SJ-5112 - 1011 - 2 Design Control and Criteria

SJ-5112 Perancangan Geometrik Jalan
Design Control and Criteria Sony Sulaksono Wibowo, Ph.D

Design Control and Criteria
o Vehicle Characteristics
o Driver Characteristics
o Traffic Characteristics, Highway Capacity, and Level
of Service
o Design Speed
o Environmental Issues and Energy Concern
o Safety and Cost Consideration
Vehicle Characteristics
Highway Design Control Factors
o Highway function
o The design speed of the facility
o The physical characteristics of the "design vehicle" (i.e.,
the largest vehicle that is likely to use the facility with
considerable frequency)
o The performance of the design vehicle (particularly
important in terms of accommodating heavy trucks in
mountainous terrain or buses and recreational vehicles in
areas subject to high levels of tourist activities)
o The acceptable degree of congestion
Vehicle Characteristics
Geometric Design of Highways based on:

o Static Characteristics
Weight
Size ( Length, Width)
o Kinematic Characteristics
Related to Acceleration and Deceleration Capabilities
o Dynamic Characteristics
Forces that cause the motion
Static Characteristics
o Weight
Pavement Depths
Maximum Grades
o Size
Lane Width
Shoulder Width
Length and Width of Parking
Lengths of Vertical Curves
Under-clearance for Vertical Curves
Kinematic Characteristics
o Acceleration and Deceleration Capabilities to

determine:
Intersections
Freeway Ramps
Climbing or Passing Lanes
Turnout Bays for Buses
Dynamic Characteristics
o Air Resistance
o Grade Resistance
o Rolling Resistance
o Curve Resistance
o Friction Resistance
o Rolling Resistance
o Frictional effect on moving parts of vehicle
o Frictional Slip between pavement surface and tires
Depends on speed and pavement type
Low on bituminous or concrete
27 lb/ton, passenger cars, 60 mph
High on gravel
29 lb/ton, passenger cars, 20 mph
o Curve Resistance
When maneuvering around a curve, external forces act on
the front wheel producing a retarding effect on forward
motion
Depends on
Radius of curve (degree of curve)
Velocity of Vehicle
o When traveling on a circular curve, a vehicle will

have:
Centrifugal Force (outward radial force)
Inward radial force (friction between tires and roadway)
o At high velocities, inward radial force might balance
the outward radial force
Incline road toward center of curve
Need a Superelevation
Design Vehicles
o Various sizes of vehicles using highway

o Need to select vehicles that representing weight,
dimensions, and operating characteristics to be used
in establishing highway design and control
Design Vehicles
o AASHTO (2001) established four groups of vehicles:

Passengers cars
Cars, Sport/utility vehicles, minivans, vans, pick-up trucks
Buses
Intercity motor coaches, city transit, school bus, articulated
buses
Trucks
Single-unit trucks, semi-trailer tractors
Recreational vehicles (rare in Indonesia)
Motor homes, cars with camper trailers, boat trailers
Bicycle considered as needed
Design Vehicles
Passenger Car (P)

Single-Unit (SU) Truck
Intercity Bus (Bus-14)

Source: AASHTO (2001)
Design Vehicles
Intercity Bus (Bus-12)
City Bus

Design Vehicles
Articulated Bus (A-BUS)

Design Vehicles
Interstate Semitrailer (WB-12, WB-15, WB-19, WB-20)

Design Vehicles
Trailer, Double and Triple

WB-20D, WB-33D, WB-30T

Design Vehicles
Motor Home, MH
Passenger Car and Camper Trailer

Design Vehicles
Passenger Car with

Boat Trailer
Motor Home with

Boat Trailer

Design Vehicles
o Design vehicles selected for each class with representative :

Weight
Dimensions
Operating characteristics
o Key Vehicle Dimensions
Height
Length
Width
Wheelbase
Turning Radius
Design Vehicles
o Selecting design vehicles:

The largest vehicle likely to use that facility on a frequent
basis
Those that have special characteristics which may impact
design of an intersection or driveways (such as radii at
intersections or turning roadways)
Design Vehicles
o Design Vehicle Selection Examples

Passenger car selected as Design Vehicle for a parking lot
Single-unit truck may selected as Design Vehicle for
intersection design of residential streets
Large School Bus should be selected as Design Vehicle for
local or county roads (under 400 ADT, Annual Daily
Traffic) or subdivision streets
WB-30 truck (a 30-meters wheel base truck) should be
selected as the MINIMUM Design Vehicle for freeway
ramp/arterial intersections, state highways or
industrialized streets
Design Vehicles
Vehicle Dimension and

Minimum Turning radius :
Passenger car

Design Vehicles
Vehicle Dimension and

Minimum Turning radius : Truck WB-12

Design Vehicles
Kendaraan Rencana not fix yet !!
Standar Bina Marga

o Standar Perancangan Geometrik Jalan Perkotaan,
kendaraan rencana:
Kendaraan penumpang
Truk/bus tanpa gandengan
Kombinasi
o Standar Desain Geometrik Jalan Antar Kota, kendaraan
rencana:
Kendaraan kecil (mobil penumpang)
Kendaraan sedang (truk 3 as tandem atau bus besar 2 as)
Kendaraan besar (truk semi trailer)
Dimensi Kendaraan Rencana (m)
Standar Perencanaan Geometrik untuk Jalan Perkotaan, Departemen PU, Ditjen Bina Marga, 1992
Tata Perencanaan Geometrik Jalan Antar Kota, Departemen PU, Ditjen Bina Marga, 1997
Kendaraan Rencana
580
90 340 150
Kendaraan Kecil 170 210
(ukuran dalam cm):

1210
210 760 240
Kendaraan Sedang 200 280

(ukuran dalam cm):
2100
120 610 1280 90
Kendaraan Besar
(ukuran dalam cm): 200 260
Sumber:
Tata Perencanaan Geometrik Jalan Antar
Kota, Departemen PU, Ditjen Bina Marga,
1997
Manuver Kendaraan Kecil

Sumber:
1997
Manuver Kendaraan Sedang

Sumber:
1997
Manuver Kendaraan Besar

Design Vehicles
Driver Characteristics
Driver Characteristics
o Various Skill
o Various Perceptual Abilities
Hearing ability
Vision ability
Evaluation
Reaction
o Various Circumstances
Impaired
Fatigue
Time of Day
Driver Performance
o The necessary of highway design and operation properly

assist driver performance
o Road users include drivers, passengers, pedestrians and
bicyclists
o Important physical characteristics
Vision
Hearing
Other senses
Strength
Coordination
Driver Performance
o Visual Components
Visual Acuity
Glare Vision and Recovery
Depth Perception
Color Vision
Driver Performance
o Visual Acuity
Ability to discern objects
Sharpness with which a person can see an object
Changes with age
Affected by various factors
Contrast and brightness of object
Level of illumination
Relative motion between the observer and the object
o Optimal time for identification = 0.5 to 1.0 seconds
o Signs and Markings placed within 10 degree cone of
clear vision
Human Visual
Driver’s Cone of Vision
Driver Performance
o Glare recovery
Glare impairs ability to see
Recovery time increases with age
light to dark conditions → 6 seconds to adjust
dark to light conditions → 3 seconds to adjust
Direct Glare
Bright light in the field of vision
Specular Glare
Image reflected by bright light appears in field of vision
Reduce luminary brightness, Increase mounting height, Increase
background brightness
Driver Performance
o Depth perception
Ability to estimate distance function of speed
Important on two-lane highways
Passing vs. head-on collision
Human Eye ability is fundamental
Poor at estimating absolute values of speed, distance, size
and acceleration
Standard traffic control devices
Driver Performance
o Color Vision
Ability to differentiate one color from another
Color is a factor in traffic control devices
Recognition accomplished with shape and placement
Best combinations
Black and White
Black and Yellow
Reaction Time
o Drivers’ reaction times increase as a function of

decision complexity and the amount of information
to be processed
Driver take longer to respond when decisions are complex
or events are unexpected
o Reaction time for expected events ranges from 0.6 to
2.0 seconds
Reaction times increase by 35% when events are
unexpected (up to 2.7 seconds)
o Highway designs take reaction times into account
Perception-Reaction Time (PIEV)
o Ability to recognize and respond

Perception: recognition of a stimulus
Identification: interpretation of stimulus
Emotion: determination of appropriate response (decision-
making)
Volition: physical execution of a decision
o 95% of drivers 2” or less for most common situations
o AASHTO (2001) 2.5” for Stopping Sight Distance
Slower responders, Complex situations, Unexpected situations
Road User Behavior
o Psychological
Motivation, Intelligence, Attentiveness
o Attitudinal
Risk, Regulation, Impatience, Anger
o Maturity and Experience
o Fatigue, Drugs, Alcohol
o Age and Physical Disability
o Weather and Light Conditions
Traffic Characteristics
Traffic Volume and Demand
o Traffic volume
Number of vehicles passing a point on a roadway during a
specific time
Composition of traffic
Directional distribution
o Traffic Demand
Number of vehicles that desire to transverse a particular
section of roadway during a specified period of time
At the present
In the future
Various Types of Traffic Volumes
o Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT)

Lintas Harian Rata-rata Tahunan (LHRT)
Average 24-hour traffic volume at a location over a full
365-day year, which is the total number of vehicles passing
the location divided by 365
o Average Daily Traffic (ADT)
Lintas Harian Rata-rata (LHR)
Average 24-hour traffic at a location for any period less
than a year
Various Types of Traffic Volumes
o Design Hourly Volume (DHV)

The 30th highest hour volume of the year
Difficult to apply
Known in Indonesia as ‘Volume Jam Perencanaan’
Sometimes called as ‘Volume Jam Sibuk’
Note: it is NOT the highest volume in an hour within a year
Unit: Number of vehicle in unit time of an hour
Number of vehicle car unit per hour or ‘smp/jam’
smp stands for ‘satuan mobil penumpang’ that be converted using car
equivalent (ekivalensi mobil penumpang)
LHR or LHR can be represented by smp
Various Traffic Volumes
by a day by a week
by a year
Highway Capasity
o Refering to Indonesia Highway Capacity Manual

(Manual Kapasitas Jalan Indonesia) 1997
o Basic capacity for rural road:
Level of Service (LoS)
o Commonly using the ratio of volume and capacity,

v/c ratio
o Rule of thumb: congestion v/c ≥ 0.80
o MKJI (1997) used minimum value of v/c = 0.75
Congestion level = ‘derajat kejenuhan’
o LoS is represented by the letter of A to F
A: the best condition; the highest level
F: the worse condition; the lowest level
PerMenHub no.14/2006
Design Speed
Design Speed
o Design speed is a selected speed used to determine the

various geometric design features of the highway
o It is important to design facilities with all elements in
balance, consistent with an appropriate design speed
o Design elements such as sight distance, vertical and
horizontal alignment, lane and shoulder widths,
roadside clearances, superelevation, etc., are
influenced by design speed
The Need of Design Speed
o Topography
o Anticipated Operating Speed
o The adjacent land use
o The functional classification of highways
Speeds
o Design Speed
a selected speed used to determine various selected design
features of the roadway (AASHTO, 2001)
o Operating Speed
the actual speed of a group of vehicles over a certain section of
road. The 85th percentile distribution of observed speeds is the
most frequent used measure of the operating speed associated
with a particular location or geometric feature
o Posted Speed
the legal speed limit for which a section of road is signed
Speeds
Running speed
Speed at which an
individual vehicle
travels over a highway
section
Equal to the length of
highway section / time
for vehicle to travel
through the section
Design Speed, as in UU and PP
Environmental Issues
and Energy Concern
General Priciples
o Discuss design with environmental specialist

o Visit site before design and after construction
o Ensure environmental assessment documentation
has been provided
o Ensure environmental constraints are define on
design drawings
Specific Design Issues
o Development and Retention of Views

Design to enhance views
Maintains driver interest and reduces fatigue
High scenic value points include:
Hinterlands
Mountain ranges
Bodies of water
City skylines
Landmarks
o Development and Retention of Views

Design alignment so that driver appreciates progress and
speed of travel
Ensure noise and roadside barriers do not inhibit views
Roadside vegetation can enhance bare landscapes and
reduce headlight glare
Retention of Views
…and aesthetics as well

o Cross Drainage
Reduce erosion
Control sediment
Keep bridge abutments out of watercourses
Provide dry passage for terrestrial fauna
Minimize outlet velocity to <2.5m/s for cross drainage
o Longitudinal drainage
Limit the use of “V” drains instead use flat bottomed drains
Limit velocities to <2m/s
o Batter Slopes
Direct overland batter flows to catch drains
Flatten batters where possible
Use batter protection treatments – erosion blankets,
grouted rock
o Fauna Issues
Design roads to accommodate fauna passage
Arch bridges rather than culverts to allow fish passage
Use larger culverts to allow terrestrial fauna movement
Concrete barriers restrict fauna crossing – use guard rail or wire rope
Specific fauna underpasses recommended
o Noise Barriers
Ensure barriers take into account sight lines
Provide access to maintenance crews
Noise barriers setback from safety barriers to allow
deflection
Design barriers to consider drainage
AMDAL
(http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analisis_Mengenai_Dampak_Lingkungan)
o Kajian mengenai dampak besar dan penting suatu

usaha dan atau kegiatan yang direncanakan pada
lingkungan hidup yang diperlukan bagi proses
pengambilan keputusan tentang penyelenggaraan
usaha dan atau kegiatan di Indonesia
o Dibuat saat perencanaan suatu proyek yang
diperkirakan akan memberikan pengaruh terhadap
lingkungan hidup di sekitarnya
AMDAL
o Yang dimaksud lingkungan hidup di sini adalah

aspek fisik-kimia, ekologi, sosial-ekonomi, sosial-
budaya, dan kesehatan masyarakat.
o Dasar hukum AMDAL adalah Peraturan Pemerintah
No. 27 Tahun 1999 tentang "Analisis Mengenai
Dampak Lingkungan Hidup".
AMDAL
o Dokumen AMDAL terdiri dari :

Dokumen Kerangka Acuan Analisis Dampak Lingkungan
Hidup (KA-ANDAL)
Dokumen Analisis Dampak Lingkungan Hidup (ANDAL)
Dokumen Rencana Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (RKL)
Dokumen Rencana Pemantauan Lingkungan Hidup (RPL)
AMDAL
o AMDAL digunakan untuk:

Bahan bagi perencanaan pembangunan wilayah
Membantu proses pengambilan keputusan tentang kelayakan
lingkungan hidup dari rencana usaha dan atau kegiatan
Memberi masukan untuk penyusunan disain rinci teknis dari
rencana usaha dan atau kegiatan
Memberi masukan untuk penyusunan rencana pengelolaan dan
pemantauan lingkungan hidup
Memberi informasi bagi masyarakat atas dampak yang
ditimbulkan dari suatu rencana usaha dan atau kegiatan
AMDAL
o Pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam proses AMDAL

adalah:
Komisi Penilai AMDAL, komisi yang bertugas menilai
dokumen AMDAL
Pemrakarsa, orang atau badan hukum yang
bertanggungjawab atas suatu rencana usaha dan atau
kegiatan yang akan dilaksanakan, dan
masyarakat yang berkepentingan, masyarakat yang
terpengaruh atas segala bentuk keputusan dalam proses
AMDAL.
AMDAL
o Catatan:
Daftar kegiatan wajib AMDAL dapat dilihat di Peraturan
Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 11 Tahun 2006
Apabila kegiatan tidak tercantum dalam peraturan tersebut,
maka wajib menyusun UKL-UPL, sesuai dengan Keputusan
Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 86 Tahun 2002
Penyusunan AMDAL menggunakan Pedoman Penyusunan
AMDAL sesuai dengan Permen LH NO. 08/2006
Kewenangan Penilaian didasarkan oleh Permen LH no. 05/2008
Energy Concern
o Road task make considerable use of liquid fuels

o Grades > 5% cause greater consumption of fuel by
heavy vehicles in uphill than they save in downhill
o Better energy savings from alternative methods of
transport e.g. public transport
o Flattening of grades cannot be justified on basis of
energy alone
OOT:
'Road Train' Autopilot Driving System
http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/11/road-trains-autopilot-driving-system-cuts-fuel-
travel-time.php
Your car would be equipped with a navigation system that would alert you when there
was a Road Train ahead
You'd approach the train, and send a message out that you'd like to join
The road train takes control of your car, pulling close and into auto pilot--close enough
avoid enough air drag to save up to 20% in fuel consumption.
Now you sit back, kick your feet up on the dash, and wait until your stint on the
highway is through--at which point you send out a signal . . .
. . . and the automated controls widen the gap between the cars behind and in front of
you, and you take over driving controls.
Safety and Cost Consideration
Safety Issues in Road Design
o Safety is a major goal of road design

o Ensure that drivers can perceive hazards and take
appropriate action
o Safety devices and Road furniture
Cost Consideration
o Major limiting factor

o Initial priority is to establish the road network
o Geometric standards modified to improve network
efficiency if limited funds available
o With available funds improvements can be made e.g.
widening, passing lanes, realignments
Selesai

SJ-5112 - 1011 - 2 Design Control and Criteria

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

SJ-5112 - 1011 - 2 Design Control and Criteria

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

SJ-5112 Perancangan Geometrik Jalan

Design Control and Criteria Sony Sulaksono Wibowo, Ph.D

Geometric Design of Highways based on:

o Acceleration and Deceleration Capabilities to

o When traveling on a circular curve, a vehicle will

o Various sizes of vehicles using highway

o AASHTO (2001) established four groups of vehicles:

Passenger Car (P)

Intercity Bus (Bus-14)

Intercity Bus (Bus-12)

Source: AASHTO (2001)

Articulated Bus (A-BUS)

Source: AASHTO (2001)

Interstate Semitrailer (WB-12, WB-15, WB-19, WB-20)

Trailer, Double and Triple

Source: AASHTO (2001)

Passenger Car and Camper Trailer

Source: AASHTO (2001)

Passenger Car with

Motor Home with

Source: AASHTO (2001)

o Design vehicles selected for each class with representative :

o Selecting design vehicles:

o Design Vehicle Selection Examples

Vehicle Dimension and

Source: AASHTO (2001)

Vehicle Dimension and

Source: AASHTO (2001)

Standar Bina Marga

Kendaraan Kecil 170 210

(ukuran dalam cm):

Kendaraan Sedang 200 280

Manuver Kendaraan Kecil

Manuver Kendaraan Sedang

Manuver Kendaraan Besar

o The necessary of highway design and operation properly

o Drivers’ reaction times increase as a function of

o Ability to recognize and respond

o Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT)

o Design Hourly Volume (DHV)

o Refering to Indonesia Highway Capacity Manual

o Commonly using the ratio of volume and capacity,

o Design speed is a selected speed used to determine the

o Discuss design with environmental specialist

o Development and Retention of Views

o Development and Retention of Views

…and aesthetics as well

o Kajian mengenai dampak besar dan penting suatu

o Yang dimaksud lingkungan hidup di sini adalah

o Dokumen AMDAL terdiri dari :

o AMDAL digunakan untuk:

o Pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam proses AMDAL

o Road task make considerable use of liquid fuels

o Safety is a major goal of road design

o Major limiting factor

Вам также может понравиться