5 2.6 10.8 13.1
Ağrı 4.8 7.5 0.7 2.0 9.6 14.3
Ortadoğu Anadolu 12.5 14.7 10.8 9.5 24.0 26.8
Malatya 12.3 14.8 13.2 11.4 26.7 30.7
Van 12.6 14.6 6.9 6.4 21.5 23.4
Güneydoğu Anadolu 14.4 15.1 5.1 8.0 21.1 21.6
Gaziantep 15.0 14.3 5.2 7.9 22.0 20.4
Şanlıurfa 12.8 16.7 3.4 7.6 17.3 22.0
Mardin 15.8 13.8 10.5 9.6 26.0 23.3