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Hanoi Open Mathematical Olympiad 2011

Thời gian làm bài: 180 phút
(Junior Section)
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Multiple Choice Questions

1 Three lines are drawn in a plane. Which of the following is NOT possibly the total number of
points of intersection?

(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3
(E) all of the above
•••

2 The last digit of the number 72011 is

(A) 1
(B) 3
HMO 2011

(C) 7
(D) 9
(E) none of the above

3 What is the largest integer less or equal to

p
3
(2011)3 + 3 × (2011)2 + 4 × 2011 + 5?

(A) 2010
(B) 2011
(C) 2012
(D) 2013
(E) none of the above

4 What is the number of the statements below on real numbers that are correct?
• If a < b < 0 then a < b2 .
c 2011 HEXAGON
Copyright

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 • If 0 < a < b then a < b2
• If a3 < b3 then a < b
• If a2 < b2 then a < b
• If |a| < |b| then a < b.

(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3
(E) 4
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Short Answer Questions

1 Let p = 7! × 8! × 9! × 10! × 11! × 12!. How many factors of p are perfect squares?
2 Find all positive integers (m, n) such that

m2 + n2 + 3 = 4(m + n).

3 Find all pairs of real numbers (x, y) satisfying the system

x + y = 3, x4 − y 4 = 8x − y.
•••

4 Find the minimum value of

S = |x + 1| + |x + 5| + |x + 14| + |x + 97| + |x + 1920|.

HMO 2011

5 Solve the equation

1 + x + x2 + x3 + · · · + x2011 = 0.

6 Let ABC be a right triangle with AB = 90◦ , AB = c, AC = b. Let P , Q be the points on AC

and AB respectively such that ∠AP Q = ∠ABC and ∠AQP = ∠ACB. Calculate the sum
P Q + P E + QF , where E, F are the projections of P and Q onto BC, respectively.

7 Given a quadrilateral ABCD with AB = BC = 3 cm, CD = 4 cm, DA = 8 cm and

∠DAB + ∠ABC = 180◦ . Calculate the area of the quadrilateral.

8 Suppose that a > 0, b > 0 and a + b ≤ 1. Find the minimum value of

1 1 1 1
+ 2 + 2
+ 2 .
ab a + ab ab + b a + b2

2
 Solutions

Multiple Choice Questions

1 Three lines are drawn in a plane. Which of the following is NOT possibly the total number of
points of intersection?

(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3
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(E) all of the above

Solutions. Answer is E. If the three liens are parallel, then the number of intersections is 0. If
they are collinear, then the intersection is 1. If two of them are parallel and the other meets both,
then the number is 2. If they are pairwise meeting, we get three points of intersection.

2 The last digit of the number 72011 is

(A) 1
(B) 3
(C) 7
•••

(D) 9
(E) none of the above

Solutions. Answer 3. This is a question on number pattern. Notice the pattern of the last digits
turning up. They are 7, 9, 3, 1, 7, 9, 3, 1, 7 . . .. Notice that 2011 = 4 × 52 + 3. The last digit of
HMO 2011

72011 is 3.

3 What is the largest integer less or equal to

p
3
(2011)3 + 3 × (2011)2 + 4 × 2011 + 5?

(A) 2010
(B) 2011
(C) 2012
(D) 2013
(E) none of the above

Solutions. Let T be the given expression. Using the identity

(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b),

we have

(2011)3 + 3 × (2011)2 + 4 × 2011 + 5 ≥ (2011)3 + 3 × (2011)2 + 3 × 2011 + 1 = (2011 + 1)3 .

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 We also have

(2011)3 + 3 × (2011)2 + 4 × 2011 + 5 ≤ (2012)3 + 3 × (2012)2 + 3 × 2012 + 1 = (2012 + 1)3 .

We get
2012 < T < 2013.
The largest integer less than T is 2012.

4 Among the four statements on real numbers below, how many of them are correct?
• If a < b < 0 then a < b2 .
• If 0 < a < b then a < b2
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• If a3 < b3 then a < b

• If a2 < b2 then a < b
• If |a| < |b| then a < b.

(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3
(E) 4
•••

Solutions. Answer: 2. The best way to solve this problem is to give counterexamples. The first
and the third statements are correct.

Short Answer Questions

HMO 2011

1 Let p = 7! × 8! × 9! × 10! × 11! × 12!. How many factors of p are perfect squares?

Solutions. We rewrite p as follows

p = (7!)2 × (9!)2 × (11!)2 × 8 × 9 × 12.

We find the prime factorization of the numbers

7! = 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 = 7 × 5 × 32 × 24
9! = 9 × 8 × 7 × 5 × 32 × 24 = 7 × 5 × 36 × 27
11! = 11 × 10 × 7 × 53 × 34 × 25 = 11 × 7 × 54 × 34 × 26 .

Hence,
p = (112 )1 × (72 )3 × (52 )6 × (32 )13 × (22 )19 × 6.
The number of factors that are perfect squares is

(1 + 1)(3 + 1)(6 + 1)(13 + 1)(19 + 1) = 2 × 4 × 7 × 14 × 20 = 15680.

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 2 Find all positive integers (m, n) such that
m2 + n2 + 3 = 4(m + n).

Solutions. Viewing this as a quadratic equation of m, we get

m2 − 4m + n2 − 4n + 3 = 0.
The discriminant is
16 − 4(n2 − 4n + 3).
In order for the equation has solution, we need to have the discriminant to be non-negative. That
is,
−4n2 + 16n + 4 ≥ 0,
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or n2 − 4n − 1 ≤ 0. This gives
(n − 2)2 ≤ 5,
√ √
or 2 − 5 ≤ n ≤ 2 + 5. Since n is a positive integr, the possible values of n include
n = 1, 2, 3, 4.
If n = 1, then we have m2 − 4m = 0. Thus, m = 4.
If n = 2, then m2 − 4m − 1 = 0 which does not give an integer solution.
If n = 3, then m2 − 4m = 0 or m = 4.
If n = 4, then m2 − 4m + 3 = 0, or m = 3, m = 1.
In conclusion, (m, n) = {(3, 4), (1, 4), (4, 1), (4, 3)} are the integer solutions of the equation.
•••

3 Find all pairs of real numbers (x, y) satisfying the system

x + y = 3, x4 − y 4 = 8x − y.
HMO 2011

Solutions. Notice the identity

x4 − y 4 = (x2 − y 2 )(x2 + y 2 ) = (x − y)(x + y)(x2 + y 2 ) = 3(x − y)(x2 + y 2 ).
We also have x2 + y 2 = (x + y)2 − 2xy = 9 − 2xy. Hence, the second equation gives
3(x − y)(9 − 2xy) = 8x − y.
Expanding this with y = 3 − x gives
(2x − 3)(2x2 − 6x + 9) = 3x − 1.
Further expansion yields
4x3 − 12x2 + 18x − 6x2 + 18x − 27 − 3x + 1 = 0.
4x3 − 18x2 + 33x − 26 = 0.
Factoring this polynomial, we get
(x − 2)(4x2 − 10x + 13) = 0.
Since 4x2 − 10x + 13 = (2x − 52 )2 + 27 4 we have that x = 2 is the only root of the equation.
Hence, the system has solution (x, y) = (2, 1).

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 4 Find the minimum value of

S = |x + 1| + |x + 5| + |x + 14| + |x + 97| + |x + 1920|.

Solutions. First we claim and prove that if u, v are real numbers then |u| + |v| ≥ |u + v|.
Squaring this equality gives

u2 + 2|uv| + v 2 ≥ u2 + 2uv + v 2 ,

or |uv| ≥ uv, which is obvious. Equality occurs if and only if uv ≥ 0. Rewriting S as

S = |x + 1| + | − x − 1920| + |x + 5| + | − x − 97| + |x + 14| ≥ 1919 + 92 + |x + 14| ≥ 2011.

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Equality occurs when x = −14.

5 Solve the equation

1 + x + x2 + x3 + · · · + x2011 = 0.

Solutions. By factoring, we have

(1 + x) + x2 (1 + x) + x4 (1 + x) + x6 (1 + x) + · · · + x2010 (1 + x) = 0.

That is,
(1 + x)(1 + x2 + x4 + x6 + · · · + x2010 ) = 0,
•••

which gives x = −1 as the only real root of the equation since the second factor is greater than
or equal to 1 for all real values of x.

6 Let ABC be a right triangle with AB = 90◦ , AB = c, AC = b. Let P , Q be the points on AC

and AB respectively such that ∠AP Q = ∠ABC and ∠AQP = ∠ACB. Calculate the sum
P Q + P E + QF , where E, F are the projections of P and Q onto BC, respectively.
HMO 2011

√
Solutions. For convience, let a = b2 + c2 , AP = x, where 0 ≤ x ≤ b. By the Pythagoras
theorem, BC = a. We can prove that right triangles ABC, AP Q, F BQ and EP C are similar.
From the similarity of triangles ABC and AP Q we get
AQ AC
= .
AP AB
Hence,
AC b
AQ = AP = x.
AB c
Likewise, it follows from the similarity of triangles F BQ and ABC that

bc x
QF = − b2 ,
a ac
and from the the fact that triangles EP C and ABC are similar that

bc cx
PE = − .
a a

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 Using the Pythagoras theorem for right triangle AP Q gives P Q = ax
c .
With b2 + c2 = a2 , now we have

b2 x cx
 
ax bc bc 2bc
P Q + P E + QF = + + − + =√ .
c a a ac a b2 + c2

7 Given a quadrilateral ABCD with AB = BC = 3 cm, CD = 4 cm, DA = 8 cm and

∠DAB + ∠ABC = 180◦ . Calculate the area of the quadrilateral.

Solutions. From the hypothesis ∠DAB +∠ABC = 180◦ , we have AD is parallel to BC. That
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is, ABCD is a trapezoid. Through C construct a line parallel to AB meeting AD at E. Then

ABCE is a parallelogram with two adjacent sides being equal. Thus, ABCE is a rhombus,
which means that CE = 3 cm. Since E is on AD we get ED = 5 cm. By the Pythagoras for
triangle CED, if H is the feet of the perpendicular from C onto ED, we get
CE.CD 12
CH = = .
ED 5
The area of trapezoid ABCD is

(BC + AD)CH 66
= cm2 .
2 5
•••

8 Suppose that a > 0, b > 0 and a + b ≤ 1. Find the minimum value of

1 1 1 1
M= + + + .
ab a2 + ab ab + b2 a2 + b2
HMO 2011

Chứng minh. First we claim and prove that

1 1 4
+ ≥ , for all x, y being positive real numbers..
x y x+y
√
By the AM-GM inequality, we have 12 (x + y) ≥ xy and

4 2 1 1
≤√ ≤ + .
x+y xy x y

Hence,
   
1 1 1 1 1
M= + 2 + + +
2ab a + b2 a2 + ab b2 + ab 2ab
4 4 1 1
≥ + + =8+ .
(a + b)2 (a + b)2 2ab 2ab

Since (a + b)2 ≥ 4ab we have ab ≤ 1. That is, M ≥ 8 + 2. The minimum is 10.