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on
“Relations
that
constitute
technology
and
media
that
make
a
difference:
toward
a
social
pragmatic
theory
of
technicization?”
by
Werner
Rammert
1.
What
is
Technology?
It
encompasses
instrumental
practices,
an
ensemble
of
material
and
nonmaterial
technofacts,
and
aligned
with
the
institutional
needs
it
serves.
Since
Aristotle,
technologies
are
constituted
by
stuff
or
material,
form
or
shape,
end
or
use
for
which
it
is
determined
and
finally,
the
actions
of
tool
using
human
(Heidegger
62).
How
to
construct
a
theory
of
technology
that
avoids
the
fallacies
of
essentialism,
constructivism,
objectivism
and
subjectivism?
Materialists
create
a
separate
ontological
sphere.
Form
is
coupled
to
function
leaving
no
space
for
flexibility.
The
anthropocentrism
of
man
the
toolmaker
does
not
admit
material
agency
for
multiple
functions/uses
or
users.
In
the
history
of
thinking
about
technology,
“technology
has
always
been
defined
by
differences
in
relation
to
something,
at
first
to
nature
and
life,
then
to
culture
and
now
to
society.”
These
analytical
devices
are
‘unsuited
to
catch
the
character
of
contemporary
technologies
and
the
emergence
of
‘techno-‐structures’
that
is
society.
(Boehme
92,
Rammert
97)
What
is
a
relational
approach
to
technology?
Rather
than
simple
fixed
order
or
visible
instrumentalist
relations,
Rammert
advances
a
process
view
of
technologies
continuously
reconstructed
in
concrete
complexity.
Technology
is
shaped
by
our
various
conceptual
models;
by
the
specifics
of
projects
and
creators;
and
by
the
practices
of
users,
consumers.
Finally,
the
stuff
out
of
which
technologies
are
made
has
a
mediating
function
in
relation
to
different
practices
rather
than
essentialist.
Rammert
calls
for
a
‘media
turn’
in
the
theory
of
technology,
substituting
the
form-‐media
relation
for
the
means-‐end
relation.
2.
Technological
Difference;
From
Substance
to
Function.
The
nature/technology
difference
has
persisted
since
Aristotle,
hinging
on
the
self-‐organising
capacity
of
nature
as
opposed
to
the
artificial
human
construction
of
technology.
Our
understanding
of
nature
now
is
experimental
and
instrumentalist,
heavily
constructed.
The
life/technology
difference
is
also
increasingly
contaminated
by
technological
intervention
in
biology/organics,
like
patented
lab
mice.
Materiality
is
no
longer
sufficiently
distinguishable.
Likewise
the
difference
between
culture
and
technology
has
had
many
forms
of
criticism.
Rammert
points
to
Wittgenstein
who
demonstrated
that
the
most
rigorous
symbolic
science
rested
on
language
games
while
ethno
methodologists/sociologists
demonstrate
rules
underpinning
the
most
trivial
of
conversations.
“The
materiality
of
signs
and
the
formality
of
rules
enrich
the
concept
of
classical
technology
that
focused
on
material
tools,
machines
and
mechanisms.”
Critics
of
technological
rationalism
like
Winner
unwittingly
endorse
the
society/technology
difference.
Even
politicised
views
of
technology
tend
to
simplify
their
relations
in
contrast
to
multiple
lines
of
negotiation
of
the
social.
The
analytic
differences
of
technique/praxis,
work/interaction
and
system/lifeworld
(?Ihde?
Habermas
87)
reproduce
this
division.
Society
cannot
be
grasped
without
its
technical
mediation
(Latour
94).
“The
technologies
of
production
constitute
the
range
of
economic
and
political
opportunities
of
societies”.
[R]
“The
technical
media
of
communication
constitute
the
spatial
expansion
of
communities
and
the
temporal
intensity
of
social
life”
[R]
No
political
or
social
or
economic
decision
is
unmediated
by
technology,
similarly
all
these
practices
are
inscribed
into
the
technology.
Society
is
in
the
machine.
So
technology
cannot
be
extracted
from
the
realms
above,
of
nature,
life,
culture
and
society.
If
the
ontological
spheres
are
not
clear-‐cut,
can
a
relational
definition
be
found?
Does
technology
perform
a
function
across
all
differences?
Here
is
a
review
of
philosophies
of
the
relational
form,
process
and
performance
of
technology.
3.
Technisization
and
technical
practice:
Relations
that
constitute
technology.
Cassirer
(30)
proposed
that
both
language
and
technology
grasp
reality
by
constructing
it.
Husserl
(36)
described
a
pathological
technisization
as
increasing
efficiency
at
the
price
of
loss
of
meaning,
abstracting
rules
from
experience.
At
this
point,
technicization
is
a
schematic
relation
between
cause
and
effect,
independent
of
the
communication
of
meaning.
This
exists
regardless
of
mechanical
or
human
components
(think
of
a
soldier).
“The
difference
between
technicized
and
non-‐technicized
relations
is
a
gradual,
not
a
substantial,
one.”
Its
techniques
include
simplification,
specialization,
abstraction,
repetition,
encapsulating
and
‘black
boxing’.
The
subjectivist
idea
that
a
self
can
use
a
thing
as
an
instrument
to
affect
change
in
the
outer
world
is
a
Cartesian
bias.
“Technics
is
a
symbiosis
of
artefact
and
user
within
a
human
action”
(Ihde
90)
Humans
and
the
world
have
a
symbiotic
and
mediated
relation,
not
an
instrumental
and
divided
one.
This
lead
to
the
opposite
fallacy
of
technological
determinism,
the
objectivist
view.
Ihde’s
‘alterity
relations’
(90)
with
different
intensities
and
grades
of
agency
can
be
seen
as
distributed
between
humans
and
non-‐humans.
Currently
agency
is
not
reserved
to
human
subjects
but
they
are
the
only
ones
who
reflect
on
it.
Humans
cannot
reflect
on
the
relations
from
outside
with
a
satellite
view
but
must
have
a
navigational
view,
inside.
A
third
fallacy
concerns
hermeneutic
relations,
whereby
a
functionalist
couples
form
and
function
and
an
intentionalist
goes
for
the
goal.
However,
artefacts
in
use
cannot
be
reduced
to
the
function
or
one
of
many
intents
from
concept
to
production/consumption.
Dewey’s
pragmatism
or
philosophy
of
praxis
denies
function
and
intention
and
rejects
the
rigid
subject-‐object
divide.
Technology
has
no
existence
or
function
outside
of
its
use.
The
use-‐relations
create
object
as
tool
and
manipulating
gesture
as
technological
practice.
(Flusser
91)
A
technological
object
differs
from
a
non-‐technical
in
the
prestructural
interrelation
between
objects
and
operations.
This
IS
technology,
which
Rammert
calls
‘interobjectivity’.
The
interrelationship
is
revealed
in
the
technical
practise
and
its
use-‐relations,
not
the
properties
of
the
things
or
the
intentions
of
the
humans.
Pickering
(95)
metaphorically
describes
this
process
as
‘the
mangle
of
praxis’,
in
which
the
effects
of
technicization
are
equally
evident
in
the
human
yet
embodied
human
relations
that
are
essential
for
the
production
of
the
most
rigorous
technical
operation
in
a
‘dance
of
agency’.
New
technologies
are
engaged
in
evaluative
relations,
either
in
competition
or
compatibility
with
other
existing
or
emerging.
There
is
neither
a
pristine
birth,
an
evolutionary
process
nor
a
triumph
of
efficiencies.
Schumpeter
describes
a
relation
of
‘creative
destruction’
(42).
There
is
no
neutral
universal
procedure.
Foucault
and
Derrida’s
concept
of
archive
transferred
into
technology
by
Groys
(92,97).
By
definition
innovation
breaks
established
rules
of
evaluation
but
mechanisms
to
elevate,
and
authenticate
new
practises
exist
in
the
archive
or
collection.
‘Profane’
technologies
are
elevated
at
science
fairs
and
expos,
and
recognised
in
publications.
Legitimate
technologies
are
continually
created
through
archival
practices
of
institutionalization,
publication,
collection,
and
codification.
In
Sum,
technology
viewed
from
a
relational
not
substantive
perspective,
a
process
not
ensemble
of
artefacts.
The
impossibility
of
disembedded
technology
was
interwoven
with
a
gradual
view
instead
of
divisions.
The
subject-‐object
divide
was
tackled
by
Ihde’s
interpretation
of
Heidegger
and
a
mediated
symbiotic
relationship.
Dewey’s
pragmatism
rejected
functional
and
intentional
views
for
process.
Finally
the
archive
concept
demonstrates
a
relational
evaluative
approach
to
technology
over
a
substantial
one.
Rammert
identifies
3
types
of
relations
constituting
technologies;
causal,
hermeneutic
and
evaluative
relations.
Causal
relations
are
agents
and
objects
mangled
in
tightly
couple
ways.
Hermeneutic
relations
(of
comprehension)
emerge
with
use,
not
intent.
Evaluative
relations
connect
technical
practices
with
each
other
and
regulate.
4.
The
Difference
of
Media:
The
stuff
technology
is
made
of.
Although
technology
is
a
certain
form
of
practise,
stuff
is
required
to
be
formed.
This
stuff
must
combine
ease
of
shaping
with
durability
and
repeatability
to
function
as
mediator
in
the
technical
process.
Media
is
not
restricted
to
communications
media.
The
stuff
must
have
the
right
qualities
for
its
function.
To
be
a
medium
depends
on
the
context
of
use.
Relating
to
Popper’s’
three
worlds
(72)
Rammert
proposes
three
types
of
stuff;
human
bodies
(action,
perception,
social
world),
physical
things
(interobjective
or
natural
world)
and
symbolic
signs
(intersubjective
or
cultural
world).
Technology
emerges
if
all
conditions,
use-‐relations
(hermeneutics),
causal
or
interobjective
relations,
and
evaluative
relations,
are
found.
Human
bodies,
physical
matter
and
symbolic
signs
are
all
required.
Rammert
allows
all
threes
individually
to
be
technicized
as
habituation,
mechanization
and
algorithmization
–
the
abstraction
of
symbolic
rules
of
process.
This
is
the
most
precise
and
least
compatible
with
physical.
(However,
he
earlier
describes
the
tight
coupling
of
complex
systems
in
the
practise
of
technology,
so
the
separation
into
mediums
is
initially
confusing.)
5.
Features
and
Preferences
of
a
social
pragmatic
concept
of
Technology.
Technology
is
a
form
that
makes
a
difference
not
something
essentially
divided
from
life,
nature,
culture
or
society.
It
is
a
gradual
concept,
a
more
or
less
tightly
linked,
mediated
experience.
Technology
is
constituted
by
three
relations,
use-‐
relations,
causal
or
interobjectivity
relations
and
evaluative
relations,
or
archives.
Beyond
the
schematization
of
form
and
the
defining
relations,
there
are
differences
in
media,
human,
physical
and
symbolic.
“This
media-‐form
relation
opens
more
analytical
opportunities.
We
can
combine
the
classic
machine
of
transformation
and
the
cybernetic
system
of
communication
and
ask
where
and
how
agency
is
distributed
in
our
technologically
mediated
social
life”.