Transport & the Society

(Transportation, Land Use,

and the Environment)

Kuliah ke - 1
SJ5121 Rekayasa Lalu Lintas

Harun alRasyid Lubis

Program Magister Sistem & Teknik Jalan Raya ITB

 Transport & Society

Administration, Planning, &

Funding
 Today’s Questions
I. Who “does” transport and what are
their tasks?
II. By what means, i.e. funding sources,
do they accomplish these tasks?
I. Transport Actors and Their
Tasks
 Who Does Transport?
• Government
– National Agencies
– Local Administrative Agencies
– Law Enforcement
• Private Firms
– Air, Rail, Bus Service Providers
– Taxis/Jitneys
– Private Road Builders/Operators
Government Agencies in the UK
• Department of Transport
– Aviation Authorities
– Rail Authorities
– Highways Agency
• Metropolitan Counties
• London
• Non-Metropolitan Counties & Regions
 UK: Highways Agency
• Responsible for Determining:
– Scale of Road Network
– Content & Priorities for New Construction
– Methodologies for Appraisal of Roads
– Policies for Charging Road Users & for
Private Finance of Roads
 UK: Highways Agency
• Key Tasks:
– Deliver Roads in to Time & Cost
– Reduce Average Time to Deliver Roads
– Maintain Roads Cost Effectively
– Improve Information Supplied to Road Users
• Mechanisms:
– Planning & Policy Guidance to Local Authorities
– Transport Supplementary Grants
– Publish Results of Research
– Rural, Public Transport, and Innovation Grants
 UK: Rail Transport
• Nationalized in 1948
• Privatized starting in 1996:
– Franchise Passenger Service
– Transfer Freight/Parcel Service to Private Sector
– Separation of Track-Operator (RailTrack) from Train-Operators
(many)
• British Rail’s Roles:
– Regulate fair application of agreements for track access and
charging
– Office of Passenger Rail Franchising: set service standards;
award & monitor franchises
– Grant leases on rail stations
– Develop subsidy arrangements where socially necessary
• Re-Nationalization of Track Operations in 2001:
– Network Rail, a not-for-profit company
 UK: Metropolitan Counties
• Metropolitan District Council:
– Control of Land Development
– Granting Planning Permissions
– Build/Maintain Local Roads, Traffic Management,
Parking
• Passenger Transport Authority:
– Award Agreements to Provide Public Transport
– Administer Concessionary Fare Schemes (e.g. to
Disabled & Elderly)
– Ensure School Transport Services
– Identify & Subsidize Socially Desirable Service
– License Taxis & Private Hire Cars
UK: Non-Metropolitan Counties
• Difference from Metropolitan Counties:
– Public Transport is Administered Directly by
Councils, Not by Passenger Transport
Authorities
 UK: Land Use Planning with
respect to Transport
• Strategic Planning:
– London & Metro Counties: Unitary Plans
– Non-Metro Counties:
• County Councils: Structure Plans
• Local Governments: Local Plans
• Local Planning and Land Use Policies Must:
– Promote Development at Locations Highly Accessible Without a
Car
– Locate Major Generators in Existing Centers with High
Accessibility Without a Car
– Strengthen Existing Local Centers that Already Have
Community/Shopping/
Employment Opportunities
– Limit Parking Provision to Discourage Reliance on the Car
II. Transport Funding
 UK: Finance
• Trends and Conditions in the UK:
– After Privatization, Reduced Direct Provision
– Funding from Treasury through National Budgetary
Process
– Funding from the European Community for Links to
Other Member States
– Rail Access Charges Paid by Train Operators
– Private Investment in Rail Infrastructure
– Block Grants to Local Governments
– Private Capital in Exchange for Planning Permission
 USA: Evolving Methods
of Raising Funds
• Report by Martin Wachs:
1. What funding methods are in decline, and why?
2. What funding methods are on the rise, and why?
3. What does Dr. Wachs suggest for the future of USA
transport funding? Why?
4. Do these recommendations have any relevance
outside the USA?
 USA: Evolving Methods
of Raising Funds
• Development Fees
• Property Taxes
• Fuel Taxes
• Transit User Fees (Fares)
• Road User Fees (Tolls)
• Vehicle Registration Fees
• Sales Taxes
• Government Bonds, Paid Back by:
– General Funds
– Tolls
– Sales Taxes
 Fuel Taxes
• Fixed Amount per Volume of Fuel Purchased
• Primarily Federal Government
• Relevant Trends:
– Inflation
– Fuel Economy
• Result:
– Gas Tax Receipts Sharply Declined Over Last 30 Years
 Development Fees
• Developers of Land
Required to Construct
and Cede Streets to the
Public
• Local Governments
• Relevant Trends:
– Increased Competition
Among Local Jurisdictions
• Result:
– Local Governments Often
Charge Less in Fees Than
Services Cost
 Property Taxes
• Percentage Tax on Value of Home
• Primarily Local Governments
• Relevant Trends:
– Rapid Increases in Home Values Can
Make Taxes Overly Burdensome
– Caps on Property Taxes are Common;
But Limit Ability of Receipts to Keep Up
with Inflation
• Property Tax Receipts Have
Declined
 User Fees: Road Tolls
• Fixed Fee for Use of
Roadways
• Primarily State
Government
• Relevant Trends:
– Very Unpopular and
Politically Difficult
– Some Very Old Toll Roads
Persist
– Some Recent Increases in
Acceptance
 User Fees: Transit Fares
• Fixed Fee for Use of Public
Transit
• Local Transit Agencies
• Relevant Trends:
– Raising Fares Runs Counter
to Increasing Mode Share
 Vehicle Registration Fees
• Annual Fee for Auto Registration; May be Fixed, or Tied
to Value of the Auto
• Primarily State Government, Sometimes Local Districts
• Relevant Trends:
– Increases with Number Cars, so Tends to Increase with Income
– Some have been struck down in court as excessive
 Sales Taxes
• Percentage Tax on All
Sales Transactions
• State & Local Governments
• Relevant Trends
– Diffuse Effect, so Less
Unpopular
– Increasing in Use
 Government Bonds
• Government Borrows
by Issuing Bonds
• Primarily States
• Relevant Trends
– Must be Repaid by
Tolls or Taxes
– Increasing Use by
Politicians
– Unsustainable if
Overused
 Future Possibilities
• Fees Adjusted to Reflect Costs on Society
– Charge More to Heavy Trucks
• Electronic Toll Systems
– Tolls without Queues
– Vary with Congestion Level
– Vary with Road Segment
 Wachs’s Recommendations
• States Assume Responsibility
• Plan for Widespread Electronic Tolling
• Develop Pricing Strategies for Efficient
Use
• Develop Pricing Strategies According to
Costs