B A C T E R I A

(part 1)
 - on a secreted slime tail
Morphological Characteristics
b. Taxis means
SHAPE: - (+) → the “run”
 ROUND – Cocci → counter clockwise movement
 ROD SHAPE – Bacilli
- (-) → random tumbling movements
Coccobacillus -
→ clockwise movement
 COMA SHAPE –
 SPIRAL - Axial Filaments / Endoflagella
a. Sprilla – flexible o Periplasmic flagella
b. Spirochete – more rigid
o Special type of flagella
o 2 flagella like fibrils, each attach to the polar
OTHERS:
- Filamentos- end of the cell, extent toward each other,
- Mycelial – branch wrapping around
- Fosiform- o Produce a CORKSCREW like movement
- Pleomorphic – capable of changing shape
2. PILI / FIMBRIAE
ARRANGEMENT: - Hollow rods arising from the cytoplasm \
 Diplo – pair - Chem. Component: CHON(pilin)
- Types:
 Staphylo – cluster
o Sex – involved in conjugation
 Strepto – chain
- Ordinary Function as
 Tetrads – 4 → usually it is Cocci
o Attachment site for bacteria l viruses
 Sarcinae – box shape (8 / more)
o Facilitate adherence to mammalian cell
o Antigenicity
Chemical Composition
o Important in producing biofilms
- water 70%
- dry water 30% 3. BACTERIAL ENVELOPE
- outermost covering
 CHON 70% - Parts:
 RNA 12 % o Capsule
 DNA 3% o Cell wall
 LIPIDS 6% o Cell membrane
 Polysaccharide 5%
 Phospholipids 4%  CAPSULE
- Glycocalyx (sugar coat)

PARTS OF BACTERIAL CELL 2 Types:

- Capsule – defined layer
1. FLAGELLA - Slime Layer – loosely attached & ill defined layer
- chemical composition: CHON( lagellin)
- Function: - Chemical component:
a. motile o Polysaccharide
b. antigenicity o Polypeptide
- Parts: o Admixed w/ nucleic acid
a. Basal / Gravian body - another means of attaching
- embedded in the cell wall - Functions:
b. Hook o Provides protective covering of the cell
o Antiphagosytic & Antibacteriophage
c. Filaments o Antigenicity
- longest plasmic o Reservoir of food
- Its # and arrangement is part of the GENETIC o Depot of waste products
CHARCTERISTICS o Facilitate attachments to the environment
- Only ROD SHAPE have FLAGELLA
 Arachtoic 4. CELL WALL
- X Flagella - Chem. Component:
- X motile o Peptidoglycan / mucopeptide
- Other means of locomotion o Teichoic acid
o Polysaccharide & peptide
a. Gliding
 o Lipopolysaccharide (lipids attach to - BACKBONE:
polysaccharide) o N – acetyglucosamine (NAG)
o Lipids & LipoCHON o N – acetymuramic acid (NAM)
- rigid mechanical support
 Peptidogglycan - freely permeable to solute
- huge polymer of interlocking
NAG / NAM strands are connected by interpeptide bridge
- Functions:
o Essential for growth & cell division
o Maintains ell shape
o Antigenicity
o Pt. on converge for the flagella
o Major distinction bet. Gram(+) & Gram(-) bacteria

* From the peptidoglycan inwards all bacteria are very small

GRAM(+) WALL GRAM(-) WALL

Peptidoglycan Layer THICK (multilayered) THIN (single layer)
Techoic Acid Present in MANY X
Polysaccharide & peptide HIGH Virtually NONE
Periplasmic Spore X √
X √
Lipopolysaccharide Virtually NONE HIGH
Lipid & LipoCHON content LOW HIGH
Gram reaction Retains 1̊ stain Reatains 2̊̊ stain
Crystal Violet Saframin
Flagella structure 2 rings in basal body 4 rings in basal body
Toxin produced EXOTOXIN ENDOTOXIN
Nutritional Requirement Complex Simple
Resistance to cell wall HIGH LOW
disruption
Resistance to drying HIGH LOW
Resistance to Na akide HIGH LOW
Inhibition by basic dyes HIGH LOW
Susceptibility of anionic HIGH LOW
detergent

WALLESS FORMS
- Mycoplasma species
o Possess surface membrane structure
- L forms
o arise from either gram(+) / gram(-) bacterial cells that have lost their ability to produce
o transitional forms of some bacteria to a very small bodes of the exposure to harful environment
o can revert to normal form spora
o removal of harmful stimulus
o Significance:
 Produce chronic infection
 Produce antibiotic resistance
 Produce relapse of a acute / recent infection

* Protoplast
- producesd after removal the entire cell wall
- derived from gram(+) organism
Characteristics:
- spherich slape
- nonmotile
- does not divide
 - does not form new cell wall
- no susceptible to bacteriophage injestion

* Spheroplast
- produce after removal of the peptidoglycan layer only.
- derived from gram(-)