DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING SUBJECT CODE: EC1305 TRA

NSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES (FOR FIFTH SEMESTER ECE)

TWO MARK QUESTIONS-ANSWERS
PREPARED BY C.P.SREE BALA LEKSHMI (L/ECE) S.SELVA ANITHA (L/ECE)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING SUBJECT CODE: EC 1305
SUBJECT: TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES (FOR FIFTH SEMESTER ECE)
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS UNIT I-TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY
1.Define the line parameters? The parameters of a transmission line are: Resista
nce (R) Inductance (L) Capacitance (C) Conductance (G) Resistance (R) is defined
as the loop resistance per unit length of the wire. Its unit is ohm/Km Inductan
ce (L) is defined as the loop inductance per unit length of the wire. Its unit i
s Henry/Km Capacitance (C) is defined as the loop capacitance per unit length of
the wire. Its unit is Farad/Km Conductance (G) is defined as the loop conductan
ce per unit length of the wire. Its unit is mho/Km 2. What are the secondary con
stants of a line? Why the line parameters are called distributed elements? The s
econdary constants of a line are: Characteristic Impedance Propagation Constant
Since the line constants R, L, C, G are distributed through the entire length of
the line, they are called as distributed elements. They are also called as prim
ary constants. 3.Define Characteristic impedance Characteristic impedance is the
impedance measured at the sending end of the line. It is given by Z0 = Z/Y,wher
e Z = R + jωL is the series impedance Y = G + jωC is the shunt admittance
4. Define Propagation constant Propagation constant is defined as the natural lo
garithm of the ratio of the sending end current or voltage to the receiving end
current or voltage of the line. It gives the manner in the ave is propagated al
ong a line and specifies the variation of voltage and current in the line as a f
unction of distance. Propagation constant is a complex quantity and is expressed
as γ =α+jβ The re
l p
rt is c
lled the
ttenu
tion const
nt α where
s the im
in
ry p
r
t of prop

tion const
nt is c
lled the ph
se const
nt β 5.Wh
t is
finite line?
Write down the sinific
nce of this line? A finite line is
line h
vin
finit
e lenth on the line. It is
line, which is termin
ted, in its ch
r
cteristic i
mped
nce (ZR=Z0), so the input imped
nce of the finite line is equ
l to the ch
r

cteristic imped
nce (Zs=Z0). 6.Wh
t is
n infinite line? An infinite line is

line in which the lenth of the tr
nsmission line is infinite. A finite line, wh
ich is termin
ted in its ch
r
cteristic imped
nce, is termed
s infinite line. S
o for
n infinite line, the input imped
nce is equiv
lent to the ch
r
cteristic
imped
nce. 7.Wh
t is w
velenth of
line? The dist
nce the w
ve tr
vels
lon t
he line while the ph
se
nle is ch
nin throuh 2Π r
di
ns is c
lled
w
velent
h. 8.Wh
t
re the types of line distortions? The distortions occurrin in the tr

nsmission line
re c
lled w
veform distortion or  line
 distortion. W
veform dist
ortion is of two types:
) Frequency distortion ) h
se or Del
y Distortion. 9.
How frequency distortion occurs in
line? When
sin
l h
vin m
ny frequency c
omponents
re tr
nsmitted
lon the line,
ll the frequencies  will not h
ve equ

l
ttenu
tion
nd hence the received  end w
veform will not e identic
l with the
input w
veform
t the sendin end ec
use e
ch frequency is h
vin different
t
tenu
tion. This type of distortion is c
lled frequency distortion. 10.How to
vo
id the frequency distortion th
t occurs in the line? In order to reduce frequenc

y distortion occurrin inthe line,
) The
ttenu
tion const
nt α should e m
de i
ndependent of frequency. ) By usin equ
lizers
t the line termin
ls which mini
mize the frequency distortion. Equ 
lisers
re networks whose frequency
nd ph
se
ch
r
cteristics
re
djusted to e inverse to those of the lines, which result
 
in
uniform frequency response over the desired frequency
nd,
nd hence the

ttenu
tion is equ
l for
ll the frequencies. 11.Wh
t is del
y distortion? When

sin
l h
vin m
ny frequency components
re tr
nsmitted
lon the line, 
ll the
frequencies will not h
ve s
me time of tr
nsmission, some frequencies ein del


yed more th
n others. So the received  end w
veform will not e identic
l with t

he input w
veform
t the sendin end ec
use some frequency components will e d
el
yed more th
n those of other frequencies. This type of distortion is c
lled p
h
se or del
y distortion. 12. How to
void the frequency distortion th
t occurs
in the line? In order to reduce frequency distortion occurrin  in the line,
) T
 
he ph
se const
nt β should e m
de dependent of frequency. ) The velocity of prop


tion is independent of frequency. c) By usin equ
lizers
t the line termin
l
s which minimize the frequency distortion. Equ 
lizers
re networks whose frequen
cy
nd ph
se ch
r
cteristics
re
djusted to e inverse to those of thelines, w
hich result in
uniform frequency response over the desired frequency
nd,
nd
hence the ph
se is equ
l for
ll the frequencies. 13.Wh
t is
distortion less
line? Wh
t is the condition for
distortion less line? A line, which h
s neithe
r frequency distortion nor ph
se distortion is c
lled
distortion less line. Th
e condition for
distortion less line is RC=LG.  Also,
) The
ttenu
tion const

nt α should e m
de independent of frequency. ) The ph
se const
nt β should e m
de
dependent of frequency. d) The velocity of prop

tion is independent of freque
ncy.
  
14.Wh
t is the dr
w
ck of usin ordin
ry telephone c
les? In ordin
ry telephon
e c
les, the wires
re insul
ted with p
per
nd twisted in p
irs, therefore
 the
re will not e flux link
e etween the wires, which results in nelii le induc
t
nce,
nd conduct
nce. If this is the c
se, the there occurs frequency
nd ph
s
e distortion in the line.

15.How
  telephone line c
n e m
de
distortion less line? For the telephone
the 
c
le to e distortion less line, the induct
nce v
lue should e incre
sed y pl

cin lumped inductors
lon the line.

16.Wh
t is Lo
din? Lo
din is the process of incre
sin the induct
nce v
lue y
pl
cin lumped inductors
t specific interv
ls
lon the line, which
voids the
distortion
  
17.Wh
t
re the types of lo
din?
) Continuous lo
din )
tch lo
din c) Lump
ed lo
din 18.Wh
t is continuous  
 lo
din ? Continuous lo
din is the process of i

ncre
sin the induct
nce v
lue y pl
cin
iron core or
m
netic t
pe over th
e conductor of the line.
19.Wh
tis p
tch lo
din  sections of continuously lo
 ? It is the process of usin


ded c
les sep
r
ted y sections of unlo
ded c
les which incre
ses the induct

nce v
lue
20.Wh
t is lumped
 lo
din? Lumped lo
din is the process of incre
sin the induc
t
nce v
lue y pl
cin lumped inductors
t specific interv
ls
lon the line, wh
ich
voids the distortion

21.Define reflection coefficient Reflection Coefficient c
n e defined
s the r

tio of the reflected volt
e to the incident volt
e
t the receivin end of the
 
line Reflection Coefficient K=Reflected Volt
e
t lo
d /Incident volt
e
t th 
e lo
d K=Vr/Vi 22. Define
 reflection loss Reflection loss is defined
s the num

er of nepers or deci els y which the current in the lo
d under im
e m
tched co
nditions would exceed the current
ctu
lly flowin in the lo
d
23.Wh
t is Imped
nce m
tchin? If the lo
d imped
nce is not equ
l to the source
imped
nce, then
ll the power th
t
re tr
nsmitted from the source will not re
c
h the lo
d end
nd hence some power is w
sted. This is c
lled imped
nce mism
tch
condition. So for proper m
ximum power tr
nsfer, the imped
nces in the sendin

nd receivin end
re m
tched. This is c
lled imped
nce m
tchin. 24. Define the
term
 insertion loss The  insertion
 loss of
line or network is defined 
s the n
um er of nepers or deci els y which the current in the lo
d is ch
ned y the i
nsertion . Insertion loss=Current flowin in the lo
d without insertion of the n
etwork/Current flowin in the lo
d with insertion of the network
 
25.When reflection occurs in
line? Reflection occurs ec
use of the followin
c
ses: 1) when the lo
d end is open circuited 2) when the lo
d end is short-circ
uited 3) when the line is not termin
ted in its ch
r
cteristic imped
nce When th
e line is eitheropen  or short circuited, then there is not resist
nce
t the re
ceivin end to
sor
ll the power tr
nsmitted from thesource end. Hence
ll t
he power incident on the lo
d ets completely reflected
ck to the source c
usi
n reflections in the line.
 When the line is termin
tedin its ch
r
cteristic im
ped
nce, the lo
d will
sor some power
nd some will e reflected
ck thus pr
oducin reflections. 26.Wh
t
re the conditions for
perfect line? Wh
t is
sm
ooth line? For
perfect line, the resist
nce
nd the le
k
e conduct
nce v
lue
were nelected. The conditions for
perfect line
re R=G=0. A smooth line is on
e in which the lo
d is termin
ted y its ch
r
cteristic imped
nce
nd no reflect
ions occur in such
line. It is
lso c
lled
s fl
t line. UNIT II-RADIO FREQUEN
CY LINE 27. St
te the
ssumptions for the
n
lysis of the perform
nce of the r
d
io frequency line. 1.Due to the skin effect ,the currents
re
ssumed to flow on
the surf
ce of the conductor. The intern
l induct
nce is zero. 2.The resist
nce
R incre
ses with √ f while induct
nce L incre
ses with f . Hence ωL>>R. 3.The leaka
ge conductance G is zero 28.State the expressions for inductance L of a open ir
e line and coaxial line. For open ire line , L=9.21*10-7(µ/µr +4ln d/a)=10-7(µr+9.21l
og d/a) H/m For coaxial line, L = 4.60*10-7[log b/a]H/m
29.State the expressions for the capacitance of a open ire line For open ire l
ine , C=(12.07)/(ln d/a)µµf/m 30.What is dissipationless line? A line for hich the
effect of resistance R is completely neglected is called dissipationless line .
31.What is the nature and value of Z0 for the dissipation less line? For the dis
sipation less line, the Z0 is purley resistive and given by, Z0=R0 = √ L/c 32.Stat
e the values of α
nd β for the dissip
tion less line. Answer: α=0
nd β=ω √LC 33.What are
odes and antinodes on a line? The points along the line here magnitude of volta
ge or current is zero are called nodes hile the the points along the lines her
e magnitude of voltage or current first maximum are called antinodes or loops. 3
4.What is standing ave ratio? The ratio of the maximum to minimum magnitudes of
voltage or current on a line having standing aves called standing aves ratio.
S=
Emax Emin
Imin = Imin
35.What is the range of values of standing ave ratio? The range of values of st
anding ave ratio is theoretically 1 to infinity. 36.State the relation bet een
standing ave ratio and reflection coefficient. Ans: S= 1+ K 1- K
37.What are standing aves? If the transmission is not terminated in its charact
eristic impedance ,then there ill be t o aves traveling along the line hich g
ives rise to standing aves having fixed maxima and fixed minima. 38.What is cal
led standing ave ratio? The ratio of the maximum to minimum magnitudes of curre
nt or voltage on a line having standing ave is called the standing- ave ratio S
. That is, S= E max = I max
Emin
I min
39.State the relation bet een standing ere ratio S and reflection co-efficient
k. The relation bet een standing ave ratio S and reflection co-efficient k is,
1+ k S = 1- k
S-1 Also k = S+1 40. Ho ill you make standing ave measurements on coaxial lin
es? For coaxial lines it is necessary to use a length of line in hich a longitu
dinal slot, one half avelength or more long has been cut. A ire probe is inser
ted into the air dielectric of the line as a pickup device, a vacuum tube voltme
ter or other detector being connected bet een probe and sheath as an indicator.
If the meter provides linear indications, S is readily determined. If the indica
tor is non linear, corrections must be applied to the readings obtained.
41.Give the input impedance of a dissipationless line. The input impedance of a
dissipationless line is given by,
Z s = Es = R0 1+ k < φ -2βs β I s 1- k <φ -2βs φ β
42.Give the maximum and minimum input impedance o  the dissipationless line. Max
imum input impedance, R max = R0 1+ k 1- k = SRo Minimum input impedance, R min
= Ro 1+ k 1- k = Ro S
43.Give the input impedance o  open and short circuited
 lines. The input impedan
ce o  open aned short circuited lines are given y,
λ 44.Why the point of vo tage minimum is measured rather than vo tage maximum? The
point of a vo tage minimum is measured rather than a vo tage maximum because it
is usua y possib e to determine the exact point of minimum vo tage with greate
r accuracy. 45. What is the use of eighth wave ine? An eighth wave ine is used
to transform any resistance to an impendence with a magnitude equa  to Roof the
ine or to obtain a magnitude match between a resistance of any va ue and a sou
rce of Ro interna  resistance. 46. Give the input impendence of eighth wave ine
terminated in a pure resistance Rr. The input impendence of eighth wave ine te
rminated in a pure resistance Rr. Is given by Zs = (ZR+jRo/Ro+jZR) From the abov
e equation it is seen that Zs = Ro. 47. Why is a quarter wave ine ca ed as impen
dence inverter? A quater wave ine may be considered as an impendence inverter b
ecause it can transform a ow impendence in to ahigh impendence and vice versa.
48. What is the app ication of the quarter wave matching section ? An important
app ication of the quarter wave matching sectionis to a coup e a transmission i
ne to a resistive oad such as an antenna .The quarter –wave matching section then
must be designed to have a characteristic impendence Ro so chosen that the ante
nna resistance Ra is transformed to a va ue equa  to the characteristic impenden
ce Ra of the transmission ine.The characteristic impendence Ro of the matching
section then shou d be Ro’ = √ Ra Ro
Zsc
=
jRo tan
2 πs
49. What do you mean by coer insulators? An alication of the short circuited
quarter wave line is an insulator to suort an oen wire line or the center co
nductor of a coaxial line .This alication makes se of the fact that the inut
imendence of a quarter –wave shorted line is very high ,Such lines are sometimes
referred to as coer insulators.
50. Bring out the significance of a half wavelength line.
A half wavelength line may be considered as a one- to – one transformer. It has it
s greatest utility in connecting load to a source in cases where the load source
cannot be made adjacent. 51. Give some of the imendence –matching devices. The q
uarter – wave line or transformer and the taered line are some of the imendence –m
atching devices. 52. Exlain imendence matching using stub. In the method of im
endence matching using stub ,an oen or closed stub line of suitable length is
used as a reactance shunted across the transmission line at a designated distanc
e from the load ,to tune the length of the line and the load to resonance with a
n antiresonant resistance equal to Ro. 53.Give reasons for referring a short- c
ircuited stub when comared to an oen – circuited stub. A short circuited stub is
referred to an oen circuited stub because of greater ease in constructions an
d because of the inability to maintain high enough insulation resistance at the
oen –circuit oint to ensure that the stub is really oencircuited .A shorted stu
b also has a lower loss of energy due to radiation ,since the short – circuit can
be definitely established with a large metal late ,effectively stoing all fie
ld roagation. 54.What are the two indeendent measurements that must be made t
o find the location and length of the stub. The standing wave ratio S and the o
sition of a voltage minimum are the indeendent measurements that must be made t
o find the location and length of the stub. 55.Give the formula to calculate the
distance of the oint from the load at which the stub is to be connected. The f
ormula to calculate the distance of the oint from the load at which the stub is
 the ormula to calculate the d
to be connected is, S1 = (φ +π-cos-1|K|)/(2β) 56. Give
istance d rom the voltage minimum to the point stu e connection. The ormula

to calculate the distance d rom the voltage minimum to the point o  stu e con
nection is, d= cos-1|K|
 / (2β) 57. Give the ormula to calculate the length o  the
short circuited stu .
 
The ormula to calculate the length o  the short circuited stu is, L=λ/2Π tan-1(√s/(s
-1))
This is the ength of the short – circuited stub to be p aced d meters towards the
oad from a point at which a vo tage minimum existed before attachment of the s
tub. 58. What is the input impendence equation of a dissipation ess ine ? The
input impendence equation of a dissipation ess ine is given by (Zs/Ro)=(1+|K|(Ф-
2βs)/ (1-|K|(Ф-2βs) 59.Give the equation or the radius o  a circle diagram. The equat
ion or the radius o  a circle diagram is R=(S2-1)/2S and
C = (S2+1)/2S Where C is the shi t o  the center o  the circle on the positive R
a axis.

60.What is the use o  a circle diagram? The circle diagram may e used to ind t
he input impendence o  a line mo  any chosen length. 61. How is the circle diagr
am use ul to ind the input impendence o  short and open circuited lines? An ope
n circuited line has s = α ,the correspondent circle
ppe
rin
s the vertic
l
xi
s .The input impendence isthen pure re
ct
nce , with the v
lue for v
rious elec
tric
l lenths determined y the intersections of  the correspondin

 βs circles wit
h the vertic
l
xis. A short circuited line m
y e solved y determinin its
mi
tt
nce .The S circle is

in the vertic
l
xis,
nd suscept
nce v
lues m
y e r
e
d off
t
ppropri
te intersection of the βs circles with the vertic
l
xis. 62.
List the
pplic
tions of the smith ch
rt. The
pplic
tions of the smith ch
rt
r
e, (i) It is used to find the input
 impendence
nd input
dmitt
nce of the line.
(ii) The smith ch
rt m
y
lso e used for lossy lines
nd the locus of points o
n
line then follows
spir
l p
th tow
rds the ch
rt center, due to
ttenu
tion
.
(iii)

In sinle stu m
tchin

63. Wh
t
re the difficultiesin sinle stu m
tchin? The difficulties of the s
mith ch
rt
re (i) Sin le stu imped
nce m
tchin requires the stu to e loc
te

d
t
definite  point on the line. This requirement frequently c
lls for pl
ceme
nt of the stu
t
n undesir
le pl
ce from
mech
nic
l view point. (ii) For

co
xi
l line, it is not possi le to determine the loc
tionof
volt
e minimum
without
slotted line section, so th
t pl
cement of
stu
t the ex
ct require
d point is difficult. (iii) In the c
se of the sin le stu it w
s mentioned th
t
 
two
djustments
 were
 required ,these ein loc
tion
nd lenth of the stu . 64.
Wh
t is dou le  of imped
nce m
tchin is
 stu m
tchin ? Another possi le method

to use two stu s in which the loc
tions of the stu
re
r itr
ry,the two stu l
enths furnishin the required
djustments.The sp
cin is frequently m
de λ/4.This
is ca ed doub e stub matching. 65. Give reason for an open ine not frequent y
emp oyed for impedance matching. An open ine is rare y used for impedance matc
hing because of radiation osses from the open end,and capacitance effects and t
he difficu ty of a smooth adjustment of ength. 66. State the use of ha f wave 
ine . The expression for the input impendence of the ine is given by Zs = Zr Th
us the ine repeats is terminating impedance .Hence it is operated as one to one
transformer .Its app ication is to connect oad to a source where they can not
be made adjacent. 67. Why Doub e stub matching is preferred over sing e stub mat
ching. Doub e stub matching is preferred over sing e stub due to fo owing disad
vantages of sing e stub. 1. Sing e stub matching is usefu  for a fixed frequency
. So as frequency changes the ocation of sing e stub wi  have to be changed.
2. The sing e stub matching system is based on the measurement of vo tage minimu
m .Hence for coxia  ine it is very difficu t to get such vo tage minimum, witho
ut using s otted ine section. UNIT III-GUIDED WAVES
68. What are guided waves? Give examp es The e ectromagnetic waves that are guid
ed a ong or over conducting or die ectric surface are ca ed guided waves. Examp
es: ara e  wire, transmission ines 69. What is TE wave or H wave? Transverse
e ectric (TE) wave is a wave in which the e ectric fie d strength E is entire y
transverse. It has a magnetic fie d strength Hz in the direction of propagation
and no component of e ectric fie d Ez in the same direction 70. What is TH wave
or E wave? Transverse magnetic (TM) wave is a wave in which the magnetic fie d
strength H is entire y transverse. It has a e ectric fie d strength Ez in the di
rection of propagation and no component of magnetic fie d Hz in the same directi
on 71. What is a TEM wave or principa  wave? TEM wave is a specia  type of TM wa
ve in which an e ectric fie d E a ong the direction of propagation is a so zero.
The TEM waves are waves in which both e ectric and magnetic fie ds are transver
se entire y but have no components of Ez and Hz .it is a so referred to as the p
rincipa  wave. 72. What is a dominant mode? The modes that have the owest cut o
ff frequency is ca ed the dominant mode. 73. Give the dominant mode for TE and
TM waves Dominant mode: TE10 and TM10 74. What is cut off frequency? The frequen
cy at which the wave motion ceases is ca ed cut-off frequency of the waveguide.
75. What is cut-off wave ength? It is the wave ength be ow which there is wave
propagation and above which there is no wave propagation. 76. Write down the exp
ression for cut off frequency when the wave is propagated in between two para e
 p ates.
 The cut-off frequency, fc = m/ (2a (µΕ)1/2)
 77. Mention the characteristic
s o  T M waves. a) It is a special type o  TM wave ) It doesn’t have either e or
H component c) Its velocity is independent o  requency d) Its cut-o  requency
is zero.
78. De ine attenuation actor Attenuation actor = (Power lost/ unit length)/(2
x power transmitted) 79. Give the relation etween the attenuation actor or T
waves and TM waves αTE = αTM (fc/f)2 80. Define w
ve imped
nce W
ve imped
nce is de
fined
s the r
tio of electric to m
netic field strenth Zxy = Ex/ Hy in the po

sitive direction Zxy
  = -Ex/ Hy in the ne
tive direction 81. Wh
t is 
p
r
llel
pl
te w
ve uide?
r
llel pl
te w
ve uide consists of two conductin sheets se
p
r
ted y
dielectric m
teri
l. 82.Why
re rect
nul
r w
ve-uides preferred o
ver circul

r w
ve-uides? Rect
nul
r w
ve-uides preferred over circul
r w
ve 
uides ec
use of the followin re
sons.
) Rect
nul
r w
ve uide  is sm
ller in
size th
n
circul
r w
ve uide of the s
me oper
tin frequency ) It does not m

int
in its pol
riz
tion throuh the circul
r w
ve uide c) The frequency differ
ence etween the lowest frequency on domin
nt mode
nd the next mode of
rect
n
ul
r w
ve-uide is ier th
n in
circul
r w
ve uide. 83.Mention the
pplic

tions of w
ve uides The w
ve uides
re employed for  tr
nsmission of enery
t
 
very hi h frequencies where the
ttenu
tion c
used y w
ve uide is sm
ller. W
v
euides
re used in microw
ve tr
nsmission.Circul
r w
veuides
re used
s
tten
u
tors
nd ph
se shifters UNIT IV-RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDES 84.Why is circul
r or r
ect
nul
r form used
s w
veuide? W
veuides usu
lly t
ke the form of rect
nul

r or circul
r cylinders ec
use of its simpler forms in use
nd less expensive
to m
nuf
cture. 85. Wh
t is
n ev
nescent mode? When the oper 
 
tin frequency is
lower th
n the cut-off
 frequency, the prop

tion const
nt ecomes re
l i.e., γ = α
. The w
ve c
nnot e prop

ted. This non- prop

tin mode is known
s ev
nesce
nt mode. 87.Wh
t is the domin
nt mode for the TE w
ves in the rect
nul
r w
veu
ide? The lowest mode for TE w
ve is TE10 (m=1 , n=0)
88. Wh
t is the domin
nt mode for the TM w
ves in the rect
nul
r w
veuide? The
lowest mode for TM w
ve is TM11(m=1 , n=1) 89. Wh
t is the domin
nt mode for th
e rect
nul
r w
veuide? The lowest mode for TE w
ve is TE10 (m=1 , n=0) where
s
the lowest mode for TM w
ve is TM11(m=1 , n=1). The TE10 w
ve h
ve the lowest c
ut off frequency comp
red to the TM11 mode. Hence the TE10 (m=1 , n=0) is the do
min
nt mode of
rect
nul
r w
veuide.Bec
use the TE10 mode h
s the lowest
tte
nu
tion of
ll modes in
rect
nul
r w
veuide
nd its electric field is defini
tely pol
rized in one direction everywhere. 10.Which
re the non-zero field comp
onents for the for the TE10 mode in
rect
nul
r w
veuide? Hx, Hz
nd Ey.
90. Which
re the non-zero field components for the for the TM11 mode in
rect

nul
r w
veuide? Hx, Hy ,Ey.
nd Ez. 91. Define
 ch
r
cteristic imped
nce in
w

veuide The ch
r
cteristic imped
nce Zo c
n e defined in terms of the volt
e-
current r
tio or in terms of power tr
nsmitted for
iven volt
e or
iven cu
rrent. Zo (V,I) = V/I 92.Why TEM mode is not possi le in
rect
nul
r w
veuide
? Since TEM w
ve do not h
ve
xi
l component of either E or H ,it c
nnot prop


te within
sinle conductor w
veuide 93.Expl
in why TM01
nd TM10 modes in
r
ect
nul
r w
ve  
 not exist. For TM modes in rect
n ul
r w
ve uides, neith
 uide do
er m or n c
n e zero ec
use
ll the field equ
tions v
nish ( i.e., Hx, Hy ,Ey.

nd Ez.=0). If m=0,n=1 or m=1,n=0 no fields
re present. Hence TM01
nd TM10 mo
des in
rect
nul
r w
veuide do not exist. 94. Wh
t
re deener
te modes in

rect
nul
r w
veuide? Some of the hiher order modes, h
vin the s
me cut off f
requency , 
re c
lled deener
te modes. In
rect
nul
r w
veuide , TEmn
nd TM
mn modes ( oth m ≠ 0
nd n ≠ 0)
re
lw
ys deener
te.

UNIT V-CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDES AND CAVITY RESONATORS
  95.Wh
t is
circul
r w
ve uide
? A circul
r w
ve uide is
hollow met
llic tu e with circul
r crosssection for
prop

tin the electrom
netic w
ves y continuous reflections from the surf
ce
s or w
lls of the uide
96.Why circul
r w
veuides
renot preferred over rect
nul
r w
veuides? The ci
rcul
r w
veuides
re
voided ec
use of the followin re
sons:
) The frequency
difference etween the lowest frequency on the domin 
nt mode

nd the next mode
is sm
ller th
n in
rect
nul
r w
veuide, with /
= 0.5 ) The circul
r symmet
ry of the w
veuide m
y reflect on the possi ility of the w
ve not m
int
inin i
ts pol
riz
tion throuhout the lenth of the uide. c) For the s
me oper
tin fr
equency, circul
r w
veuide is ier in size th
n
rect
nul
r w
veuide. 97.M
ention the
pplic
tions of circul
r w
veuide. Circul
r w
veuides
re used
s

ttenu
tors
nd ph
se-shifters
98.Which mode in
circul
r w
veuide h
s
ttenu 

tion effect decre
sin with inc
re
se in frequency? TE01 99.Wh
t
re the possi le modes for TM w
ves in
circul

r w
veuide? The possi le TM modes in
circul
r w
veuide
re : TM01 , TM02 ,
TM11, TM12 100.Wh
t
re the root v
lues for the TM modes? The root v
lues for th
e TM modes
re: (h
)01 = 2.405 for TM01 (h
)02 = 5.53 for TM02 (h
)11 = 3.85 for
TM11 (h
)12 = 7.02 for TM12 101.Define domin
nt mode for
circul
r w
veuide.
The domin
nt mode for
circul
r w
veuide is defined

s the lowest order mode h

vin the lowest root v
lue.102.Wh
t
re the possi le modes for TE w
ves in
c
ircul
r w
veuide? The possi le TE modes in
circul
r w
veuide
re : TE01 , TE
02 , TE11, TE12
103. Wh
t
re the root v
lues for the TE modes? The root v
lues for the TE modes

re: (h
)01 = 3.85 for TE01 (h
)02 = 7.02 for TE02 (h
)11 = 1.841 for TE11 (h
)
12 = 5.53 for TE12
104. Wh
t is the domin
nt mode for TE w
ves in
circul
r w
veuide The domin
nt
mode for TE w
ves in
circul
r w
veuide is the TE11 ec
use it h
s the lowest
root v
lue of 1.841 105. Wh
t is the domin
nt mode for TM w
ves in
circul
r w

veuide The domin
nt mode for TM w
ves in
circul
r w
veuide is the TM01 ec

use it h
s the lowest root v
lue of 2.405. 106. Wh
t is the domin
nt mode in
c
ircul
r w
veuide The domin
nt mode for TM w
ves in
circul
r w
veuide is the
TM01 ec
use it h
s the root v
lue
 of 2.405. The domin
nt mode for TE w
ves in

circul
r w
veuide is the TE11 ec
use it h
s the root v
lue of 1.841 .Since th
e root v
lue of TE11 is lower th
n TM01 , TE11 is the domin
nt or the lowest ord
er mode for
circul
r w
veuide. 107. Mention the domin
nt modes in rect
nul
r

nd circul
r w
veuides For
rect
nul
r w
veuide, the domin
nt mode is TE01
For
circul
r w
veuide, the domin
nt mode is TE11 108.Why is TM01 mode preferr
ed to the TE01 mode in
circul
r w
veuide? TM01 mode is preferred to the TE01
mode in
circul
r w
veuide, since it requires
sm
ller di
meter for the s
me
cut off w
velenth. 109.Wh
t
re the perform
nce p
r
meters of microw
ve reson
t
or? The perform
nce p
r
meters of microw
ve reson
tor
re: (i) Reson
nt frequenc
y (ii) Qu
lity f
ctor (iii) Input imped
nce 110.Wh
t is reson
nt frequency of mi
crow
ve reson
tor? Reson
nt frequency of microw
ve reson
tor is the frequency
t
which the enery in the reson
tor
tt
ins m
ximum v
lue. i.e., twice the electr
ic enery or m
netic enery. 111.Define qu
lity f
ctor of
reson
tor. The qu
l
ity f
ctor Q is
me
sure of frequency selectivity of the reson
tor. It is defin
ed
s Q = 2 ∏ x M
ximum enery stored / Enery dissip
ted per cycle = ω W/ P Where W
is the maximum stored energy
P is the average po er loss
112.What is a resonator? Resonator is a tuned circuit hich resonates at a parti
cular frequency at hich the energy stored in the electric field is equal to the
energy stored in the magnetic field. 113.Ho the resonator is constructed at lo
frequencies? At lo frequencies upto VHF ( 300 MHz) , the resonator is made up
of the reactive elements or the lumped elements like the capacitance and the in
ductance. 114.What are the disadvantages if the resonator is made using lumped e
lements at high frequencies? 1) The inductance and the capacitance values are to
o small as the frequency is increased beyond the VHF range and hence difficult t
o realize .
115.What are the methods used for constructing a resonator? The resonators are b
uilt by a) using lumped elements like L and C b) using distributed elements like
sections of coaxial lines c) using rectangular or circular aveguide 116.What i
s a transmission line resonator or coaxial resonator? Transmission line resonato
r can be built using distributed elements like sections of coaxial lines. The co
axial lines are either opened or shunted at the end sections thus confining the
electromagnetic energy ithin the section and acts as the resonant circuit havin
g a natural resonant frequency. 117.Why transmission line resonator is not usual
ly used as micro ave resonator? At very high frequencies transmission line reson
ator does not give very high quality factor Q due to skin effect and radiation l
oss. So, transmission line resonator is not used as micro ave resonator 118.What
are cavity resonators? Cavity resonators are formed by placing the perfectly co
nducting sheets on the rectangular or circular aveguide on the t o end sections
and hence all the sides are
surrounded by the conducting alls thus forming a cavity. The electromagnetic en
ergy is confined ithin this metallic enclosure and they acts as resonant circui
ts . 119.What are the types of cavity resonators? There are t o types of cavity
resonators. They are: a ) Rectangular cavity resonator b ) Circular cavity reson
ator 120.Why rectangular or circular cavities can be used as micro ave resonator
s? Rectangular or circular cavities can be used as micro ave resonators because
they have natural resonant frequency and behave like a LCR circuit. 121.Ho the
cavity resonator can be represented by a LCR circuit? The electromagnetic energy
is stored in the entire volume of the cavity in the form of electric and magnet
ic fields. The presence of electric field gives rise to a capacitance value and
the presence of magnetic field gives rise to a inductance value and the finite c
onductivity in the alls gives rise to loss along the alls giving rise to a res
istance value. Thus the cavity resonator can be represented by a equivalent LCR
circuit and have a natural resonant frequency
122.Name the three basic configurations of coaxial resonators. The basic configu
rations of coaxial resonators are: d) Quarter ave coaxial cavity e) Half ave c
oaxial cavity f) Capacitance end coaxial cavity 123.What is the dominant mode fo
r rectangular resonator? The dominant mode of a rectangular resonator depends on
the dimensions of the cavity. For b<a<d, the dominant mode is TE101
124.What is the dominant mode for circular resonator? The dominant mode of a cir
cular resonator depends on the dimensions of the cavity. Ford< 2a, the dominant
mode is TM010 125.When a medium is said to be free- space. A free-space medium i
s one in hich there are no conduction currents and no charges.
16 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Explain in detail about the aveform distortion. Derive the condition for a d
istortion less line? Waveform Distortion: Signal transmitted over lines are norm
ally complex and consists of many frequency components. For ideal transmission,
the aveform at the line-receiving end must be the same as the aveform of the o
riginal input signal. The condition requires that all frequencies have the same
attenuation and the same delay caused by a finite phase velocity or velocity of
propagation. When these conditions are not satisfied, distortion exists. The dis
tortions occurring in the transmission line are called aveform distortion or li
ne distortion. Waveform distortion is of t o types: a) Frequency distortion b) P
hase or Delay Distortion. a) Frequency distortion: In general, the attenuation f
unction α is
function of frequency. Attenu
tion function specifies the
ttenu
ti
on or loss incurred in the line while the sin
l is prop

tin. When
sin
l h

vin m
ny frequency components
re tr
nsmitted
lon the line,
ll the frequenc
 will not h
ve equ
l
ttenu
tion
nd hence the received
ies  end w
veform will not
e identic
l with the input w
veform
t the sendin end ec
use e
ch frequency
is h
vin different
ttenu
tion. This type of distortion is c
lled frequency dis
tortion. Th
t is, when the
ttenu
tion const
nt is not
function of frequency,
frequency distortion does not exist on tr
nsmission lines. In order to reduce fr 
equency distortion occurrin inthe line,
) The
ttenu
tion const
nt α should e
m
de independent of frequency. ) By usin equ
lizers
t the line termin
ls whic
h minimize the frequency distortion. Equ 
lizers
re networks whose frequency
nd
ph
se ch
r
cteristics
re
djusted to e inverse to those of thelines, which r
esult in
uniform frequency response over the desired  frequency
nd,
nd hence
the
ttenu
tion is equ
l for
ll the frequencies. ) Del
y distortion: When
s
in
l h
vin m
ny frequency components
re tr
nsmitted
lon the line, 
ll the f
requencies will not h
ve s
me time of tr
nsmission, some frequencies ein del
y

ed more th
n others. So the received  end w
veform will not e identic
l with the
input w
veform
t the sendin end ec
use some frequency components will e del

yed more th
n those of other frequencies. This type of distortion is c
lled ph

se or del
y distortion. It is th
t type of distortion in which the time required
to tr
nsmit the v
rious frequency components over the line
nd the consequent d
el
y is not
const
nt. This is, when velocity is independent of frequency, del

y distortion does not exist on the lines. In  ener
l, the ph
se function is
fu
nction of frequency. Since v= ω /β, it will e independent o  requency only when β i
s equal to a constant multiplied y ω.
In order to reduce
 frequency distortion occurring in the line, e) The phase cons
tant β should e made dependent o  requency. ) The velocity o  propagation is in
dependent o  requency. g) By using equalizers at the line terminals which minim
ize the requency distortion. qualizers
 are networks whose requency and phase
characteristics are adjusted to e inverse to those o  thelines, which result i
n a uni orm requency response over the desired requency and, and hence the ph
ase is equal or all the requencies. There ore, we conclude that a transmission
line will have neither delay nor requency distortion only i  α is independent of
frequency

nd β should e
function of frequency. Distortion less line: It is de
sir
le, however to know the condition on the line p
r
meters th
t
llows prop


tion without distortion. The line h
vin p
r
meters s
tisfy this condition is t
ermed
s
distortion less line. A line, which h
s neither frequency distortion
nor ph
se distortion is c
lled
distortion
 less line. The condition for
disto
rtion less line w
s first investi
ted y Oliver He
viside.Distortionless condit
ion c
n help in desinin new lines or modifyin old ones to minimize distortion
. Condition for
distortion less line The condition for
distortion less line
is RC=LG. Also,

) The
ttenu
tion const
ntα should e m
de independent of freque
ncy. α = RG ) The ph
se const
nt β should e m
de dependent of frequency. β = ω LC c) T
he velocity of propagation is independent of frequency. V=1 / LC Explain in deta
il the different types of loading a cable? Derive the attenuation and phase cons
tant and velocity of propagation for a loaded cable. Loading: In ordinary teleph
one cables, the ires are insulated ith paper and t isted in pairs, therefore t
here ill not be flux linkage bet een the ires, hich results in negligible ind
uctance, and conductance. If this is the case, the there occurs frequency and ph
ase distortion in the line. For the telephone cable to be distortion less line,
the inductance value should be increased. Increasing the inductance by inserting
inductors in series ith the line is termed as loading and such lines are calle
d loaded lines. The theory of loading as developed by Oliver Heaviside and Prof
essor. M.I. Pupin developed the practical method of loading. In practice, lumped
inductors, kno n as loading coils are placed at suitable intervals along the li
ne to increase the effective distributed inductance. So loading is the process o
f increasing the inductance value by placing lumped inductors at specific interv
als along the line, hich avoids the distortion. Loading Coils:
2.
The important aspect of a loading coil design is that saturation and stray field
s should be avoided. It should have a lo resistance and should be of small size
particularly for the field ork. It should maintain circuit balance. For this r
eason, the coils are ound on toroidal cores( See figure from Umesh Sinha Book).
These cores are manufactured by permalloy or molybdenum-permalloy,ground to dust
and then hold together like shellac, so that there are a large number of air ga
ps to reduce the possibility of saturation. Types of Loading : a) Continuous loa
ding b) Patch loading h) Lumped loading i) Continuous loading is the process of
increasing the inductance value by placing a iron core or a magnetic tape over t
he conductor of the line thus increasing the permeability of the surrounding med
ium thereby increasing inductance. (Refer fig. From Umesh Sinha Book) Patch load
ing is the process of using sections of continuously loaded cables separated by
sections of unloaded cables that increases the inductance value. Lumped loading
is the process of increasing the inductance value by placing lumped inductors at
specific intervals along the line, hich avoids the distortion.
Attenuation and phase constant for a loaded cable: For a uniformly loaded cable,
a) The attenuation constant α is α = ( R/2) * C/L ) The ph
se const
nt β is β = ω LC c)
The velocity of propagation is V= 1 / LC
3. Derive the general solutions of transmission line
Defn: used for guiding electrical signals Write the general solutions: the votag
e and current equation
4. Derive the input impedance of a transmission line. Also find the input impeda
nce of open and short circuited lines.
1.Input impedance is voltage divided by current 2. rite the condition for a shor
t circuited line and determine the input impedance 3. rite the condition for a
open circuited line and determine the input impedance
5. Derive the reflection loss of a transmission line Reflection occurs because o
f the follo ing cases: 1) hen the load end is open circuited 2) hen the load e
nd is short-circuited 3) hen the line is not terminated in its characteristic i
mpedance When the line is either open or short circuited, then there is not resi
stance at the receiving end to absorb all the po er transmitted from the source
end. Hence all the po er incident on the load gets completely reflected back to
the source causing reflections in the line. When the line is terminated in its c
haracteristic impedance, the load ill absorb some po er and some ill be reflec
ted back thus producing reflections. Reflection loss is defined as the number of
nepers or decibels by hich the current in the load under image matched conditi
ons ould exceed the current actually flo ing in the load. 6. What are impedance
matching devices.Write short notes on eighth line and half line. Ans er: The Ei
gth ave, half ave, quarter – ave line or transformer and the tapered line are so
me of the impendence –matching devices. Half ave line: The expression for the inp
ut impendence of the line is given by Zs = Zr Thus the line repeats is terminati
ng impedance .Hence it is operated as one to one transformer .Its application is
to connect load to a source here they can not be made adjacent. Eigth ave lin
e:
An eighth ave line is used to transform any resistance to an impendence ith a
magnitude equal to Ro of the line or to obtain a magnitude match bet een a resis
tance of any value and a source of Ro internal resistance 7. Write short notes o
n quarter ave line and rite its applications. Ans er: The expression for input
impendence of a quarter ave line is given by Zs = R02 Zr Hence the quarter ave
line is considered as a transformer to match impedances Zr and Zs .It is used a
s a impendence matching section . The important application of quarter ave line
is to a couple a transmission line to a resistive load such as antenna. A short
circuited quarter ave line can be used as an insulator to support an open ire
line or coaxial line conductor . An important application of the quarter ave m
atching sectionis to a couple a transmission line to a resistive load such as an
antenna .The quarter – ave matching section then must be designed to have a char
acteristic impendence Ro so chosen that the antenna resistance Ra is transformed
to a value equal to the characteristic impendence Ra of the transmission line.T
he characteristic impendence Ro of the matching section then should be Ro’ = √ Ra Ro
8.Write short notes on exponential line for impedance transformation. The equati
ons used for the design of the exponential line are : L/L1 = ln(d/a)/ln(d1/a1) W
here, L is the inductance per meter of the line L1 is the inductance per meter a
t the sending end. 9.Explain in detail about single stub matching. Single stub m
atching is one in hich single stub is placed in shunt ith a main transmission
line to provide impedance matching 10.Explain in detail about double stub matchi
ng. Another possible method of impedance matching is to use t o stubs in hich t
he locations of the stub are arbitrary,the t o stub lengths furnishing the requi
red adjustments.The spacing is frequently made λ/4.This is ca ed doub e stub matc
hing.
11.Derive an expression for the vo tage and current on the dissipation ess ine
. Answer: Refer page No:285 (Text book) 12.Derive an expression for the input im
pedance under open and short circuited condition. Answer: The input impedance of
open aned short circuited ines are given by, Zsc = jRo tan
2 πs
λ
13.Derive an expression for the input impedance of the dissipation ess ine. An
swer: The input impedance of a dissimpation ess ine is given by,
Z s = Es = R0 1+ k < φ -2βs β Is 1- k <φ -2βs φ β
14.What are standing waves? Derive the expression or standing wave Ratio. Answe
r: I  the transmission is not terminated in its characteristic impedance ,then t
here will e two waves traveling along the line which gives rise to standing wav
es having ixed maxima and ixed minima. The ratio o  the maximum to minimum mag
nitudes o  voltage
 or current on a line having standing waves called standing wa
ves ratio. max min Imin = Imin
S=

15. Derive the ield component o the wave propagating
  etween parallel planes? •
De inition or Parallel guide • xpression or x, y,Hx,Hy 16. Derive the electrom
agnetic ield expressions
 or T waves guided y a parallel conducting plane? • De
inition or T waves • xpression or y,Hx,Hz 17. Derive the electromagnetic ie
ld expressions or TM waves guided y a parallel conducting plane? • De inition o
r TM waves
•
  
xpression or x, z,Hy
 
18. Derive the electromagnetic ield expressions
 or
 T M waves guided
 y a paral
lel conducting plane? • De inition or T M waves • xpression or x,Hy 19.Derive th
e ield expressions or the
 ield components o  TM waves in a rectangular
 wavegu
ide
 For
 TM waves, Hz=0 Su stitute Hz=0 and ind the ield components y, Hx, Hy
, z , x

20.Derive the ield expressions
  or the
 ield components o  T waves in a rectan
gular
  T waves, z=0 Su stitute z=0 and ind the ield components
waveguide For
y, Hx, Hy ,Hz , x