Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

Universitatea Politehnica Timişoara
Facultatea de Construcţii
Departamentul de Construcţii Metalice şi Mecanica Construcţiilor
COMPOSITE STEEL-CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
- CURS 2 -
Composite Beams
Conf.dr.ing Adrian CIUTINA

CHAPTER II – COMPOSITE BEAMS
§ 2.1 Introduction
Composite beams are defined as “elements resisting
only flexure and shear that comprise two longitudinal
components connected together either continuously or by a
series of discrete connectors”.
It is assumed that
the two components
are positioned
directly one above
each other with
their respective
centroids vertically
above each other.
Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

§ 2.1 Introduction
Composite beams vary in behaviour from the situation

when the connection between the two layers is non-
existent to the situation where the bond between the layers
approaches infinite stiffness and strength. There is also the
influence of the contrast in material properties of the two
layers.
The influence of the difference in strength and stiffness

of the components and the strength and stiffness of the
connection between them plays a vital role.
In consequence, the overall analysis and design of
composite beams is, therefore, significantly more complex
than for single material beams.
Obs: Critical to the overall behaviour of composite beams is the specific behaviour of the
connection.

§ 2.2 Types of beams
The generic form of composite beam comprises the

combination of a solid concrete slab attached to a rolled
steel section (normally of I shape). The slab will be
designed to carry the floor load spanning between parallel
beams but may also take compression perpendicular and
along the beam line if it is connected to the steel section.
This arrangement is shown in figure below.

The connection between steel and concrete must be

sufficient to control longitudinal shear and any uplift forces.
The longitudinal forces generated by this connection must
transfer fully from the steel section into the wider slab.
Shear stud connectors and typical transverse shear
reinforcement is shown in figure below.

The concrete slab may be a composite deck. In this case

the connection is more difficult. The predominant form of
connection is the “Through Deck” welded stud. This
construction uses high output arc and forge weld equipment
to burn through the steel sheet and weld the stud to the
beam below. Figure below shows a typical composite beam
formed with a composite slab.

A variation on this theme is the “Slimflor” system that uses

a deep deck laid upon bottom flange extensions to the steel
section.
The connection between
concrete and steel
provided simply by
chemical and friction bond
is sufficient to obtain
composite action. This
allows the overall beam to
be relatively shallow and
the system forms an
obvious rival to the RC
concrete flat slab. Figure
left illustrates this system.
Composite beam behaviour also occurs in situations where

concrete is used to encase a steel section, possibly for fire
protection. Full encasement has been common for external
beams in building frames for many years, however rarely has
the benefit of composite behaviour been used.

§ 2.3 Design of beams - generalities
For each load case the design values for the following
effects of actions are applied to members in bending and
shall be checked at serviceability limit states (SLS) and
ultimate limit states (ULS):
For SLS: - vertical deflections
- cracking of concrete
- vibrations
For ULS: - separate or combined vertical shear force
and bending moment
In the sequence of construction, there are two stages at
which the beams will be verified:
At construction stage
In final stage

§ 2.3 Design of beams - generalities
The construction stage represents the stage in which the

steel part (acting solely) will sustain the wet concrete during
casting and curing of concrete. In the construction stage, the
steel beam could be:
Propped (no checks are necessary)
Unpropped (the verification of the steel column beam is
necessary in the construction stage)
The composite stage when the concrete is matured,
composite beams have to be checked at ULS and SLS,
according to Eurocode 4.
Obs: The verifications in the construction stage are made on the steel element only and in
consequence the calculus is conducted according to Eurocode 3. This is why, only the
verifications in the composite stage are covered by the present course.

§ 2.3 Effective width of composite beams
Plan view of the floor:
Considering the fact that the floor beams are distanced at

the distance e, while the main beams distanced at a l
distance, the transfer of the shear stress from the steel
profile to the concrete slab is less efficient as the distance
between the floor beams is greater.

Unlike the reinforced concrete floors, in the case of the
composite beams, the effective width beff of the concrete floor
is not always equal to the distance between the steel beams.
The connection realised at the interface between the two
materials practically looses its effect with the distance form
the connection.
Hence, if the distance between the secondary steel beams
e is important, the concrete slab does not uniformly
collaborate to the bending of the composite beam, in
consequence the axial stresses being not uniformly
distributed. Therefore, the axial stresses in the concrete slab
are not uniformly distributed (by so-called “shear lag” effect).
Conventionally it is considered that steel beam is
connected to a concrete slab having the effective width beff,
for which could be admitted that the normal compression
efforts are uniformly distributed, see the below figure:
Effective width concept

The research results performed in the purpose of finding

some analytical models for the calculation of effective width
beff have proven the following:
The effective width beff is different along the composite
beam, its variation depending on the L/e ratio.
L – the span of the composite beam; e – transversal
distance between beams.
The effective width beff depends on the type of loading,
namely uniformly distributed or concentrated. It was
demonstrated that in the location of concentrated loads the
effective width is reduced.
The effective width beff is smaller in the case of total
connection than in the case of a partial connection (the
interaction of the concrete slab is smaller in the case of
partial connection).

For the design of composite beams, the effective width beff

is considered constant on the entire span. This value is
adopted in the middle of span in the case of simply supported
beam, respectively the value on the support for cantilevers or
continuous beams on supports.
The effective width beff

of the composite beam,
associated to each
supporting steel profile is
taken as the sum of the
effective breadths be of
concrete slabs, on each
side of the axis of the web
of the steel profile.
For the effective breadth, considered on each side of the

steel profile – be there could be considered the following
values:
The real widths bi from the

above formulae are considered
as being half of the distance
between the considered and
the adjacent steel web,
measured in the middle of the
concrete slab height.
In the case of free edges, this distance is considered between the
considered web and the free edge of the slab.
The length l0 that is present in the above relations represents the
approximate distance between the points of “zero bending
moment”.
In the case of a simply supported beam, the l0 length is

taken equal to the beam span.
In the case of continuous beams, the l0 length could be
taken according to the below figure:

§ 2.4 Modular ratio
In certain circumstances of design the section of composite

elements (in both cases of composite columns and beams) is
considered as made of a single homogeneous material.
Conventionally, this material is considered to be the steel.
The equivalence is made by the “transformation” of the
concrete elements into an “equivalent steel element”.
This is realised by considering the concrete area Ac by an
equivalent one Ac/n , where n represents the nominal
modular ratio, equal to:
n=Ea / E’c , where
Ea elastic modulus for structural steel

E’c effective modulus of concrete

§ 2.4 Modular ratio
E’c is computed in function of the type of loading:

For short-term effects: E’c= Ecm
For long-term effects : E’c= Ecm/3
For other cases: E’c= Ecm/2
The values of Ecm are given in tables with the concrete

characteristics (see Eurocode 2).

§ 2.5 Classification of
composite cross-sections
According to the prescriptions of Eurocode 4, the
classification of the steel-concrete is made according to
Eurocode 3, section 5.3.2. This section refers to steel cross-
sections, but it is applied also in the case of composite cross-
sections.
There are defined four classes of cross-sections:
Class 1: refers to cross-sections that develop the plastic
resistance moment capacity Mpl,Rd, having a sufficient
rotation capacity in order to allow a complete bending
moment redistribution in the structure in order to permit the
formation of new plastic articulations. In this case, the
composite cross-sections are able to form plastic
articulations.
Class 2: refers to cross-sections that may develop the
plastic resistance moment capacity Mpl,Rd, but they posses a
limited rotation capacity.
Class 3: refers to cross-sections in which the compression
efforts on the extreme fibers of the steel beam may reach
the yielding stress, but on which the local buckling is
susceptible to hinder the development of the plastic
resistance moment Mpl,Rd.
Class 4: refers to cross-sections compliant to the local
buckling phenomenon that appear in the compressed zone
of the steel profile, before the attainment of the elastic
strength into the extreme fibres. In this case, the
compression or bending design strength is determined by
taking into account explicitly by the local buckling
phenomenon.
The moment-rotation behaviour curve corresponding to

each class of cross-section is given in the picture below :

The elements of a transversal cross-section (web and
flanges) may have different classes. The classes of these
elements are computed by the ratios between the height or
lateral width and its thickness.
The class of a transversal cross-section is given by the
most unfavourable class of the web or the compressed
flange, depending on the case.
Unlike the steel cross-section, the composite steel-concrete
cross-sections are more complex when characterised by their
class:
The composite cross-sections are generally unsymmetrical
(although the steel profile is symmetric) and are not
constant on length.
A composite cross-section can change its class if the
bending moment changes its sign.
Obs: By example, a continuous beam can have a section of class 1 in the zone of hogging
moment, but may change the class to 3 or even 4 in the sagging moment (on support).
The compressed concrete, present in the vicinity of the
steel profile elements can change (by increasing) the class of
the web or flange of the steel profile, by hindering the local
buckling phenomenon. This is happening in the conditions in
which the link between the steel and concrete elements is
very effective.
By example, in the case in which the steel web is encased
in concrete, the concrete cover should be reinforced and
connected by mechanical means to the steel profile. Also, it
should be capable of hindering the web buckling.
In practice, there are tables that offer the computed
classes for the composite beams, computed for different hot-
rolled profiles

The procedure of
calculation of the cross-
section class in the case
of composite beams.

Table containing the

cross-section classes for
different types of
composite beams,
containing hot-rolled
steel profiles (example).

§ 2.5 Design principles of
composite beams
According to Eurocode 4, the design of composite steel-
concrete beams is made only for composite cross-sections that
have an axis of symmetry in the web plane.
In the case of composite structures, the concrete shrinkage
is neglected in the ultimate limit state verifications.
Depending on the sign of the bending at which the beam
cross-section is subjected, two cases could be distinguished:
When the section is subjected to sagging moments (+), the
concrete slab is compressed (entirely or in part). In this
case, the steel profile is subjected to tension and the
reinforcement is ignored in design.
When the section is subjected to hogging moments (-), the
concrete slab is under traction and will be ignored in
design. The steel profile is under compression and the
composite effect will be taken into account by means of the
steel reinforcement existent in the slab.
§ 2.5 Computation principles of
composite beams
The bending design resistance of composite beams could be
determined by means of a plastic design (non-linear
analysis), only if the cross-section is of class 1 or 2.
The linear analysis (elastic design) of composite structures
could be applied to all cross-section classes of composite
beams.
Obs: For the purpose of our course, it is considered that there

exists a full-shear (horizontal shear) connection between the
steel profile and the concrete slab

§ 2.6 Elastic resistance in bending
The elastic calculus of composite beams could be done for all
the classes of cross-sections (1, 2, 3 and 4).
The elastic analysis of composite beams could be performed,
by considering the following assumptions:
the composite beams are
realised from a steel profile
which is connected on the
entire length to a reinforced
concrete slab or a composite
slab (profiled sheeting and
concrete). The connection that
exists between the two
materials is considered
sufficient in order to hinder the ε diagram
slip at the steel-to-concrete
interface.
plane sections remain plane after the deformation;
steel and concrete are considered elastic materials;
the concrete under traction is not taken into consideration in
the calculation of moment resistance
the compressive reinforcement is not considered in the
computation of moment resistance.
On the basis of the above assumptions, the composite cross-

section can be considered to be formed of a single steel
homogeneous equivalent material. For this, the geometrical
characteristics of the composite cross-section are expressed by
means of equivalent geometrical characteristics by using the
modular ratio n (defined in paragraph 2.4).
According to the picture below, the equivalent steel area is
computed by the following formula:
in which:
- Aa represents the area
of the steel profile
- As is the concrete
reinforcement area
(neglected if concrete is
under compression)
-Ac represents the
effective area of the
concrete slab
- n is the modular ratio.
Other equivalent geometrical characteristics as well as the
verifications in elastic domain depend on the position of the
elastic neutral axis in the cross-section and on bending sign.
ELASTIC DESIGN OF CROSS-SECTIONS

UNDER SAGGING MOMENT
In this case the superior fibre is compresses (the flexible

reinforcement is neglected) while the inferior fibre is in
traction.
There could be distinguished two cases, each of them having
different computation procedures:
The Elastic Neutral Axis (ENA) is in the concrete slab
The Elastic Neutral Axis (ENA) is in the steel profile

SECTION UNDER SAGGING MOMENT
CASE I: ENA is located in steel profile

The area of the effective concrete section is given by:
In consequence, the equivalent steel area of the entire

composite section could be written as:
The position of the centroid of the composite cross-section

Gm, computed about the centroid of the concrete slab Gc (by
means of the distance dc), and respectively about the centroid
of the steel profile (by means of the distance da) is determined
through the equality between the static moments of the steel
and concrete sections:

From the composite beam geometry it could be written:
or
The equality of the static moments could be re-written as:
From which it could be deduced:
and

Having the above distances already computed, there could
be determined the distances from the centroid of the
composite beam Gm to its extreme fibers: vc (the distance to
the superior compressed concrete fibre) respectively va (the
distance to the inferior steel fibre in traction):
or, by
replacing
Ac
or
In the above relations ha represents the height of the steel

profile Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures
The moment of inertia of the equivalent steel section
computed about the principal axis of inertia (y) that passes
through the centroid of the composite section Gm is expressed
by:
where:
- Ia represents the moment of inertia of the entire steel profile,
computed about its own centroid, Ga:
- Ic represents the moment of inertia of the concrete slab,

computed about its own centroid Gc:

- Aa represents the total area of the steel profile:
- Ac represents the concrete slab area:
Having computed the geometrical characteristics of the

equivalent steel cross-section, the elastic verification of the
cross-section is the usual one, using the classic strength of
materials verification formulae.
The stress checking of cross-section on height is done by:
- In steel: - In
concrete:
where:
- Wa and Wc are the elastic section moduli for the steel profile
and concrete slab respectively, computed by:
- For the inferior fibre of the steel profile:
- For the superior fibre of the steel profile:
- For the inferior fibre of the concrete slab:
- For the superior fibre of the concrete slab:

CASE II: ENA is located in concrete slab
In the case in which the vc distance, computed as above
results to be smaller than the concrete slab height hc then the
elastic neutral axis (ENA) is located into the concrete slab.
In this case, according to the design assumptions, the
concrete slab will be compressed only on the vc height.
The efforts diagram for this case is given below.


The position of the Elastic Neutral Axis is determined

identically to the case in which the ENA is located in the steel
profile, by the static moments equality of the compressed
concrete slab (transformed into steel equivalent section) and
the one of the steel profile under traction.
The area of the compressed concrete (on vc height) is:
The equality of the static moments is written as:
where:
- Aa represents the steel profile area:
- dc represents the distance from the centroid of
the compressed slab (on vc height) Gcc to the ENA
- da represents the distance from the centroid of
the steel profile Ga to ENA:
Replacing now the dc and da distances, as well as the Acc
area into the equation of static equilibrium, the following
equation could be written:
This equation has only one unknown (vc) that is found by:
from which it can be
deduced:
Form these values results the cross-section characteristics:

The equivalent steel area:
The equivalent moment of inertia:

where: CASE II: ENA is located in concrete slab
- Ia and Aa are the moment of inertia and the area of the steel
profile (presented above),
- Icc represents the moment of inertia of the compressed slab:
Replacing these values together with the Acc area and the da
and dc distances, it could be computed the moment of inertia
of the equivalent steel section about the y-y axis passing
through the centroid of the composite section Gm:

- In steel: - in
unde: concrete:
- Wa and Wc are the elastic section moduli for the steel profile
and concrete slab respectively, computed by:
- For the inferior fibre of the steel profile:
- For the superior fibre of the steel profile:
- For the inferior fibre of the concrete slab:
- For the superior fibre of the concrete slab:

The elastic resistance under sagging bending is computed by:
where:
- M(1)el,Rd is the elastic resistance evaluated in regard to the
inferior fibre of the metallic profile, computed by:
-M(2)el,Rd is the elastic resistance evaluated in regard to the

superior concrete fibre, computed by:
The verification of the cross-section is performed by:
with M+Sd - the positive bending moment resulted from the

static design.
SECTION UNDER HOGGING MOMENT
In the case of intermediate supports of continuous beams it
is necessary the check of these sections too, in the case in
which the superior fibres (concrete slab) are under traction,
while the inferior fibre of the cross-section (steel profile) is
compressed.
According to the assumptions of elastic design, the concrete
is cracked and consequently only the reinforcement will be
taken into consideration.
!!! In the situation of slab in tension, the effective width of
the concrete should be reevaluated, according to the
prescriptions for hogging moments.
In this case, the steel area of the active section is:
where: A2 = Aa + As
- Aa represents the total area of the steel profile:


-As represents the area of the flexible reinforcement placed into

the concrete slab on the effective width beff:
As = Asi + Ass
- Asi and Ass are the reinforcing areas from the inferior and
superior fibres of the concrete slab respectively.
From the equality of the static moments it results:
The distance da could be written as:

Replacing the distance da in the formula of equality of the
static moments results the distance vc :

In the above formula:

- A2 represents the area of the active steel cross-section;
- dsi and dss are the distances from the centroids of each row of
reinforcement to the extreme superior tensioned fibre of the
composite section.
The distance va will be written as: va = ha + hc - vc

The moment of inertia of the equivalent steel section is:
Obs: In the above relation it was ignored the moment of inertia of the flexible reinforcements.
Ia and Aa are the moment of inertia and the cross-section area

of the steel profile respectively.
- In
- In
steel:
reinforcement:
unde:
- Wa and Ws are the elastic section moduli for the steel profile
and the flexible reinforcements, computed by:
- For the inferior fibre of the steel profile :
- For the superior fibre of the steel profile :
- For the inferior reinforcement from slab:
- For the superior reinforcement from slab :

HOGGING ELASTIC RESISTANCE
The elastic resistance under hogging bending is computed by:
where:
- M(1)el,Rd is the elastic resistance evaluated in regard to the
inferior fibre of the metallic profile, computed by:
-M(3)el,Rd is the elastic resistance evaluated in regard to the

superior reinforcement, computed by:
The verification of the cross-section is performed by :
with M-Sd - the negative bending moment resulted from the

static design.

Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

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Universitatea Politehnica Timişoara

Conf.dr.ing Adrian CIUTINA

Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

 Composite beams vary in behaviour from the situation

 The influence of the difference in strength and stiffness

Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

 The generic form of composite beam comprises the

Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

 The connection between steel and concrete must be

Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

 The concrete slab may be a composite deck. In this case

Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

 A variation on this theme is the “Slimflor” system that uses

 Composite beam behaviour also occurs in situations where

Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

 The construction stage represents the stage in which the

Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

 Plan view of the floor:

 Considering the fact that the floor beams are distanced at

Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

Effective width concept

 The research results performed in the purpose of finding

Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

 For the design of composite beams, the effective width beff

 The effective width beff

 For the effective breadth, considered on each side of the

 The real widths bi from the

 In the case of a simply supported beam, the l0 length is

Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

 In certain circumstances of design the section of composite

 Ea elastic modulus for structural steel

Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

 E’c is computed in function of the type of loading:

The values of Ecm are given in tables with the concrete

Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

 The moment-rotation behaviour curve corresponding to

Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

 Table containing the

Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

Obs: For the purpose of our course, it is considered that there

Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

 On the basis of the above assumptions, the composite cross-

ELASTIC DESIGN OF CROSS-SECTIONS

 In this case the superior fibre is compresses (the flexible

Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

 In consequence, the equivalent steel area of the entire

 The position of the centroid of the composite cross-section

Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

 The equality of the static moments could be re-written as:

 From which it could be deduced:

Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

In the above relations ha represents the height of the steel

- Ic represents the moment of inertia of the concrete slab,

Adrian Ciutina, Composite Steel-Concrete Structures

- Ac represents the concrete slab area:

 Having computed the geometrical characteristics of the

- For the superior fibre of the steel profile:

- For the inferior fibre of the concrete slab:

Composite beams vary in behaviour from the situation

The influence of the difference in strength and stiffness

The generic form of composite beam comprises the

The connection between steel and concrete must be

The concrete slab may be a composite deck. In this case

A variation on this theme is the “Slimflor” system that uses

Composite beam behaviour also occurs in situations where

The construction stage represents the stage in which the

Plan view of the floor:

Considering the fact that the floor beams are distanced at

The research results performed in the purpose of finding

For the design of composite beams, the effective width beff

The effective width beff

For the effective breadth, considered on each side of the

The real widths bi from the

In the case of a simply supported beam, the l0 length is

In certain circumstances of design the section of composite

Ea elastic modulus for structural steel

E’c is computed in function of the type of loading:

The moment-rotation behaviour curve corresponding to

Table containing the

On the basis of the above assumptions, the composite cross-

In this case the superior fibre is compresses (the flexible

In consequence, the equivalent steel area of the entire

The position of the centroid of the composite cross-section

The equality of the static moments could be re-written as:

From which it could be deduced:

Having computed the geometrical characteristics of the

The position of the Elastic Neutral Axis is determined

The equality of the static moments is written as:

Form these values results the cross-section characteristics:

The equivalent moment of inertia:

The verification of the cross-section is performed by:

The distance da could be written as:

The distance va will be written as: va = ha + hc - vc

The verification of the cross-section is performed by :