Homework Title / No.

: 3 Course Code : CAP 312__

Course Instructor : Mr. Gurpreet Singh sir. Course Tutor (if applicable) : ____________

Date of Allotment : 17-03-2011 Date of submission : _30-03-2011_____

Student’s Roll No._RTB808A23_______ Section No. : _TB808___

Declaration:
I declare that this assignment is my individual work. I have not copied from any
other student’s work or from any other source except where due
acknowledgment is made explicitly in the text, nor has any part been written for
me by another person.

Student’s Signature : Gulshan

Khan

Evaluator’s comments:

_____________________________________________________________________

Marks obtained : ___________ out of ______________________

 PART A
Q1:-> Discuss the various approaches used for identifying activities.

Answer Problem solving in software consists of these activities:

• Understanding the problem

• Deciding a plan for a solution

• Coding the planned solution

• Testing the actual program

For small problems these activities may not be done explicitly. The start end boundaries of
these activities may not be clearly defined and not written record of the activities may be kept.
However, for large systems where the problem solving activity may last over a few years.
And where many people are involved in development, performing these activities implicitly
without proper documentation and representation will clearly not work. For any software
system of a non-trival nature, each of the four activities for problem solving listed above has
to be done formally. For large systems, each activity can be extremely complex and
methodologies and precedures are needed to perform it efficiently and correctly. Each of these
activities is a major task for large software projects.

Further more, each of the basic activities itself may be so

large that it cannot be handled in single step and must be broken into smaller steps. For
example, design of a large software system is always broken into multiple, distinct design
phases, starting from a very high level design specifying only the components in the system to
a detailed design where the logic of the components is specified. The basic activities or phases
to be performed for developing a software system are:

• Requirement Analysis / Determination of System's Requirements

• Design of system

• Development (coding) of software

• System Testing

In addition to the activities performed during software development, some activities are
performed after the main development is complete. There is often an installation (also called
implementation) phase, which is concerned with actually installing the system on the client's
computer systems and then testing it. Then, there is software maintenance. Maintenance is an
activity that commences after the software is developed. Software needs to be maintained not
because some of its components "wear out" and need to be replaced, but because there are
often some residual errors remaining in the system which must be removed later as they are
discovered. Furthermore, the software often must be upgraded and enhanced to include more
"features" and provide more services. This also requires modification of the software,
Therefore, maintenance in unavoidable for software systems.

In most commercial software developments there are also some activities performed before
the requirement analysis takes place. These can be combined into a feasibility analysis phase.
In this phase the feasibility of the project is analyzed, and a business proposal is put forth with
a very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. For feasibility analysis, some
understanding of the major requirements of the system is essential. Once the business
proposal is accepted or the contract is awarded, the development activities begin starting with
the requirements analysis phase.

Following topics describes the above mentioned phases:

• Preliminary Investigation

• Requirement Analysis / Determination of System's Requirements

• Design of system

• Development (coding) of software

• System Testing

• Software Maintenance

• Error distribution with phases

Q2:-> Create a precedence activity network using the following details: -

Activity Depends On Duration(days)

A 5

B A 7

C B 6

D A 5

E D 10

F B 15

G B 8

H G 8

I C 4

J G 4

K E,F 5

L I,H 3

Q3-> What are the limitation of the precedence and CPM activity network notations?

Answer The CPM procedure can be used for planning, controlling, and monitoring a
project. A typical project consists of several activities that may have [precedence] and time
constraints. Some of these activities may already be in progress; some of them may follow
different work schedules. All of the activities may compete for scarce resources. PROC CPM
enables you to schedule activities subject to all of these constraints. PROC CPM enables you
to define calendars and specify holidays for the different activities so that you can schedule
around holidays and vacation periods. Once a project has started, you can monitor it by
specifying current information or progress data that is used by PROC CPM to compute an
updated schedule. You can compare the new schedule with a baseline (or target) schedule.

For projects with scarce resources, you can determine resource-constrained schedules.

PROC CPM enables you to choose from a wide variety of options so that you can control the
scheduling process. Thus, you may choose to allow project completion time to be delayed or
use supplementary levels of resources, or alternate resources, if they are available. All project
information is contained in SAS data sets. The input data sets used by PROC CPM are as
follows:
 • The Activity data set contains all activity-related information such as activity name,
precedence information, calendar used by the activity, progress information, baseline
(or target schedule) information, resource requirements, time constraints, and any
other information that you want to identify with each activity.

• The Resource data set specifies resource types, resource availabilities, resource
priorities, and alternate resources.

• The Workday data set and the Calendar data set together enable you to specify any
type of work pattern during a week and within each day of the week.

• The Activity data set contains all activity-related information such as activity name,
precedence information, calendar used by the activity, progress information, baseline
(or target schedule) information, resource requirements, time constraints, and any
other information that you want to identify with each activity.

The precedence constraints and estimated durations of the activities, you can use the critical
path method to determine the shortest completion time for the project.

PART B
Q4-> What do you mean by risk reduction and risk mitigation?
Answer Risk Mitigation - Risk Reduction
If your assessment shows that you have unacceptably high levels of risks to your business,
then you need to take some action to counter them.

You could:

• reduce the probability of the risk affecting your business

• limit the impact of the risk if it does occur

In practice you will often wish to do both. However, generally you should try to reduce the
probability of the risk affecting your business in the first place.

One way of doing this is risk avoidance, ie avoiding doing the things that could lead to a
problem occurring, such as not entering into a line of business, a particular deal or a new IT
project, because it carries a risk.

However, this might mean that you end up not doing anything new, and hence not being able
to benefit fully from business opportunities.

You could instead take a more positive approach by changing the way in which you carry out
an activity. This is quite appropriate to IT-related risk, and usually involves adopting a best
practice approach to acquiring or operating IT systems.

Q5-> On a large project it is often the responsibility of a team leader to allocate tasks to
individuals. Why might it be unsatisfactory to leave such allocations entirely to the
discretion of the team leader?

Answer Team leader software is a set of tools that help people responsible for group
leadership to manage team-based activities, such as task planning, employee training,
resource allocation, communication, collaboration, etc. Team leader software allows you to
focus on every aspect of team management and develop your team.

As a team leader, you can use team leader software to efficiently carry out leadership
responsibilities, such as the following:

• Coordinate your team and delegate project tasks appropriately.

• Maintain a good understanding of goals and tasks assigned to the team.

• Communicate with Project Manager and senior staff and discuss team leader software
development issues.

• Allocate resources to projects and tasks.

• Provide and plan training for all members of your team as required by your team
leader software project.
 • Maintain project documentation and papers.

• Conduct independent analysis of team performance and interpret requirements

concerning the development of new products (especially in IT projects which require
team leader software testing).

• Plan procedures to establish team leader software engineering control and solve
technical problems within your team.

Q6 -> Write a short note on the nature of resources.

Answer Set of instructions or more generally a collection of computer programs which tell
the hardware how to work and perform different tasks on a computer system. At the lowest
level software is in a form of an assembly language, a set of instructions in a machine-
understandable form. At the highest level, software is in a form of high-level languages,
which are compiled or interpreted into machine language code. They can be further
enumerated by the type of work done by programs. The three basic types are:

Operating system (System Software): It controls the working of a computer system and
performs essential tasks like Disk maintenance and managing screen etc.

Programming Software: These are basically tools use to create, debug, maintain, or otherwise
support other programs and applications.

Application Software: It performs productive tasks for user such as word processing and
database management etc.

Apart from these three basic types of software, there are some other well-known forms of
computer software are

Inventory Management Software: This type of software helps an organization in tracking

its goods and materials on the basis of quality as well as quantity.

Utility Software: Also known as service routine, utility software helps in the management of
computer hardware and application software. It performs a small range of tasks. Disk
defragmenters, systems utilities and virus scanners are some of the typical examples of utility
software.

Data Backup and Recovery Software: Ideal data backup and recovery software provides
functionalities beyond simple copying of data files. This software often supports user needs of
specifying what is to be backed up and when. Backup and recovery software preserve the
original organization of files and allow an easy retrieval of the backed up data.

Generally, most of the software on computer comes in the form of programs. A program
consists of instructions that tell the computer what to do, how to behave.

Hardware:
Hardware is the equipments involved in the function of a computer. Computer hardware
consists of the components that can physically handle. The function s in these categories of
these components is typically divided into three main categories; input, output and storage.
Components in these categories connect to central processing unit (CPU), the electronic
circuitry that provides the computational ability and control of the computer, via wires or
circuitry called a bus. The main difference between software and hardware can be assumed of
their physical appearance as hardware are tangible whereas software are intangible.

Input and Output Devices:

Input devices are the hardware that are used for providing information to the computer like
mouse and keyboard and output devices are the hardware that are used for receiving
information from computer like monitor, printer or the sound system.

Storage Devices:

Storage capacity is the total amount of information a computer's memory or disk can hold at
any one time. A personal computer system has three basic types of memory storage devices:
RAM (random access memory), disks, and magnetic tape. Capacity can be upgraded, or
increased, as the user's needs grow.

CPU:

Is an electronic circuit that executes computer programs. It is responsible for carrying out
arithmetic and logic functions as well as executing instructions to other components. The
components of a CPU work together, and depending on how they are made, determine exactly
how fast these operations can be carried out along with how complex the operations can be.

Computer Peripherals:

Any device that is attached to the computer is considered a peripheral. Examples include the
printer, monitor, and mouse. Information and commands are transferred from the computer to
the peripheral device through controllers, which are often single chips. Controllers for items
like the keyboard and disk drives are standard, while additional devices such as a modem
usually require the insertion of new controllers from the expansion board. Furthermore, the
bus (series of connected wires that connects peripherals with the computer) must be
compatible with the controller. There are three basic types of bus architectures.

Pasteurization:

Is a process which slows microbial growth in foods. The process was named after the french
scientist Louis Pasteur. The process was originally conceived as a way of preventing wine and
beer from souring. Pasteurization aims to reduce the number of viable pathogens so they are
unlikely to cause disease. The original method of pasteurization was vat pasteurization, which
heat milk or other liquid ingredients in a large tank for at least 30 minutes. It is now used
primarily in the dairy industry for preparing milk for making starter cultures in the processing
of cheese, yogurt, and buttermilk and for pasteurizing some ice cream mixes.