Homogenous: Units of both sides of Systematic Error: Results that differ from the true

equation balances out. values by a fixed amount.

Random Error: Results that scatter around a mean
δQ = aδX + bδY Q = aX ± bY value.
δQ δX δY
=m +n Q = X m ÷Y n Precision: Agreement with each other.
Q X Y Accuracy: Closeness with actual value.
Absolute error is in 1 sf ∆Q
Qty is in same dp as absolute error Fractional Error Q
∆Q
v = u + at Fd ∝ v % Error × 100%
Q
v = u + 2as
2 2
Fd ∝ v 2 Thermal Equilibrium: Rate of heat gain = Rate of heat loss No net
s = 1 2 (u + v )t flow of heat
s = ut + 1 2 at 2 0th law: If A and B are separately in thermal eqm with C, then A and B
∆U = Q + W are in thermal eqm with each other.
1st law: Internal Energy of a system is dependant only on its state. An
Absolute Zero: Minimum Internal Energy at 0K. increase in the U of a system is the sum of work done on the
system and the heat supplied to the system.
Specific Heat Capacity: The qty of heat required to raise the Internal Energy: The sum of all microscopic KE
temperature of 1kg of the material by 1K. and PE of molecules in the object.
Specific Latent Heat of Fusion: The heat energy required to Temperature: A measure of the average KE.
change the state of 1kg of the
material from solid to liquid
without a change in
∆W = F∆x ∆W = p∆V
temperature.
Isothermal: No ∆T;
pV = nRT = > p ∝ 1V
Isovolumetric: No ∆V
pV = NkT where k is Boltzmann constant Isobaric: No ∆p
Adiabatic: No ∆Q; switches between isotherms
pV = 1
3
2
Nm c
3
2 kT = 1
2 m c2 Mean KE of molecule Inertia: A body’s reluctance to change its state of
rest/motion.
Mass: A measure of a body’s inertia.
d (mv)
F= = ma
dt 1st law: A body continues its state of rest of motion or rest unless a
p = mv resultant external force acts on it [Inertia].
2nd law: Rate of change of momentum is proportional to resultant force
Impulse Ft = ∆p and acts in the direction of the force [F=ma].
Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum: 3rd law: If body A exerts a force on body B, then body B exerts an equal
When bodies in a system interact, the total but opposite force on body A [action-reaction pair].
momentum remains constant, provided no net
external force acts on the system.
   
m1u1 + m2 u 2 = m1v1 + m2 v 2 a Where W = weight
For elastic collisions, u1 − u 2 = v 2 − v1 W’ = effective weight
S S = W’ (action-reaction)

Effective weight: S – W = ma
Total force tt obj exerts on a spring W
scale.