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Biodegradable polymers are set to make further inroads into markets traditionallydominated by conventional thermoplastics in future. The report analyses their key performance properties, applications development, market drivers and future prospects.
Biodegradable polymers are set to make further inroads into markets traditionallydominated by conventional thermoplastics in future. The report analyses their key performance properties, applications development, market drivers and future prospects.
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Biodegradable polymers are set to make further inroads into markets traditionallydominated by conventional thermoplastics in future. The report analyses their key performance properties, applications development, market drivers and future prospects.
Авторское право:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Доступные форматы
Скачайте в формате RTF, PDF, TXT или читайте онлайн в Scribd
Biodegradable polymers have experienced strong growth over the lastthree years and are set to
make further inroads into markets traditionallydominated by conventional thermoplastics in
future.Demand is being driven by a number of factors.The cost of biodegradable polymers has come down considerably overthe last three years while at the same time standard thermoplastic priceshave increased considerably. Now, some classes of biodegradablepolymers are price competitive with polymers such as PET.The biodegradable polymers industry itself has established an agreedframework for testing and certification and there is growing politicalpressure in developed countries to reduce packaging waste and developa composting infrastructure. Biodegradable polymer producers have alsoinvested in product and process improvements. Finally, consumers andbrand owners are beginning to recognize the benefits of sustainable or‘green’ packaging.Four main classes of biodegradable polymers are analyzed in this report,polylactic acid (PLA), starch-based polymers, synthetic biodegradablepolymers, such as aromatic aliphatic co-polyesters, andpolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). The report analyses their key performance properties, applications development, market drivers and futureprospects. Each product section also contains an estimate of market sizeby world region and end use market, plus forecasts to 2010. There is alsoan analysis of key suppliers and their products. Key Features • Biodegradable polymers market size by geographic region, polymertype and end use sector, 2000 and 2005, plus forecasts to 2010. • Market opportunity analysis by end use sector, such as packaging,bags and sacks, foodservice, agriculture, medical, consumer productsand fibres. • Illustrations of product and applications development over the lastthree years. • Supply chain analysis: including details of thirty leading biodegradablepolymer suppliers and profiles of around fifty of the world’s leadingbiodegradable polymer processors.Analysis of biodegradable polymer performance properties, marketdrivers, applications and product developments.Biodegradable polymers are polymers that break down and lose their initial integrity. Biodegradable polymers are used in medical devices toavoid a second operation to remove them, or to gradually release a drug. History First medical use : CatgutsuturesBiodegradable polymers were used in the times of the Romans. Onedesired property of a suture is that it slowly degrades as the woundheals. The Romans used cat gut, though this elicited a bad inflammatoryresponse. Applications Applications of biodegradable polymers include sutures, controlled drugrelease, and tissue engineering. Biodegradable polymers also could beimplemented in drug delivery. The polymer slowly degrades into smallerfragments, releasing a natural product, and there is controlled ability torelease a drug. The drug slowly releases as polymer degrades.Biodegradable polymers have been used to coat a stent and releasedrugs in a controlled way.A holy grail is to create organs, such as the kidney from basicconstituents. Scaffolding is necessary to grow the entity into afunctioning organ. The scaffolding should dissolve away and needs to bebiocompatible.Another application involves the breakdown in landfills after being strongduring its useful lifetime. Required Properties Biodegradable polymers should be 1) non-toxic, 2) capable of maintaining good mechanical integrity until degraded, and 3) capable of controlled rates of degradation. A goal is not to illicit the immuneresponse, and the products of degradation also need to be non-toxic.With regard to controlled degradation, is it possible to triggerdegradation?A goal is to control the rate at which water can get into polymers. Factorscontrolling the rate of degradation include: 1) percent crystallinity, 2)molecular weight, 3) hydrophobicity. The degradation rate depends onthe location in the body. The environment surrounding the polymer isdifferent depending on the location in the bodyBiodegradable plastics areplasticsthat willdecomposein natural aerobic (composting) and anaerobic (landfill) environments.Biodegradation of plasticscan be achieved byenablingmicroorganismsin the environment tometabolizethe molecular structure of plastic filmsto produce an inerthumus-like material that isless harmful to the environment. They may be composed of eitherbioplastics, which are plastics whose components are derived fromrenewable raw materials, orpetroleum-based plastics which utilize anadditive. The use of bio-active compounds compounded with swellingagents ensures that, when combined with heat and moisture, theyexpand the plastic's molecular structure and allow the bio-activecompounds to metabolize and neutralize the plastic. Biodegradable plastics typically are produced in two forms: injectionmolded (solid, 3D shapes), typically in the form of disposable foodservice items, and films, typically organic fruit packaging and collectionbags for leaves and grass trimmings, and agricultural mulch. Scientific definitions of biodegradable plastic In theUnited States, theFederal Trade Commissionis the authoritative body for biodegradable standards.ASTM Internationaldefines appropriate testing methods to test forbiodegradable plastic, both anaerobically and aerobically as well as inmarine environments. The specific subcommittee responsibility foroverseeing these standards falls on the Committee D20.96 onEnvironmentally Degradable Plastics and Biobased Products. The currentASTM standards are defined as standard specifications and standard testmethods. Standard specifications create a pass or fail scenario whereasstandard test methods identify the specific testing parameters forfacilitating specific time frames and toxicity of biodegradable tests onplastics. Currently, there are three such ASTM standard specifications whichmostly address biodegradable plastics in composting type environments,the ASTM D6400-04 Standard Specification for Compostable Plastics,ASTM D6868 - 03 Standard Specification for Biodegradable Plastics Usedas Coatings on Paper and Other Compostable Substrates, and the ASTMD7081 - 05 Standard Specification for Non-Floating BiodegradablePlastics in the Marine Environment. The most accurate standard test method for anaerobic environments isthe ASTM D5511 - 02 Standard Test Method for Determining AnaerobicBiodegradation of Plastic Materials Under High- Solids Anaerobic-DigestionConditions. Another standard test method for testing in anaerobicenvironments is the ASTM D5526 - 94(2002) Standard Test Method forDetermining Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials UnderAccelerated Landfill Conditions, this test has proven extremely difficult toperform. Both of these tests are used for the ISO DIS 15985 ondetermining anaerobic biodegradation of plastic materials. Examples of biodegradable plastics While aromaticpolyestersare almost totally resistant to microbial attack,most aliphatic polyesters are biodegradable due to their potentiallyhydrolysableesterbonds:Naturally Produced:Polyhydroxyalkanoates(PHAs) like thepoly-3- hydroxybutyrate(PHB), polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV) andpolyhydroxyhexanoate (PHH);Renewable Resource:Polylactic acid(PLA);Synthetic: Polybutylene succinate (PBS),polycaprolactone(PCL) Polyanhydrides Polyvinyl alcohol Most of thestarchderivatives Cellulose esterslikecellulose acetateandnitrocelluloseand their derivatives (celluloid). Environmental benefits of biodegradable plastics depend upon proper disposal . Biodegradable plastics are not a panacea, however. Some critics claim