is Database ?

Adatab ase is a collection of information—preferably related

information and preferably organized.
-a database is a structured object.
-the structured object consists ofdata andmetad ata
-themetad ata is the structured part (table definition)
-data is the actual stored descriptive information.
NAME
EDUCATION
% OF Marks
SMITH
M Tech
98
JONES
B Tech
89
MILLER
Phd
87
….
......
….
….
......
….
What is DBMS ?
(DataBase Management System)
DBMS is collection ofprograms that enables you to store,
modify, andex tract information from ad atabase.
The general purpose of a DBMS is to provide for the
definition, storage, and management of data in a centralized
area that can be shared by many users.

Role of DBMS
•data accessibility :It must ensure that each piece of data is
available to all those users who need it.
•data security : It must protect the data and ensure that it is
not lost or damaged.
•data privacyor data confidentiality: It must protect the data
from access and change by unauthorized users.
•data integrity : It must also guarantee that the data is
consistent. This means that we must be confident that the data
is accurate and reliable and we must be able to insist on
certain values for the data
For example :
- every employee must have a name (not null)
- every row in a table must be unique
- anyone who is a manager must be a employee (FK)
- a student's date of birth must be acceptable (30th, February
1973 would be invalid).
•data concurrency :on a system where several users may be
handling the same data at the same time, the DBMS must also
ensure that there is no confusion when two or more users try
to update the same record at the same time.
data independence : For Programmers who are writing
programs for use on a DBMS, DBMS should make sure that
•Individual users and programmers should not have to worry
about how the data is held
•Nor should they need to know exactly where the data is held
•Nor should they be concerned with pieces of data which are
not used by their particular program
When these last three features are available, the DBMS is said
to offer data independence or data transparency
distributed database : it would be useful if DBMS support
networking for accessing database which may be stored across
the network

Data Model
•A data model is a model that describes in
an abstract way how data is represented in
an information system or a database
management system (DBMS).
The evolution of database modeling techniques
Relational Database Model
The relational database model improves on the restriction of a
hierarchical structure, not completely abandoning the
hierarchy of data, as shown in Figure.
Any table can be accessed directly without having to access all
parent objects.
The trick is to know what to look for—if you want to find the
address of a specific employee, you have to know which
employee to look for, or you can simply examine all
employees.
You don’t have to search the entire hierarchy, from the
company downward, to find a single employee.

Another benefit of the

relational database
model is that any
tables can be linked
together, regardless of
their hierarchical
position.

Relational Database Management System – RDBMS

ARDBMS is a term used to describe an entire suite of programs for both managing a
relational database and communicating with that relational database engine.
Sometimes Software Development Kit (SDK) front-end tools
and complete management kits are included with relational
database packages (eg: MS Access)
In other words, an RDBMS is both the database engine and
any other tools that come with it.

Attribute/column/field
Relation/Table
Tuples/
Record/
Row
Domain

Relational Databases
A relational database is organized as a
-set of tables of data and a
-mathematical language (relational algebra) – is
available to manipulate the tables.
The presentation of data in the form of tables is known as
a relation
A relation is made up of a number oftup les (rows) and
attributes(columns).
Domains are range of values which can appear in each
column are taken from thedomain for that attribute.
Example :The AGE will be in the range 16 to 65, so the
domain of the AGE attribute will be an integer in the
range 16 to 65

Relational algebra
In addition to establishing and maintaining the individual
tuples, there are also facilities for manipulating entire
relations.
These operations form what is known asrelational
algebra.
Typically, the operations of relational algebra allow us to:
•SELECT – extract tuples to form a new relation
•PROJECT – extract attributes to form a new relation
•JOIN – add attributes from one relation to another
relation
•PRODUCT – combine all the tuples of one relation will all
those of another relation

•UNION – join two relations to form a new relation

•INTERSECT – form a new relation from two relations
where the key values are the same
The formal language of relational algebra is mathematical
in form and differs from that of the commercial RDBMSs.
Database Model Design
Design is the process of ensuring that it all works without actually
building it. Design is a little like testing something on paper before
spending thousands of hours building it in possibly the wrong way.
Data structure diagram
A useful way in which we can depict the entities and the
relationships between them is by means of a data structure
diagram or DSD.
It is a picture of the data encountered within a computer
system.
The data structure diagram is also known as a data model ora
logical model or an entity-relationship model.

TUTOR
COURSE
STUDENT
teaches on
attended by
A data structure diagram
Entities
This DSD tells us that we
need to hold data about:
•The tutors
•The courses, and
•The students
The information which we
need to know about each
entity are itsattributes

TUTOR
COURSE
STUDENT
teaches on
attended by
Tutor number
Name
Address
Subjects taught
Title
Examinations available
Student enrolment number
Name
Address
Telephone number
Subjects studied
A data structure diagram showing attributes

Relationships
An entity does not exist in isolation, but is associated with
other entities by means of arelationship.
On a DSD the entities are linked, one to another, by lines
representing the relationships.
The relationships in our DSD are:
•teaches on - One tutor teaches on many courses.
•is attended by- Each course is attended by many
students.
Note that the arrowed lines point from theone end to the
many end: from the one tutor to the many courses,
and from the one course to the many students.

Types of relationship
2. One-to-one relationship
3. One-to-Many relationship
4. Many-to-Many relationship

One-to-One Relationship

Better transformation of one-to-one relationship

One to Many Relationship

Correct transformation of one-to-many relationship

Many to Many ?

Rdbms
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