European Journal of Scientific Research

ISSN 1450-216X Vol.35 No.4 (2009), pp.633-640

© EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2009
http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.htm

On Completely Random Design of Cancer Tumors in Tikrit

Teaching Hospital

Hadeel Salim Al-Kutubi

Institute for Mathematical Research, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
E-mail: hadeelkutubi@live.com

Nada K. Yaseen
College of Medicine, Tikrit University, Iraq

Abstract

We evaluate in this study 20 types of cancer tumors in Tikrit teaching hospital in

Iraq for the period 1995 - 2005. The data is analyzed using completely random design,
Duncan's multiple range test and factorial Experiment to explain the significant difference
between all variables for each type of cancer distribution among age groups, years and
ganders. SSPS program V. 17.0 was used throughout this study to analyze the data and to
generate various Tables.
In the results we obtain the most common female cancers are leukemia, lung,
bladder, uterus, breast, brain, stomach, pancreas, rectum, kidney, liver, urinary, larynx,
thyroid gland, colon, bone, small intestine and skin. In male cancers the most common are
leukemia, lung, bladder, prostate, bone, brain, stomach, pancreas, rectum, kidney, liver,
urinary, larynx, thyroid gland, colon, lymphoma, small intestine and skin.
From completely random design there exist significant difference between all years
on the period 1995-2005 depend on female cancers types and the great numbers in Breast,
Leukemia and Uterus. Also the same result in males cancers types, specialist in Leukemia,
Lung, Brain and Bladder. In general there is no significant difference between cancers age
groups on the period 1995-2005. Also in the same period there is no significant difference
between cancers types. From factorial design there exist significant difference between age
group and also between genders. Also there exist significant difference between all years
depend on genders and cancers types.

Keywords: Completely random design, Duncan's multiple range test, factorial

experiment, SPSS program.

I. Introduction
We taken 1555 case from Tikrit teaching hospital in Iraq for the period 1995-2005. This data contain
female cancers (leukemia, lung, bladder, uterus, breast, brain, stomach, pancreas, rectum, kidney, liver,
urinary, larynx, thyroid gland, colon, bone, small intestine and skin) and male cancers (leukemia, lung,
bladder, prostate, bone, brain, stomach, pancreas, rectum, kidney, liver, urinary, larynx, thyroid gland,
colon, lymphoma, small intestine and skin) divided between age groups and all years depend on
genders. The main aim of this study are presentation and description all cases among male and female,
find the significant difference between all years and age groups depend on genders (male and female)
using ANOVA table for completely random design and Duncan's multiple range test.
On Completely Random Design of Cancer Tumors in Tikrit Teaching Hospital 634

The experimental units in completely random design are simply chosen at random from the
population to which inferences are to be made. Also the total sample is randomly divided into groups
and the different treatments are then applied to the groups, one treatment or condition to a group. If the
treatments differ from each other then the various treatment groups will have different mean values at
the end of the experiment.
The general method for the completely random design is the analysis of variance. The process
of using the ANOVA (analysis of variance) is best learned by studying examples.

II. Completely Random Design

Each experimental unit in completely randomized design has an equal and independent chance of
receiving any one of the treatments. The basic assumption underlying this design is that the observed
values in any one group represent a random sample of all possible values of all experimental units
under that particular treatment. We assume that the responses are normally distributed about the
treatment mean and that the variation among observations treated alike is identical for all treatments.
Calculation from analysis of variance techniques are customarily displayed in an ANOVA table [2],
[4], [5] as follows

Table 1: ANOVA

Source of variation Degrees of freedom Sum of Squares Mean Squares F

Among treatment K-1 SST MST MST / MSE
Within treatment N-K SSE MSE
Total N-1 SS

The total sum of squares is the total of the squared deviations of the observation from the
overall mean of the data: SS total = ∑ Y 2 −
(∑ Y ) 2

.
N
The within treatments variation is the variation associated with experimental
(Ti ) .
2

SS within = SSE = ∑ Y 2 − ∑
ni
Among groups sum of squares SST is the final source of variation is given by
(Ti )2 (∑ Y ) and SSE is rarely computed directly SSE = SS − SST . After
2

SS Among = SST = ∑ − total

ni N
that compute the degrees of freedom and enter in the table ANOVA.
SST SSE
Finally we compute the mean square by MST = AND MSE = .
K −1 N−K
The test of the significance of differences among means is accomplished by computing the ratio
of the estimate of σ 2 based on between variation MST to the estimate based on within variation MSE.
MST
This ratio is called an F statistic: F = .
MSE

Duncan's Multiple Range Test

S 2e
This method used when replication of groups are equal in the first we calculated S X = , S 2 e : is
n
the mean square error in ANOVA table and n is the number of replication in each group [1]. From
Duncan's table we get the significant studentized range SSR with error degree of freedom n and p is the
number of mean inside the comparison. Second step find the least significant range LSR where
635 Hadeel Salim Al-Kutubi and Nada K. Yaseen

LSR = SSR × S X . After that find the different between the means. So any different greater than LSR is
significant different

III. Factorial Experiment

In this experiment, we have the design like

A B Yijk Y
b1 Y111 Y112 Y113 Y114 Y11.
a1
b2 Y121 Y122 Y123 Y124 Y12.
b1 Y211 Y212 Y213 Y214 Y21.
a2
b2 Y221 Y222 Y223 Y224 Y22.
Y..

The first step is

SSt =
∑ Yij2
− C , SS ( A) =
∑ Yi..2 (Y ) 2
− CF , SST = ∑ Yijk2 − CF , CF = .. , SSe=SST-SSt
r br rab
Then the second step is constrict (A×B) table [3] as follows

a
b
b1 b2 Y

a1 Y11. Y12. Y1..

a2 Y21. Y22. Y2..
Y j. Y.1. Y.2. Y..

SSAB= SSt – SSA – SSB SSB =

∑Y 2
j.
− CF
ar

Finally construct ANOVA table

Table 2: ANOVA for the Factorial Experiment

s.o.v df SS MS F Ftable
Treatment (ab-1) SSt SSt/(ab-1) MSt/MSe f α ,dft , dfe
A (a-1) SSA SSA/(a-1) MSA/MSe f α ,dfA,dfe
B (b-1) SSB SSB/(b-1) MSB/MSe fα ,dfB ,dfe
AB (a-1)(b-1) SSAB SSAB/(a-1)(b-1) MSAB/MSe f α , dfAB ,dfe
Error ab(r-1) SSe SSe/ab(r-1)
Total rab-1 SST

IV. Results
SSPS program V. 17.0 was used throughout completely random design to analyzed the data and to
generate the various Tables as follows
On Completely Random Design of Cancer Tumors in Tikrit Teaching Hospital 636
Table 3: Females cancers types distributed on the period 1995-2005

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Leukemia 14 17 3 3 4 6 7 5 7 7 6
Lung 0 3 0 3 4 3 5 1 1 4 6
Bladder 5 0 1 3 1 3 3 3 4 5 1
Uterus 20 21 4 4 3 4 2 3 7 4 3
Breast 35 14 1 5 6 2 1 4 4 5 5
Brain 1 0 0 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 4
Stomach 0 1 1 0 1 3 1 2 2 0 2
Pancreas 0 2 2 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 1
Rectum 5 8 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
Kidney 3 2 5 2 2 5 4 4 6 6 4
Liver 0 4 1 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 4
Urinary 0 0 0 1 3 3 1 0 0 1 1
Larynx 6 3 1 1 1 0 1 3 2 0 3
Thyroid gland 4 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 4
Colon 0 3 0 2 3 3 2 1 4 4 3
Bone 0 0 0 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 3
Small intestine 0 0 1 1 3 3 2 0 0 2 4
Skin 0 0 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 2

Table 4: Significant different between female cancers by ANOVA

Source of variation Degrees of freedom Sum of Squares Mean Squares F F table

Among treatment 17 692.68 40.7 3.34428 1.57
Within treatment 180 2190.82 12.17
Total 197 2883.5

From table 4, from F calculator there exist significant difference between years in all female
cancers types.

Table 5: Dancan's Multiple range test for female cancers

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20
SSR 2.7 2.9 3.02 3.1 3.15 3.19 3.23 3.26 3.29 3.3 3.38 3.41 3.44 3.47
LSR 2.8 3.0 3.17 3.24 3.3 3.34 3.39 3.42 3.45 3.5 3.54 3.58 3.61 3.64
The More Breast Leukemia Uterus

In this table we obtain the most female cancers number in Breast, Leukemia and Uterus.
637 Hadeel Salim Al-Kutubi and Nada K. Yaseen
Table 6: Males cancers types distributed on the period 1995-2005

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Leukemia 38 21 6 15 10 12 13 36 34 17 18
Lung 39 8 6 12 7 10 4 5 3 8 8
Bladder 10 5 7 5 5 8 2 6 6 7 18
Prostate 9 7 6 8 5 6 4 1 6 8 15
Bone 2 1 1 2 3 6 5 1 4 4 29
Brain 4 6 4 5 3 11 12 5 7 15 9
Stomach 0 4 2 4 5 4 6 3 3 2 0
Pancreas 6 5 4 4 1 6 3 1 0 2 0
Rectum 1 4 3 0 0 7 4 4 1 0 8
Kidney 4 10 3 4 6 8 3 4 0 8 0
Liver 1 2 1 0 1 5 6 1 15 0 5
Urinary 4 7 6 5 3 3 3 0 0 14 2
Larynx 8 1 5 0 2 7 4 5 3 1 5
Thyroid gland 0 1 0 1 5 7 4 0 3 2 0
Colon 4 3 4 1 4 3 4 0 5 5 7
Lymphoma 1 0 3 0 4 2 5 2 2 0 3
Small intestine 5 1 2 5 9 6 5 6 5 4 4
Skin 1 0 3 0 4 1 2 0 0 0 1

Table 7: Significant different between male cancers by ANOVA

Source of variation Degrees of freedom Sum of Squares F F Table

Among treatment 17 3479.99 204.7 8.978 1.57
Within treatment 180 4107.9 22.8
Total 197 7587.9

In this table from F calculator there exist significant difference between years in all male
cancers types.

Table 8: Dancan's Multiple range test for male cancers

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20
SSR 2.7 2.9 3.02 3.09 3.15 3.19 3.2 3.26 3.29 3.34 3.38 3.4 3.4 3.5
LSR 3.7 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.46 4.5 4.56 4.6 4.67 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.9
The More Leukemia Lung Brain Bladder

We obtain from this Table, the most male cancers number in Leukemia, Lung, Brain and Bladder.

Table 9: Cancers age groups distributed on the period 1995-2005

Years 1-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 81-100

1995 26 35 43 55 67
1996 19 23 41 47 37
1997 8 14 9 32 25
1998 16 14 19 28 25
1999 18 9 35 20 37
2000 16 19 37 35 35
2001 14 14 30 27 38
2002 27 10 27 30 18
2003 24 9 21 42 41
2004 19 21 34 32 31
2005 32 14 33 47 55
On Completely Random Design of Cancer Tumors in Tikrit Teaching Hospital 638
Table 10: Significant different between all age groups by ANOVA Table

S.O.V. d.f. SS MS F F-Table

Among treatments 4 3818.25905 954.56476
Within treatments 6 2955.0864 492.5144 1.938 4.5337
Total 10 6773.34545

From F calculator, there is no significant difference between age group in the period 1995-2005

Table 11: Cancers types distributed on the period 1995-2005

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Total
leukemia 52 38 9 18 14 17 20 41 41 24 24
lung 39 11 6 15 12 11 9 6 4 12 14
bladder 15 5 8 8 6 11 5 9 10 12 19
prostate 9 7 6 7 5 6 4 1 6 8 13
bone 2 1 1 4 4 8 7 3 5 5 34
brain 5 8 4 6 4 12 13 6 8 15 13
stomach 0 5 3 4 6 6 6 5 5 2 2
pancreas 6 7 6 5 4 5 3 1 1 2 1
rectum 5 12 3 2 1 7 6 4 1 0 9
kidney 7 12 8 6 8 12 7 8 6 14 3
liver 0 6 2 0 3 5 6 1 15 2 9
urinary 4 7 6 6 6 3 3 0 0 13 3
larynx 14 3 6 1 3 10 5 8 5 1 2
Thyroid gland 4 2 0 1 6 7 4 0 3 3 4
colon 4 6 4 3 7 4 6 1 9 9 9
lymphoma 1 0 3 0 4 2 5 2 2 0 3
Small intestine 5 1 3 6 13 6 7 6 5 4 8
skin 0 0 4 0 6 1 3 0 0 0 2
Uterus 20 21 5 4 1 3 2 3 7 4 3
Breast 35 14 1 5 6 5 1 5 4 5 5

Table 12: Significant different between all age groups by ANOVA Table

S.O.V. d.f. SS MS F F-Table

Among treatments 10 787.61 78.761
Within treatments 9 11965.5 1329.5 0.059241 3.1373
Total 19 12753.11

In this table, F calculator there is no significant difference between years.

Table 13: Cancers numbers distributed on the age groups and gender.

1-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 81-100

Years
M F M F M F M F M F
1995 13 13 25 12 29 14 34 21 35 33
1996 7 12 17 6 24 17 20 27 20 17
1997 6 2 10 4 6 3 21 11 23 2
1998 13 3 7 7 12 7 18 10 21 4
1999 12 6 6 3 28 7 10 10 23 14
2000 9 5 19 3 25 10 27 9 32 19
2001 9 5 11 3 20 10 23 4 26 12
2002 18 7 10 0 15 12 22 8 15 3
2003 17 7 5 4 12 9 29 13 34 7
2004 15 4 15 6 21 14 22 11 23 8
2005 23 10 5 9 23 12 34 13 44 11
639 Hadeel Salim Al-Kutubi and Nada K. Yaseen
Table 14: Significant different between age groups by ANOVA Table depend on genders and years.

s.o.v df SS MS F Ftable
Treatment 9 4910.003 545.55 17.02 1.9588
A 4 2062.854 515.713 16.09 2.4472
B 1 2553.6357 2553.635 79.7 3.9201
AB 4 293.5133 73.37 2.289 2.4472
Error 100 3204.67 32.04

In this table, from F calculator there exist significant difference between age group and also
between genders

Table 15: Cancers types distributed on the gender during the period 1995-2005

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Years
M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F
Leukemia 38 14 21 17 6 3 15 3 10 4 12 6 13 7 27 5 34 7 17 7 18 6
Lung 39 0 8 3 6 0 12 3 8 4 10 3 4 5 5 1 3 1 8 4 8 6
Bladder 10 5 5 0 7 1 5 3 5 1 8 3 2 3 6 3 6 4 7 5 18 1
Prostate 9 / 7 / 6 / 8 / 5 / 6 / 4 / 1 / 6 / 8 / 15 /
Bone 2 0 1 0 1 0 2 2 3 1 6 3 5 2 1 2 4 1 4 1 31 3
Brain 4 1 8 0 4 0 5 1 3 1 11 4 12 1 5 1 7 1 15 1 9 4
Stomach 0 0 4 1 2 1 4 0 5 1 4 3 6 0 3 2 3 2 2 0 0 2
Pancreas 6 0 5 2 4 2 4 1 1 3 6 0 3 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 1
Rectum 1 5 4 8 3 0 0 2 0 1 7 1 4 2 4 0 1 0 0 0 8 1
Kidney 4 3 10 2 3 5 4 2 6 2 8 5 3 5 4 4 0 6 8 6 0 4
Liver 1 0 2 4 1 1 0 0 1 2 5 2 6 0 1 0 15 0 0 2 5 4
Urinary 4 0 7 0 6 0 5 1 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 13 1 2 1
Larynx 8 6 1 4 5 1 0 1 2 1 7 0 4 1 5 3 3 2 0 0 0 3
Thyroid gland 0 4 1 1 0 0 1 0 5 1 7 0 4 0 0 0 3 0 2 1 0 4
Colon 4 0 3 3 3 0 1 2 4 3 4 2 4 2 0 1 5 4 5 4 7 2
Lymphoma 1 / 0 / 4 / 6 / 4 / 2 / 5 / 2 / 2 / 0 / 3 /
Small intestine 5 0 1 / 2 1 5 1 10 3 6 3 5 2 6 0 5 0 4 2 4 4
Skin 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 4 2 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Uterus / 20 / 21 / 5 / 4 / 1 / 4 / 2 / 3 / 7 / 4 / 3
Breast / 35 / 14 / 1 / 5 / 6 / 2 / 1 / 5 / 4 / 5 / 5

Table 16: Significant different between age groups by ANOVA Table depend on genders and years.

s.o.v df SS MS F Ftable
Treatment 21 3489.74 166.178 16.3159 1.5173
A 10 1837 183.7 18.0363 1.8307
B 1 1149.04 1149.04 112.8168 3.8415
AB 10 503.7 50.37 4.945 1.8307
Error 330 3361.36 10.185
From this table, there exist significant difference between all years and also between genders

V. Discussion
This study indicated 1555 cases distributed among male and female for 20 types of cancer and five
groups of age. In this study we used completely random design to obtain the interest results. The most
common cancers types in Tikrit teaching hospital on the period 1995-2005 are leukemia, lung, bladder,
uterus, breast, brain, stomach, pancreas, rectum, kidney, liver, urinary, larynx, thyroid gland, colon,
bone, small intestine, skin, prostate and lymphoma.
From table 4 there exist significant difference between all years on the period 1995-2005
depend on female cancers types and we shows the great numbers in Breast, Leukemia and Uterus.
From Males cancers types in Table 6, also there exist significant difference between all years on the
period 1995-2005, specialist in Leukemia, Lung, Brain and Bladder. In Table 10 there is no significant
On Completely Random Design of Cancer Tumors in Tikrit Teaching Hospital 640

difference between cancers age groups. Also the same result in Table 12, there is no significant
difference between cancers types on the period 1995-2005.
In Table 13, we shows the cancers numbers distributed on the age groups and gender during the
period 1995-2005.From ANOVA Table (Table 14) there exist significant difference between age group
and also between genders. In Table 14 we explain cancers types distributed on the gender during the
period 1995-2005 and also from ANOVA (Table 16) there exist significant difference between all
years and also between genders

VI. Conclusion
In Tikrit teaching hospital on the period 1995-2005, the most common female cancers are leukemia,
lung, bladder, uterus, breast, brain, stomach, pancreas, rectum, kidney, liver, urinary, larynx, thyroid
gland, colon, bone, small intestine and skin. In male cancers the most common are leukemia, lung,
bladder, prostate, bone, brain, stomach, pancreas, rectum, kidney, liver, urinary, larynx, thyroid gland,
colon, lymphoma, small intestine and skin.
From completely random design there exist significant difference between all years on the
period 1995-2005 depend on female cancers types and the great numbers in Breast, Leukemia and
Uterus. Also the same result in males cancers types, specialist in Leukemia, Lung, Brain and Bladder.
In general there is no significant difference between cancers age groups on the period 1995-2005. Also
in the same period there is no significant difference between cancers types.
From factorial design there exist significant difference between age group and also between
genders. Also there exist significant difference between all years depend on genders and cancers types.

References
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Press, Inc., New York.
[3] Montgomery D.C., 1997. Design and analysis of experiments.5th edition. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
[4] Mood A.M. and Graybill F.A. Introduction to the theory of statistics, 3th ed. MCGraw- Hill
kogakusha, Lth, 1974.
[5] Taylor J. K. and Cihon C., 2004. Statistical Techniques for data analysis. 2nd ed..Chapman &
Hall / CRC.