Static FCTCR Compensator

Guide for electrical design engineers
Power Quality
Grzegorz TKACZEWSKI & Artur KOS AGH-University of Science & Technology
STATIC FC/TCR COMPENSATOR FOR ARC FURNACE COMPENSATION
Power Quality
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1. INTRODUCTION
Industrial facilities are source of major disturbances to power system due to mo
re and more large power loads being installed that, apart of their good function
al properties, are characterized by negative impact on the quality of power. Suc
h loads are the cause of the supply voltage distortion, unbalance and fluctuatio
ns. Depending on the load type, such disturbances may occur separately or concur
rently. These disturbances are propagated through distribution systems to other
users' networks, impair operating conditions of equipment and, in extreme cases,
prevent operation of electrical equipment sensitive to such disturbances. Among
industrial loads, having the most adverse impact on a power system due to the e
mitted disturbances, are steelworks electric arc furnaces. They cause mainly:
• • •
unbalance of currents and voltages, current and voltage distortion, fluctuations
of active and reactive power, supply voltage fluctuations and flicker [6].
The adverse impact of non-linear loads on a power system can be mitigated by mea
ns of compensation equipment like fixed capacitor (FC), thyristor controlled rea
ctor (TCR) - FC/TCR. The purpose of FC/TCR compensator is compensation of the fu
ndamental component reactive power and filtering selected current harmonics. Suc
h compensator is an example of the indirect compensation method in which, depend
ing on the needs of the voltage restorer or the reactive power compensator funct
ion, the value of the sum of two current components is controlled: • fundamental h
armonic of the capacitor current iFC, operated mostly as high harmonics filter(s
) (the FC section) • fundamental harmonic of the reactor current iTCR controlled b
y means of a phase-controlled thyristor AC switch (the TCR section) [8].
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Static FC/TCR Compensator for Arc Furnace Compensation
2. FC/TCR COMPENSATOR
Fig. 1. Diagram of the static VAR compensator comprising a fixed capacitor bank
and reactors whose reactive currents are controlled by means of thyristor AC swi
tches
Fig. 2. Diagram of the three-phase static compensator with a phase-controlled re
actor section
The FC/TCR compensator consists of a fixed capacitor bank divided into several t
hree-phase sections incorporating reactors, utilized also as high-order current
harmonics filters, and parallel reactors whose fundamental current harmonic is c
ontrolled means of thyristor AC switches. The reactors' current can be controlle
d in a continuous manner from zero, if the switch is turned off, to its maximum
value, when the reactor is directly connected to the source. The compensator sch
ematic diagram is shown in figure 1. The capacitor banks generate capacitive rea
ctive current of non-controlled value, whereas the reactor section (TCR) current
is controlled within the range from zero to the current of a reactor being conn
ected directly to the source. The reactive current fundamental harmonic of such
compensator is: ik = -iC + iL where: iC – the fundamental harmonic of the capacito
r bank current (noncontrolled value) iL – the fundamental harmonic of the inductiv
e unit current (controlled value) ik – the fundamental harmonic of the compensator
current. Under symmetrical control conditions and balanced circuit parameters (
the same phase reactances and equal thyristors' control angles) the 3-rd harmoni
c and its multiples do not occur.
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(1)
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The compensator enables continuous control of reactive current over the range fr
om -Ic to -Ic + IL. Maximum voltage across the AC switches' thyristors does not
exceed the amplitude of the phase-to-phase voltage of a power system, i.e. it is
more than two times smaller than the voltage across the thyristors switching th
e capacitor bank sections. The phase current of FC-TCR reactor section is times
larger than the thyristor switches (reactors') currents [2]. The three-phase com
pensator circuit is shown in figure 2. The compensator comprises delta connected
, fixed inductance reactors (L/2) whose current fundamental harmonic is controll
ed by the phase control of thyristor AC switches (ST) in each delta branch. AC s
witches are controlled by the control system in order to control either the supp
ly voltage (voltage restores) or to compensate the load reactive current, depend
ing on the compensation system purpose. Optimum utilization of the applied thyri
stors is often provided by a step-down transformer (Tr) with the leakage reactan
ce higher than in typical applications, hence the reactors' reactance can be red
uced (in the extreme case to zero). The delta connection of reactors is justifie
d in both technical and economic terms. The presented configuration allows reduc
ing the thyristors' current ratings and considerably reduces the supply current
harmonic content as compared to a star -connected circuit of the same power. Thu
s, the compensator voltage-current characteristic encompasses the area of induct
ive and capacitive loadings within boundaries determined by the capacitor bank a
nd reactors' powers. It should be emphasized that the compensator is a source of
odd harmonics and, if the control angles of antiparallel connected thyristors a
re unequal, even harmonics also occur. Triplen harmonics in the compensator curr
ent are cancelled by delta connection of reactor branches. Odd harmonics can be
mitigated by means of two 6-pulse circuits supplied from a three-winding Yyd tra
nsformer with 30° phase shift between the secondary side voltages, or by the use o
f suitable filters [10].
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3. HIGH-ORDER HARMONICS FILTERS
Passive filtering of high harmonic consists in connecting in parallel with the l
oad generating a given harmonic, a series LC circuit whose series resonant frequ
ency is tuned to the filtered harmonic frequency (Fig. 3).
4
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the supply network, a non-linear load represented b
y a current source, and the high-harmonic filter; CF, LF, RF – the filter capacita
nce, inductance and resistance, respectively The inductive and capacitive reacta
nces of LC series filter are subtracting one from the other. For the series reso
nance frequency their absolute values are equal and their difference is zero. Th
us, at this specific frequency, the filter is practically a short circuit. The r
emaining equivalent resistance, mainly that of the reactor winding, is very smal
l. The reactance of the filter LC components connected in series is: 2 ⎛ X ⎛ h 2 −ν F ⎞ X
1⎞ ⎟ X F (h ) = X L (h ) − X C (h ) = hX L − C = X C ⎜ h L − ⎟ = X C ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ν 2h ⎟ ⎜ X h h⎠
harmo ic order,
νF
Xc XL

the filter atural relative freque cy , reacta ce of the filter capacitor for th
e fu dame tal harmo ic, reacta ce of the filter reactor for the fu dame tal harm
o ic.
As follows from the relatio (2), the filter reacta ce is ear to zero for the h
armo ic h, whose freque cy is close to the filter atural relative freque cy F.
I co seque ce of co ecti g the filter betwee the source phases the curre t w
ith the freque cy close to the filter atural freque cy, ge erated by a o li e
ar load, flows through the filter thereby reduci g the harmo ic curre t flow thr
ough the source. The filter reacta ce for h> F is i ductive, whereas for h< F it
is capacitive. Si ce for the fu dame tal harmo ic the filter has a capacitive c
haracter, it is used for reactive power compe satio [2,3].
3.1. Pri ciples of passive filters desig
The basic data ecessary for the filter desig are: • data co cer i g the source o
f high harmo ics, i.e. amplitude freque cy spectrum of the o li ear load, the
fu dame tal harmo ic reactive power required for the compe satio purposes, etc.
• data co cer i g the power supply etwork, i.e. freque cy characteristic of the
power system impeda ce at the poi t of commo co ectio (PCC) or, i the abse c
e of such characteristic, the short circuit capacity together with the schematic
diagram a d tech ical specificatio of eighbourhood of the co sidered poi t of
the filter co ectio , the spectrum of i itial voltage distortio at the co sid
ered poi t, permissible voltage harmo ic distortio factor THD as per co ditio s
of supply, a d harmo ic co te t (p.u.) etc.
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data co cer i g the filter, i.e. the locatio of its i stallatio , the selected
structure, tech ical specificatio s of passive eleme ts to be used, etc. [7].
All further co sideratio s are carried out u der the followi g simplifyi g assum
ptio s: • the source of high harmo ics is a ideal curre t source, • the filter resi
sta ce RF, i ducta ce LF a d capacita ce CF, are lumped eleme ts a d their value
s are co sta t over the co sidered freque cy i terval, • the filter is exclusively
loaded with the fu dame tal harmo ic a d the harmo ic to which it is tu ed. The
filter etwork load equivale t circuit diagram is show i figure 3. The power
supply etwork is represe ted by the ideal AC voltage source a d the equivale t
resista ce a d i ducta ce:
X
S
= 1 .1 ×
U 2 S SC
⇉
Ls
= 1 .1 ×
U 2 1 × S SC 100 π
R
S
= 0 .1 X
S
(3)
where: SSC is the suly network short-circuit caacity, U is hase-to-hase vol
tage at the oint of connection. The load is reresented by the source high-harm
onic currents and the load imedance Zo. The urose of the filter is: • comensat
ion of the load fundamental harmonic reactive ower, • mitigation of high-harmonic
s emitted by the load to the ower system [4].
3.2. Single branch filters
The single branch filter is a simle structure which can easily be analyzed. In
this section a matrix method for designing a grou of single-frequency filters i
s used. The diagram of the single-frequency filter and its frequency-imedance c
haracteristic are shown in figure 4 [4]. Assuming RF = 0, the imedance at the f
iltered frequency is 0 (this assumtion will hold true in further considerations
):
Z F (ω r ) = jω r LF − j
1 = 0 ω r = nr * ω1 = ωr CF
1 LF C F
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LF =
1 1 = 2 2 ω C F n r ω1 C F
2 r
(4)
here: Nr
ω r = nr * ω1
ω1
the resonant frequency order angular frequency of the filter series branch
the fundamental harmonic angular frequency ().
For the harmonic ith angular frequency ω:
ω L F C F −1 1 = j = j Z F (ω r ) = jωLF − j ωC F ωC F
2
ω2
1 n ω12 C F ωC F
2 r
C F −1 = j
ω 2 − n r2ω r2 n r2ω r2 C F ω
(5)
1 n r2ω12 − ω 2 Z F (ω r ) = − j C F n r2ω r2ω
(6)
Fig. 4. The single frequency filter diagram and its frequency impedance characte
ristics for RF ≠ 0, Xc – the filter capacitive reactance, XL the filter inductive r
eactance, ZF – the filter impedance, IF – the filter current, U – the filter operating
voltage
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ω = k * ω1
, k=1 – filter tuned to the fundamental harmonic.
Z F (ω r ) = j
ω12 − nr2ω12 1− n2 = j 2 r nr2ω12 C F ω1 nr C F ω1
,
(7)
At the fundamental angular frequency the imaginary part of the filter impedance
is directly proportional to the filter operating voltage and inversely proportio
nal to reactive poer to be compensated:
2 UN Im(Z F ( n ) ) = − j Q
,
(8)
−j −j
2 N
U 1− n 1 = j 2 * Q C F ω1 nr
2 N 2 r 2 r
,
CF = n r2 − 1 Q * 2 nr ω 1U
2 N
(9)
U n −1 1 =−j 2 * Q C F ω1 nr
,
(10)
Q the load's reactive poer to be compensated. The capacitance and inductance v
alues in given branches are computed from relations:
⎧ n r2 − 1 1 Q F ⋅ ⋅ ⎪C i = ω1 U N 2 n r2 ⎪ ⎨ 1 ⎪L = 1 = i 2 2 ⎪ ω r C i n r ω12 C i ⎩
(11)
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4. AN EXAMPLE OF FC/TCR COMPENSATOR DESIGN

Fig. 5. Diagram of the netork supplying a non linear load – an arc furnace, to be
compensated using the FC/TCR compensator
4.1. Determining the compensation poer value
In order to determine the compensator poer shall be knon the economically just
ified (specified in a contract ith utility company) poer factor at the given p
oint of a poer system as specified by the utility company. In the general case
the capacitor bank poer is determined from the formula:
Qk = P tgϕ1 − tgϕ2 ,
here: Qk –reactive poer to be installed, P – the load(s) active poer,
(12)
tgϕ1 tgϕ2
– poer factor prior to compensation, – poer factor after compensation.
The capacitor bank design and sizing should take into account problems that may
occur during the system operation due to the presence of high order harmonics an
d resonance effects. Detuning from resonance is achieved using an antiresonance
reactor connected in series ith capacitor bank. The antiresonance reactor is us
ed hen the voltage distortion level is ithin
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acceptable limits, the capacitor bank shall also be protected against overloadin
g ith high harmonic currents. An inadequate selection of the capacitor bank par
ameters, as ell as the cooperating reactors, may lead to capacitor damages due
to overvoltages and overcurrents and, consequently, preclude operation of the co
mpensation system [1,9]. Short circuit capacity of the 110kV netork is SSC110kV
= 500 [MVA] Short circuit capacity of the 6kV netork is SSC6kV = 16.9 [MVA] Tr
ansformer rated poer STr = 20 [MVA] Transformer short circuit voltage uz% = 13.
5 Maximum averaged consumed active poer: 10.13 [MW] Maximum averaged consumed r
eactive poer: 13.54 [MVAr] Apparent poer:
SP =
2 PP2 + Q P = 16 . 91[ MVA ]
(13)
The arc furnace load current:
I obc =
SP 16,91 * 106 = = 1626.9[ A] 3 *U N 3 * 6000
(14)
Hence the poer factor:
tg ϕ
=
Q P
P P
=
1.34
(15)
Required poer factor:
tgϕ dyr =
0.3
(16)
Required compensation poer:
Qkomp = P (tgϕ − tgϕ dyr ) = 10.5 [MVAr]
(17)
It is assumed that reactive poer that should be compensated ill increase up to
11 [MVAr]. The transformer reactance:
10
X Tr
2 u z % * U N = 0.24[Ω] = 100 * S Trt
(18)
The netork short circuit reactance is: 0.35 [Ω]
4.2. Determining the voltage distortion factor prior to compensation a) At the 6
kV side
Harmonic currents In measured at the 6 kV side during the arc furnace operation
as the only load in the poer netork, are listed in table 1. The voltage distor
tion factor THD at the 6kV busbars ithout the compensation circuit is calculate
d using the formula:
THDU =
∑ (U )
13 2 N%
2
(19)
here: UN% the percentage voltage harmonic content of the given harmonic.
U n % = 3 * I n * n * X z( 6 kV ) *
100 UN
(20)
here: In In harmonic current, n harmonic order, XZW(6kV) the netork reacta
nce at the 6kV side, UN voltage at busbars (6kV)
X z ( 6 kV ) = X S + X Tr
=0.59 [Ω]
(21)
Table 1. Harmonic current values and corresponding harmonic voltage content
Harmonic order
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Harmonic current In [A]
1626.9 21.93 32.55 9.30 38.73 8.83 7.85 5.95 4.60 2.88 4.03 1.15 2.30
Voltage harmonic content [%]
1.49 3.32 1.27 6.59 1.80 1.87 1.62 1.41 0.98 1.51 0.47 1.02
THDU6kV= 8,61%, THDdop6kV = 5% [11]
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THDU6kV > THDdop6kV

The above inequality shos the necessity of high harmonics compensation.
(22)
b) At the 110kV side
The voltage distortion factor is determined from relation (19), but the percenta
ge voltage harmonic content for the given harmonic UN% is calculated form anothe
r formula:
U N % = 1.1 * bN % * n *
S10 max S SC
(23)
here: bn% percentage content of the harmonic of order n in a nonlinear load c
urrent; it depends on the load type, the factor values are listed in table 2., n
harmonic order, SSC short circuit capacity (500 MVA), S10max maximum 10 mi
nute apparent poer of a nonlinear load, equal to the arc furnace maximum poer
calculated from the formula (13). Table 2. The percentage content b% of the nth
harmonic in the arc furnace current versus the transformer nominal poer
Furnace transformer rated poer i
Harmonic order 2 % 36 26 26 16 7 3 % 25 20 13 18 10 4 % 8 5 4 6 4 5 % 10 7 5 8 5
6 % 4 2 1 3 1 7 %
3
MVA 2.5 5 10 16 50
3 2 3 2
9 % 2 2 1 2 2
11 % 1 1 1 1 1
13 25 % 0 0 0 0 0
Table 3. Harmonic current values and corresponding harmonic voltage content
Harmonic order
2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 13 bn [%]
Voltage harmonic content [%]
1.19 2.01 0.89 1.49 0.67 0.78 0.67 0.41 0.00
16 18 6 8 3 3 2 1 0
12
THDU110kV= 3.18%, THDdop110kV = 1.5% [11] THDU110kV > THDdop110kV (24)

The above inequality also shos the necessity for high harmonics compensation.
4.3. Guidelines for sizing high harmonics filters
In the analysed example the static compensator and passive filters section shall
operate under the folloing conditions:
• the arc furnace is supplied from a 110/6 kV transformer • voltage distortion facto
r THDU at the point of common connection at 110kV
busbars should not exceed 1.5%
• reactive poer to be compensated is 11 MVAr • dominant harmonic currents at 6kV bu
sbars are the 3 rd and 5 th harmonic
currents (32.55A for the 3 rd harmonic and 38.73A for the 5 th harmonic, respect
ively) • the FC/TCR compensator ill be connected at 6kV.
4.4 Selecting high harmonics filters parameters
Initial design data are:
• the poer netork nominal voltage Us • maximum reactive poer the filter can injec
t into the poer system.
The capacitor bank rated poer depends on:
• • •
maximum magnitude of the filtered current harmonic capacitor overload current (a
s specified by the manufacturer) capacitor voltage utilization factor, expressed
by the formula (25) [5]:
ku =
US 3U Nbat
(25)
here: US is the supply netork voltage, UNbat is the capacitor bank rated volta
ge. In order to reduce THD factor to the required level, the harmonic of the lar
gest magnitude shall be filtered out hile reactive poer consumed by the arc fu
rnace shall be compensated. 4.4.1. Determining the required poer of the 5 th ha
rmonic filter a) The required compensation poer has been allocated beteen the
fitter braches proportionally to the values of eliminated harmonic currents:
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Qkomp = 11 [Mvar] the 5 th harmonic current is: I5 = 38.8 [A] b) Due to series c
onnection of the resonance reactor and capacitor bank the voltage across capacit
ors ill be knf times higher than the busbars voltage:
k nf here: nF harmonic order. The voltage rise is (table 4):
•
2 nF = 2 nF − 1
(26)
For the 5 th harmonic
knf =
52 = 1.042 52 − 1
(27)
Table 4. The knf factor value of the nth harmonic order.
nF knf 2 1.333 3 1.125 4 1.067 5 1.042 7 1.021 11 1.008
c) The nominal voltage of the filter capacitor bank shall satisfy the relation:
UNbat.F5 ≥ 1.042* 6 *1.1= 6.88 kV The value1.1 results from poer netork voltage
variations +/ 10% UN (11) d) Considering the above requirements the capacitor ba
nk of "Y" company make, ith the folloing parameters has been selected: Rated r
eactive poer…………………………………………... Rated current……………………………………………………. Rated voltage…………………………
12] 1.1 Un [12] (28)
14
e) Since the reactive poer delivered by the 5 th harmonic filter is expressed b
y formula (29) [2]:
QUz 5
⎛U = Q NbatF 5 ⋅ ⎜ S ⎜ ⎝ U CN
⎞ ⎟ = Q NbatF 5 ⋅ (k u )2 ⎟ ⎠
2
(29)
where: QUz5 the reactive power i jected by capacitor to power system, QNbatF5th
e capacitor rated power, US power etwork voltage, UCN capacitor ba k voltage,
kU capacitor voltage utilizatio factor. Thus, the rated power of the 5 th har
mo ic filter capacitor ba k is:
QNbatF 5
⎛U = QUz 5 ⋅ ⎜ CN ⎜U ⎝ S
⎞ 7600 ⎞ ⎟ = 11 * 106 ⋅ ⎛ ⎜ ⎟ = 17.65[ M var] ⎟ ⎝ 6000 ⎠ ⎠
2
2
(30)
4.4.2. The reactor sizi g [5] From the co ditio for series reso a ce:
X DF 3 =
X bat 2 SR
(31)
where: SR– the series reso a ce freque cy. a) The required reacta ce of reactor i
s determi ed:
2 U NbatF 5 7600 = = 3.27[Ω] QNbatF 5 17.65 * 106
X NbatF 5 =
X DF 3 = LDF 3 =
(32)
X bat 3.04 = = 0.13[Ω] 2 SR 25 X DF 3
(33)
1
=
0.12 = 0.41[ mH ] 314
(34)
b) For the filter detu ed from reso a ce below rsz the i ducta ce values will b
e
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larger. For the series reso a t freque cy order equal 4.5 the i ducta ce will be
:
LDF 4,5 = LDF 5
52 = 0.52[mH ] 4.52
(35)
Whereas for the series reso a t freque cy order equal 4.7 the i ducta ce will be
:
LDF 4, 7
52 = LDF 5 = 0.47[mH ] 4.7 2
(36)
For both filters have bee selected special desig reactors of "Z" compa y make,
with i ducta ce values calculated as above a d 2% i ducta ce toleratio . The re
actors are provided with taps that allow matchi g their i ducta ce to 4.5 or 4.7
detu i g. 4.4.3. Filter co figuratio for si gle curre t harmo ic Capacitor ba
ks are co ected i a double star co figuratio with star poi ts co ected. I s
uch co figuratio a malfu ctio (short circuit) of a si gle does ot cause sig i
fica t i crease i phase curre ts. The desig ed topology allows for a simple a d
cheap protectio agai st the battery i ter al failures, or capacity cha ges due
to i ter al short circuits, by measuri g the curre t i the co ductor co ecti
g star poi ts usi g a curre t tra sformer.
Fig. 6. Diagram of the si gle curre t harmo ic filter comprisi g reactors, capac
itor ba k divided i to two sectio s a d symmetry co trol by mea s of measuri g t
he equalizi g curre t I betwee eutral poi ts of both sectio s
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Static FC/TCR Compe sator for Arc Fur ace Compe satio
4.4.4. Simulatio tests of the desig ed filter The freque cy impeda ce character
istics for the desig ed filter were determi ed usi g the Matlab software package
. a) For series reso a t freque cy order 4.7 charts 1, 2 a d 3
10 9 8 7 Z(w [Ohm] ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 100 200 300 400 f [Hz] 500 600 700
Chart 1. Freque cy impeda ce characteristics of the supply etwork (blue) a d th
e 5 th harmo ic filteri g bra ch (red); each characteristic determi ed i dividua
lly
5 4.5 4 3.5 Z(w) [Ohm] 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 100 200 300 400 f [Hz] 500 600 700
e 5 th harmo ic filteri g bra ch (gree ) a d the equivale t impeda ce (red)
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10 9 8 7 Z( )/Z(wo) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 100 200 300 400 f [Hz] 500 600 700
Chart 3. Freque cy characteristic of the supply etwork a d the filter equivale
t impeda ce related to the equivale t impeda ce at f=50Hz b) For series reso a t
freque cy order 4.5 – charts 4, 5 a d 6
10 9 8 7 Z(w) [Ohm] 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 100 200 300 400 f [Hz] 500 600 700
e 5 th harmo ic filteri g bra ch (red); each characteristic determi ed i dividua
lly
18
5 4.5 4 3.5 Z(w) [Ohm] 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 100 200 300 400 f [Hz] 500 600 700
e 5 th harmo ic filteri g bra ch (gree ) a d the equivale t impeda ce (red)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 100 200 300 400 f [Hz] 500 600 700
t impeda ce related to the equivale t impeda ce at f=50Hz
19
Z( )/Z(wo)
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4.4.5. Parallel reso a ce calculatio s The equivale t impeda ce of the desig ed
th harmo ic filter with equivale t circuit as i figure 7:
Fig. 7. The equivale t circuit of the source a d the parallel filter for a si gl
e harmo ic The equivale t impeda ce of the above circuit is expressed by the for
mula:
Z z ( ) =
X tr 2 X d − X c 2 ( X tr + X d ) − X c ∞; it is expressed by the relatio :
(
)
(37)
Parallel reso a ce occurs whe Z
2 ( X Tr − X d ) − X c = 0
(38)
r =
Xc X tr + X d
(39)
The 5 th harmo ic filter parallel reso a ce relative freque cy is:
• •
for detu i g degree equal 4.5: for detu i g degree equal 4.7:
2.82 2.11
4.4.6. Verificatio of the 5 th harmo ic capacitor ba k for overload curre t The
filter power (the capacitor ba k a d reactor co ected i series) is:
Q
' NF 5
(U N )2 = (6000)2 =
X Z (1) 2.92
= 11.46MVar
(40)
20
a d:
X Z (1) = X DF 5(1) + X NbatF 5(1) = 3.14[Ω]
where: XdF5(1) the reactor reacta ce at the freque cy of 50 Hz, XbatF5(1) the
capacitor reacta ce at the freque cy of 50 Hz The rated curre t of the 5 th harm
o ic capacitor battery [5] is:
(41)
I Nbat , F 5 =
' QNF 5 12,34 * 106 = = 870.46[ A] 3 * U Nbat 3 * 7600
(42)
I order to verify the 5 th harmo ic capacitor battery for the overload curre t
co ditio , it has bee assumed that both the fu dame tal harmo ic a d the filter
ed harmo ic curre ts flow i the filter. The curre t i the 5 th harmo ic filter
i g bra ch is calculated from the formula:
2 I batF = I 12 + I
(43)
The followi g co ditio shall be verified to preve t the capacitors curre t over
load:
2 I = ki I p 2 − b 2 k u2
I Nbat . F ≥
where:
(44)
b capacitors' maximum voltage overload factor, p capacitors' maximum curre t o
verload factor (≤ 1.1) [12] ku – capacitors' voltage utilizatio factor, formula (25
) I the filtered th harmo ic curre t. The capacitors' curre t utilizatio f
actor ki is:
ki =
1
p − ku2
2
(45)
The overload factor p determi es maximum curre t overload of a capacitor (for ca
pacitors used i filters its value is 1.5 [12]). It is assumed that filter bra c
h for the give harmo ic is loaded with this harmo ic curre t a d, additio ally,
with small curre ts of other o filtered harmo ics. Their i flue ce is take i
to accou t by reduci g the p2 value i a ma er i dicated i table 5:
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Table 5.
Overload factor High order harmo ics take i to accou t High order harmo ics ot
take i to accou t p=1.3 1.6 1.69 (1.5) 2.16 2.25
I the case of co sidered 5 th harmo ic filter the curre t will be:
I1− 5 = ku I Nbat .F 5 = 0.789 * 870.46 = 687.20[ A]
(46)
ku =
where:
6000 US = = 0.789 3U Nbat 7600
(47) (48)
2 I batF 5 = I12− 5 + I = 687.202 + 38.82 = 688.29[A]
ki =
1
p 2 − ku2
= 0.784
(49) (45)
ki I batF 3 = 0.784 * 688.29 = 539.65 [A]
Thus, the relatio :
870.46 [ A] ≥
2 I = 539.65[A] p 2 − b 2 k u2
(51)
I Nbat . F ≥
is satisfied.
2 I = k i I batF 5 p 2 − b 2 k u2
(52)
4.4.7. Verificatio of THDU value Total harmo ic voltage distortio factor THDU
is expressed by the formula:
THDU =
∑U
Uf
2 ( )
(53)
22
where:
U Uf = 3
U ( ) = I ( ) Z ( )
UN= 6kV, Z( ) from the formula (37).
(54)
(55)
Table 6. Harmo ic co te t a d total harmo ic voltage distortio factor THDU
Curre t harmo ic order 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 THDU
U for detu i g 4.7 209.35 36.92 2.56 3.58 3.04 4.33 4.36 4.15 3.05 4.89 1.57 3.
48 6.15
U for detu i g 4.5 241.31 33.38 1.90 6.23 3.68 4.94 4.87 4.58 3.34 5.33 1.71 3.
77 7.04
As see from table 6, the voltage distortio factor was reduced but its value st
ill exceeds the required level 6.15%. THDUF5= 6.15%, THDdop6kV = 5% [11], THDU6k
V > THDdop6kV. It is thus ecessary to desig from the begi i g a compe sator t
hat elimi ates more tha o e harmo ic, comprisi g a larger umber of bra ches.
4.5. Selectio of compo e ts for the 3 rd a d 5 th harmo ic filters
4.5.1 Determi i g the required filter power
a) The required compe satio power has bee allocated betwee the fitter braches
proportio ally to the values of elimi ated harmo ic curre ts:
23
Power Quality
Qkomp = QuzF3 + QuzF5 = 11 Mvar I3 = 32.5 A I5 = 38.8 A I3 + I5 =131.4 A
(56)
Quz 3 =
I3 ⋅ Qkomp = 4.8[ MVar ] I5 + I3 I5 ⋅ Qkomp = 5.71[ MVar ] I5 + I3
(57)
QuzF 3 =
(58)
b) The voltage rise is:
•
for the 3 rd harmonic
ku = ku =
32 = 1.125 32 − 1 52 = 1.042 52 − 1
(59)
•
for the 5 th harmonic
(60)
c) The nominal voltages of filters capacitor banks ill satisfy the relation:
• •
for the 3 rd harmonic UNbat.F3 ≥ 1.125*6*1.1 = 7.43 [kV] for the 5 th harmonic UNb
at.F3 ≥ 1.042* 6 *1.1= 6.88 [kV]
(61) (62)
The value1.1 results from the assumed poer netork voltage possible rise by 10%
[11]. d) Considering the above requirements the capacitor bank of "Y" company m
ake ith folloing parameters has been selected: Rated reactive poer ..........
............................................................... 9 MVar Rated cur
rent ...........................................................................
........... 1000 A Rated voltage….….……………………………………………………….7800 V Capacitance ..............
..................................... 21.3 uF Capacitance tolerance ............
.................................................. 5/+10 % [12] Current overloa
d .............................................................................
1.5 In [12] Voltage overload (Voltage overload factor) .........................
...........1.1 Un [12]
e) The required poers of the 3 rd and 5 th harmonic filters are expressed by fo
rmulas [2]:
QUz 3
⎛U = Q NbatF 3 ⋅ ⎜ S ⎜U ⎝ CN
⎞ ⎟ = Q NbatF 3 ⋅ (k u )2 ⎟ ⎠
24
2
(63)
QUz 5
⎛U = Q NbatF 5 ⋅ ⎜ S ⎜U ⎝ CN
⎞ ⎟ = Q NbatF 5 ⋅ (k u )2 ⎟ ⎠
2
(64)
He ce rated powers of capacitor ba ks are:
QNbatF 3
⎛U = QUz 3 ⋅ ⎜ CN ⎜U ⎝ S ⎛U = QUz 5 ⋅ ⎜ CN ⎜U ⎝ S
⎞ 7600 ⎞ ⎟ = 4.80 * 106 ⋅ ⎛ ⎜ ⎟ = 7.70[ M var] ⎟ ⎝ 6000 ⎠ ⎠
2
2
(65)
QNbatF 5
⎞ 7600 ⎞ ⎟ = 5.71 * 106 ⋅ ⎛ ⎜ ⎟ = 9.16[ M var] ⎟ ⎝ 6000 ⎠ ⎠
2
2
(66)
4.5.2 Sizi g the reactors [5] From the co ditio for series reso a ce:
X DF 3 =
X bat 2 SR
(67)
where: SR – the series reso a ce freque cy, a) The required reacta ce of the reac
tor has bee determi ed:
•
for the 3 rd harmo ic filter
2 U NbatF 3 = = 7.51[Ω] QNbatF 3
X NbatF 3
X DF 3 = LDF 3 =
(55) (56)
X bat = 0.83[Ω] 2 SR X DF 3
1
= 2.66[mH ]
(57)
for the 5 th harmo ic filter
X NbatF 4 =
X DF 5 =
2 U NbatF 5 = 6.31[Ω] QNbatF 5
(58) (59)
25
X bat = 0.25[Ω] 2 SR
Power Quality
LDF 5 =
X DF 5
1
= 0.80[mH ]
(60)
b) For the filter detu ed from reso a ce below rsz the i ducta ce values will b
e larger. For the degree of detu i g from reso a ce equal 2.5 a d 4.5 for the 3
rd a d 5th harmo ic, respectively, the i ducta ces will be:
LDF 3− 4,5 = LDF 3 LDF 5 − 4, 7 = LDF 5
32 = 3.82[mH ] 2.52 5 = 0.99[mH ] 4.52
2
(61)
(61)
Whereas for degree of detu i g from reso a ce equal 2.7 a d 4.7 for the 3 rd a d
5 th harmo ic, respectively, the i ducta ces will be:
LDF 3− 4, 7 = LDF 3 LDF 5 − 4, 7 = LDF 5
32 = 3.28[mH ] 4.7 2 5 = 0.91[mH ] 4.7 2
2
(61)
(61)
For both filters have bee selected special desig reactors of "Z" compa y make,
with i ducta ce values calculated as above, a d 2% i ducta ce toleratio . The r
eactors are provided with taps that allow matchi g their i ducta ce to the degre
e of detu i g: 2.5 a d 4.5, 2.7 a d 4.7, 2.8 a d 4.8. 4.5.3. Simulatio tests of
the desig ed filters The desig ed filter freque cy impeda ce characteristics we
re determi ed for selected parameters usi g the Matlab software package: a) For
series reso a t freque cy order equal 2.7 a d 4.7 charts 7,8 a d 9
26
10 9 8 7 Z(w) [Ohm] 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 100 200 300 400 f [Hz] 500 600 700
Chart 7. Freque cy impeda ce characteristics for the degree of detu i g 2.7 a d
4.7 of the supply etwork (blue), the 3 rd harmo ic filteri g bra ch (gree ) a d
the 5 th harmo ic filteri g bra ch (red); each characteristic determi ed i divi
dually
5 4.5 4 3.5 Z(w) [Ohm] 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 100 200 300 400 f [Hz] 500 600 700
Chart 8. Freque cy impeda ce characteristics of the supply etwork (blue), the 3
rd harmo ic filteri g bra ch (blue), the 5 th harmo ic filteri g bra ch (gree )
a d the equivale t impeda ce (red) 27
Power Quality
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 100 200 300 400 f [Hz] 500 600 700
t impeda ce related to the equivale t impeda ce at f=50Hz For series reso a t fr
eque cy order equal 2.5 a d 4.5 charts 10,11 a d 12
Z( )/Z(wo)
10 9 8 7 Z(w) [Ohm] 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 100 200 300 400 f [Hz] 500 600 700
Chart 10. Freque cy impeda ce characteristics of the supply etwork (blue), the
3 rd harmo ic filteri g bra ch (gree ) a d the 5 th harmo ic filteri g bra ch (r
ed); each characteristic determi ed i dividually (red)
28
5 4.5 4 3.5 Z(w) [Ohm] 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 100 200 300 400 f [Hz] 500 600 700
Chart 11. Freque cy impeda ce characteristics of the supply etwork (blue), the
3 rd harmo ic filteri g bra ch (blue), the 5 th harmo ic filteri g bra ch (gree
) a d the equivale t impeda ce
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 100 200 300 400 f [Hz] 500 600 700
t impeda ce for the degree of detu i g 2.5 a d 4.5 related to the equivale t im
peda ce at f=50Hz
Z( )/Z(wo)
29
Power Quality
4.5.4. Parallel reso a ce calculatio s: The schematic diagram a d formulas as i
subsectio 4.4.5. The parallel reso a ce relative freque cy for the detu i g de
gree 2.5 a d 4.5 is: • for the 3 rd harmo ic filter: 2.64 • for the 5 th harmo ic fi
lter: 3.58 a d for the detu i g degree 2.7 a d 4.7 it is:
• •
for the 3 rd harmo ic filter: for the 5 th harmo ic filter:
1.46 2.34
4.5.5. Verificatio of the capacitor ba k for overload curre t:
a) For the 3 rd harmo ic filter: The filter power is:
Q
a d:
' NF 5
(U N )2 = (6000)2 =
X Z (1) 6.67
= 5.40[ MVar ]
(62) (63)
X Z 3(1) = X DF 3(1) + X NbatF 3(1) = 6.67[Ω]
The rated curre t of the 3 rd harmo ic capacitor ba k is:
I Nbat , F 3 =
' QNF 3 5,4 * 106 = = 409.91[ A] 3 * U Nbat 3 * 7600
(64)
The co ditio for preve ti g capacitors curre t overload is:
I1− 3 = ku I Nbat .F 3 = 0,78 * 391.25 = 323.61[ A]
2 I batF 3 = I12 + I = 323.612 + 32.52 = 325.24[A]
(65)
(66)
Thus, the relatio :
409.91[ A] ≥
2 I = 255.01[A] p 2 − b 2 ku2
(67)
30
I NbatF ≥
is satisfied.
2 I = k i I batF 3 p 2 − b 2 k u2
(68)
b) For the 3 rd harmo ic filter The filter power is:
' Q NbatF 5 =
(U N )2
X Z (1)
= 5.94[ MVar ]
(69)
a d:
X Z 5(1) = X DF 5(1) + X NbatF 5(1) = 6.06[Ω]
The rated curre t of the 3 rd harmo ic capacitor ba k is:
(70)
I Nbat , F 5 =
' QNbatF 5 = 451.55[ A] 3 * U Nbat
(71)
The co ditio for preve ti g capacitors curre t overload is:
I1− 5 = ku I NbatF = 356.48[A]
2 I batF 5 = I12 + I = 358.58[A]
(72) (73)
Thus, the relatio :
451.55[A] ≥
2 I = 281.14[A] p 2 − b 2 ku2
(74)
I NbatF ≥
is satisfied.
2 I = k i I batF 5 p 2 − k u2
(75)
4.5.6. Verificatio of THDU value Calculatio s of total harmo ic voltage distort
io factor THDU have bee carried out as i subsectio 4.4.7.
31
Power Quality
Table 7. Voltage harmo ic perce tage co te t a d total harmo ic voltage distorti
o factor THDU for the 3 rd a d 5 th harmo ic filter
Curre t harmo ic U for detu i g degree U for detu i g degree order 2.7 a d 4.7
2.5 a d 4.5 8.73 9.32 2 29.63 31.62 3 18.93 8.79 4 6.90 10.81 5 4.43 5.00 6 5.5
5 6.00 7 5.23 5.56 8 4.76 5.02 9 3.40 3.57 10 5.34 5.60 11 1.69 1.76 12 3.70 3.8
6 13 1.12 1.1 THDU
THDUF5= 1,1%, THDdop6kV = 5% [11], THDU6kV <THDdop6kV As see from table 7, the
use of the compe sator reduced the voltage distortio factor below the required
limit level. Thus, the 3 rd a d 5 th harmo ic filter is adequately sized.
5. Calculatio of curre ts distributio after i stallatio of FC compe sator
The equivale t circuit for calculatio of curre ts distributio is show i figu
re 8. The actual distributio of curre ts is tabulated i table 8.
Fig. 8. Schematic diagram of power etwork supplyi g the arc fur ace a d the des
ig ed capacitor ba ks
32
Total powers of the formerly sized filters are:
Q 'uzbatF 3 = 5.40[MVar] Q uzbatF 5 = 5.94[MVar]
'
(76) (77)
The filters' compe sati g power is:
QFC = 1.07 ⋅ (QuzbatF 3 + QuzbatF 5 ) = 12.13[ MVar ]
(78)
The value 1.07 results from the manufacturing tolerances +/ 2% for reactors and
+/ 5% for capacitors. The output poer to be compensated as 11 Mvar. The
Q sk = Q p − Q FC = 1 3 ,52 − 12,13 = 1,41[ MVar ]
output poer after compensation is: (79)
Apparent poer:
' 2 S p = PP2 + Qsk = 10,22[ MVA]
(80)
The load current after compensation:
' I obc = ' Sp
3 *U N
= 983,63[ A]
(80)
Poer factor after compensation:
tϕ =
QSK = 0,14 PP
(81)
Currents for individual branches are calculated from relation:
i Fk =
here: iFk z0(n)
z 0 ( n ) * i 0 ( n) z k ( n)
(82)
– the k th harmonic filter current; – the equivalent impedance for the n th harmonic
of the poer k, transformer and filters, as seen from the point of the arc furn
ace connection;
33
Poer Quality
zk(n) iO(n)
– the impedance for the n th harmonic of the k th harmonic filter; – the arc furnace
n th harmonic current.
Table 8. The distribution of currents among the filter branches and 6kV netork
for the assumed degree of detuning 2.7 and 4.7
The arc furnace current [A] 759.62 21.93 32.55 9.30 38.73 8.83 7.85 5.95 4.60 2.
88 4.03 1.15 2.30
Harmonic order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
F3 [A] 109.21 8.47 12.84 0.84 2.19 0.89 0.93 0.75 0.60 0.39 0.55 0.16 0.32
F5 [A] 114.81 4.52 12.10 7.45 33.28 6.47 5.30 3.83 2.87 1.75 2.41 0.68 1.35
Tr [A] 983.63 8.94 7.60 1.01 3.26 1.47 1.62 1.37 1.13 0.74 1.06 0.31 0.63
6. Sizing the reactor section of FC/TCR compensator
Reactors in the delta arms are divided into to equal parts as in figure 9. Adva
ntages of such configuration are: better voltage distribution, easy manufacturin
g and limiting possible short circuit currents.
Fig. 9. Schematic diagram of TCR reactor section
34
a) The nominal current in one arm of the delta connection is:

I DTCR = QFC / 3U s = 683[ A]
b) Hence, the reactance in one delta arm has been calculated:
(83)
X DTCR = U 2 s / 3QFCR = 2.97Ω
c) The the required i ducta ce:
(84)
LDTCR = QFC / ω = 9.45mH
(85)
The designed reactor consists of to parts ith inductances of 0123 mH each. the
selected reactors are special design reactors of "Z" company make, ith inducta
nce values calculated as above and 2% inductance toleration.
7. Conclusions
The calculation results allo us to conclude that:
•
• •
The voltage distortion factor at 6kV during the arc furnace operation ithout th
e compensation circuit is THD = 8.6%, hereas ith the compensation circuit conn
ected THD = 1.1% (the 3 rd and 5 th harmonics are reduced considerably) confirms
proper operation of filters F3 and F5. The current loading of F3 filter is 255A
and does not exceed its nominal current of 409A. The current loading of F3 filt
er is 281A and does not exceed its nominal current of 409A.
It follos from the calculations that the designed compensation system ill not
be overloaded ith high harmonic currents and ill operate properly. The voltage
distortion is ithin acceptable limits.
8. References
1. Strojny J., Strzałka J.: Projektoanie urządzeń elektroenergetycznych . Krakó , Ucze
lniane Wydanicta Naukoo Dydaktyczne, 2008 [Electrical Poer Equipment Design.
AGH UST Publishers, Krako, 2008.] 2. Piróg S.: Energoelektronika. Układy o komutac
ji siecioej i o komutacji tardej. Krakó, AGH Uczelniane Wydanicta Naukoo Dyd
aktyczne 2006, [Poer Electronics. Line Commutated and Hard Commutated Systems.
AGH UST Publishers, Krako, 2006] 3. Strzelecki R., Supronoicz H. Współczynnik mocy
systemach zasilania prądu przemiennego i metody jego popray. Warszaa : Oficyn
a Wyda.
35
Poer Quality
PW, 2000 [Poer Factor in AC Poer Supply Systems and Methods for its Improvemen
t. Warsa University of Technology Publ., Warsa, 2000.] 4. Klempka R., Stankie
icz A. Modeloanie i symulacja układó dynamicznych : ybrane zagadnienia z przykładam
i Matlabie. Krakó, Uczelniane Wydanicta Naukoo Dydaktyczne AGH, 2007 [Modell
ing and Simulation of Dynamic Systems: Selected Problems and Examples in Matlab
Environment. AGH UST Publishers, Krako, 2007] 5. Praca zbioroa: Poradnik inżynie
ra elektryka. T.2. Warszaa : Wyda. Nauk. Techniczne, 1997 [Joint publication:
Electrical Engineer Guide, vol.2. Wydanicta Naukoo Techniczne, Warsa, 1997.
] 6. Hanzelka Z. Skuteczność statycznej kompensacji oddziałyania odbiornikó niespokojn
ych na sieć zasilającą. Rozpray Monografie. Krakó , Wyda. AGH, 1994 Effectiveness of
Static Compensation of Fluctuating Loads Impact on Poer System. AGH UST Monogra
phs, Krako, 1994. 7. Hanzelka Z., Klempka R.: Pasyne filtry yższych harmoniczny
ch. „elektro.info" 6/2003 [Passive High Harmonics Filters. „elektro.info" 6/2003.] 8
. Hanzelka Z. JAKOSC ENERGII ELEKTRYCZNEJ CZĘŚĆ 3 - Wahania naięcia, (htt://www.twelve
e.com.l) [Electric Power Quality, Part 3 – Voltage fluctuations (htt://www.twelv
ee.com.l] 9. Hanzelka Z. JAKOSC ENERGII ELEKTRYCZNEJ CZĘŚĆ 4 - Wyższe harmoniczne napięć i
prądó (http://.telvee.com.pl) [Electric Poer Quality, Part 4 – Voltage and Curre
nt High Harmonics (http:// .telvee.com.pl] 10. Hanzelka Z. Kompensator staty
czny ze steronikiem prądu indukcyjnego. Rozpray elektrotechniczne 34, 1988 [A St
atic Compensator ith Inductive Current Controller. Electrical Engineering Trans
actions No.34, 1988] 11. ROZPORZĄDZENIE MINISTRA GOSPODARKI z dnia 4 maja 2007 r.
spraie szczegółoych arunkó funkcjonoania systemu elektroenergetycznego [The ord
inance of the Minister of Economy of May 4 2007 in the matter of detailed terms
and conditions of poer system operation] 12. Norma PN EN 60871 1:2006 Tytuł: Kond
ensatory do rónoległej kompensacji mocy biernej sieciach elektroenergetycznych prąd
u przemiennego o napięciu znamionowym owyżej 1 kV, Wymagania ogólne [Standard EN 6087
1 1:2005 Shunt capacitors for a.c. poer systems having a rated voltage above 10
00 V. General] 13. Geppart A., Polaczek A.: Wskazóki projektoania dotyczące ograni
czania odkształceń i ahań napięcia w sieciach ŚN i nn energetyki zawodowej. Instytut Ener
getyki. Warszawa - Katowice 1987 [Design Guidelines Concerning Voltage Distortio
n and Fluctuation Mitigation in MV and LV Power Systems. Institute of Power Engi
neering, Warsaw Katowice, 1987.]
36

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Guide for electrical design engineers

4. AN EXAMPLE OF FC/TCR COMPENSATOR DESIGN

THDU6kV > THDdop6kV

THDU110kV= 3.18%, THDdop110kV = 1.5% [11] THDU110kV > THDdop110kV (24)

a) The nominal current in one arm of the delta connection is:

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