Chapter - 7

REGIONAL IMBALANCES

Regional Disparities and Backwardness

Balanced regional development does not mean equal development of regions in the State. It simply
implies the fullest realization of a region’s potential so that the benefits of overall economic growth are
shared by the inhabitants of the region.

2. Uttar Pradesh continues to be the largest State in the country in terms of population even after
creation of Uttaranchal. The population of the State, at 16.62 crore in 2001, is 16.2% of the country`s
population. The area of the State is now 7.3% of the country`s area against its earlier share of 8.9%. This
imbalance is not without some implication for State’s economic development. The loss of 18% of its
geographical area to the new state of Uttaranchal but only 5% of its population is, therefore, a matter of
concern for the State. The pace of development has not been as fast as required by the population size of
the State. Uttar Pradesh is still a relatively backward State of the country.

3. There are four economic regions in the State namely (i) Western, (ii) Central (iii) Eastern and (iv)
Bundelkhand. There are host of inter -regional disparities in respect of development indicators among these
four regions. The Eastern and Bundelkhand regions are comparatively more backward as compared to
Western and Central regions.
The followings table shows the area and population of different regions of Uttar Pradesh.
Area and Population of Regions of U.P. 2001
Regions Population ('000) Area (Sq. Km.)
Bundelkhand 8232 (4.96%) 29418 (12.21%)
Central 30201 (18.17%) 45834 (19.03%)
Western 61114 (36.78%) 79831 (33.13%)
Eastern 66628 (40.09%) 85845 (35.63%)
U.P. 166175 (100.00) 240928 (100.00)

Decennial Growth in population, 2001

4. Dense population affects

every sector of economy and the 30
25
region. The increase in population
20
is not always in proportion to the 15
increase in infrastructure 10

According to 2001 Census, the 5

0
density of population was as high
d
n

ia
rn

up
l
tra
an
er

d
te

as 776 persons per sq. km. in

en
st

lkh

in
es
ea

C
de

W
E

un

Eastern region against 767 in

B

Western and 658 in Central region.

[ 291 ]
It was lowest in Bundelkhand region (280) while for the State as a whole, it was 690. Western region had
the highest population growth rate (26.55 percent) during the decade (1991-2001), closely followed by
Central region (26.29 percent) against the State figure of 25.91. Eastern and Bundelkhand regions
registered somewhat lower population growth of 25.58 percent and 22.57 percent respectively during this
period.

5. Urbanisation is an important indicator of development. Census 2001 reveals, that urbanisation is

highest (28.25 percent) in Western region followed by Central (25.11 percent) and Bundelkhand region
(22.46 percent). Eastern region (11.78 percent) is extremely low in terms of level of urbanisation.

Percentage Urban Population to total Population, 2001

30
25
20
15
10
5
0

up

ia
al
n

n
nd

ind
ntr
ter

ter
ha
as

Ce

es
elk

W
Ee

nd
Bu

6. Land has been the basis of production, organization and rural assets in any agrarian economy. In
the year 1995-96, agricultural productivity was lowest (13.71 qt.ha) in Bundelkhand among all regions.
Western region having productivity of 25.76 qt /ha is the most developed region in the State. Gross value
of agricultural output per hectare of gross cropped area (at 1993-94 constant price) was lowest (Rs.9546)
in Bundelkhand among all regions. Topography of Bundelkhand is plateau type and rocky, which lowers
the moisture retaining capacity of the land and thereby the land is unsuitable for intensive cultivation.
Western region having gross value of Rs.16735 of agricultural output per hectare of gross cropped area is
the most developed region of the State.
Productivity of Total Foodgrains (qtls/hect.) (2001-02)

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
up
l

ia
ra
n

n
nd

ind
ter

ter
nt
ha

Ce

es
as

elk

W
Ee

nd
Bu

[ 292 ]
7. Irrigation is also a deciding factor in agriculture production. Irrigation facilities are inadequate in
Bundelkhand region because of very difficult terrain and rocky strata. The percentage of net irrigated area
to net sown area is lowest in Bundelkhand region in 2002-03 (46.7 percent) and highest in Western region
(89.4 per cent) followed by Central (81.0 per cent) and Eastern region (73.2 percent).

Percentage of net area irrigated to net area sown (2002-03)

100
80
60
40
20
0

up

ia
al

n
n

nd

ind
ter
ter

ntr
ha

es
Ce
as

elk

W
Ee

nd
Bu

8. As regards per capita power consumption, it is highest (201.4 Kwh) in Central region in the year
2002-03. It is lowest (129.7 Kwh) in Bundelkhand region. But in terms of percentage of electrified
villages to total villages, Western region occupies highest position and Eastern region is at the lowest
place.

Per capita power consumption (kwh)(2002-03)

400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
up

ia
al
n

ind
nd

ntr
ter

ter
ha

Ce
as

es
elk

W
Ee

nd
Bu

9. Industry is the life blood of an economy. The percentage of main workers engaged in agriculture to
total main workers (2001) is highest in Bundelkhand region (7 0.08 percent) followed by Eastern (66.14

[ 293 ]
per cent) and Central region (63.78 per cent) The Western region is more diversified with 56.08 per cent of
workers being engaged in agriculture sector.
Percentage of main workers engaged in agriculture to total main workers (2001)

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

up

ia
rn

nd

n
tra

ind
ter
te

en
ha
as

es
C
elk
Ee

W
nd
Bu

10. An overwhelming majority of the farmers in the Eastern region (83.0 per cent) are in the category
of small and marginal farmers. Size of holdings in the region is another very important factor which
hind ers the growth of agriculture. Western region (68.8 per cent) occupies first place in this regard.
Percentage of holdings of less than 1.0 hectare area (1995-96)

100
80
60
40
20
0
up

a
rn

rn
l
tra
nd

di
te
te

en

in
ha

es
as

C
elk

W
Ee

nd
Bu

11. The industrial sector of the Bundelkhand region is very inadequately developed. The number of
persons engaged in registered factories per lakh of population, during 2001-02 is only 64 persons in the
region, while the Western region is most developed with the value of 413 persons followed by Central
region (229).
Number of perso ns employed in Registered factories per lakh of population (2001-2002)

1000
800
600
400
200
0
up

ia
al
n

n
nd

ind
ntr
ter

ter
ha

Ce

es
as

elk

W
Ee

nd
Bu

[ 294 ]
12. Social services are needed for proper development of a region. These include number of junior and
senior basic schools, medical and transportation facilities etc. According to 2001 census, literacy
percentage is lowest (54.27 per cent) in the Eastern region. The same position is witnessed in the case of
female literacy. It is far behind Bundelkhand region (59.30%) which is highest in the State. The number of
junior Basic schools per lakh of population in the year 2003-04 is also lowest in Eastern region. It is mere
62 schools per lakh of population.

Total Literacy, 2001 (in percent) Female Literacy, 2001 (in percent)

70 60
65 50
60 40
30
55
20
50 10
45 0
up

ia
al

up
n

ia
ind
ter
ntr
nd

al
ter

ind
nd

ntr
ter

ter
Ce

es
ha
as

Ce
ha

es
as
W
elk
Ee

elk

W
Ee
nd

nd
Bu

Bu

No of Junior Basic School per lakh No of Senior Basic School per lakh
of Population, 2003-04 of Population, 2003-04

120 35
100 30
80 25
60 20
40 15
10
20
5
0 0
a
up
al

n
n

di

up

ia
nd

ter
ter

ntr

n
al
in

ind
ter
ntr
ha

es
Ce

ter

nd
as

es
Ce
W

as

ha
elk
Ee

W
Ee

elk
nd

nd
Bu

Bu

11. Since roads are indicators of economic growth as they lead to social as well as infrastructural
development, these need to be accorded priority in development of any region. The length of pucca road
per lakh of population during 2001-02 was very much higher in Bundelkhand region (111.48 Km.) as
compared to other three regions. On the other hand, the total length of pucca roads per thousand sq.km.,

[ 295 ]
was highest in the Western region which had figures of 652.99 Km. Bundelkhand region was least
developed in this regard.
Total Length of Pucca Roads per lakh of Population, 2001 -02

160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

up

ia
al
n

nd

ind
ntr
ter

ter
ha

Ce
as

es
elk

W
Ee

nd
Bu

13. Considering the overall level of development, the per capita income at constant prices in 2001-02
at 1993-94 prices was highest in Western region at Rs.6978, followed by Bundelkhand (Rs.6159) Central
(Rs.5720) and Eastern region (Rs.4222) The State average in this regard is Rs.5603.

Per capita Income (at 1993-94 prices) in 2001-02

(in Rs.)

20000
15000
10000
5000
0
up

ia
n

al

ind
nd
ter

ntr

ter
ha

Ce
as

es
elk

W
Ee

nd
Bu

14. The above analysis indicates that regional disparities in respect of development indicators
is significant. The State Government has launched several area specific programmes with a view
to remove inter and intra regional disparities.

15. A brief summary of area development programmes in the State is given below:

[ 296 ]
Poorvanchal Vikas Nidhi and Bundelkhand Vikas Nidhi

16. The Eastern and Bundelkhand regions of the State are still comparatively more backward in the
comparision to Western and Central regions in respect of selected development indicators. In addition to it,
intra-regional disparities are much more pronounced in the Eastern and Bundelkhand regions. In order to
provide additional momentum in the backward districts of the both the regions, in the year 1990-91 the
State Govt. established separate Nidhis namely Poorvanchal Vikas Nidhi and Bundelkhand Vikas Nidhi to
provide additional fund for the development of the districts belonging to these regions. The objectives of
the Nidhis are mentioned below:
4 To fund those schemes/projects which are mainly based on local felt needs of the area so as to
provide infrastructural facilities to the local people in the areas of construction of roads, minor
bridges, drinking water facility, construction of Govt. educational buildings, installation of
power sub - stations, which, due to any reason, could not be funded either from State or
District plans.
4 Under the Nidhis, those projects can only be sanctioned which can be implemented and
completed immediately, at the most within two years.
4 Those projects are given top priority in which two or more districts are likely to be benefitted.
4 Fifty percent each of the allocated amount under both the Nidhis is earmarked for sanctioning
of the projects at district level by Divisional Commissioner which is called 'Jilansh'.
4 Remaining Fifty percent of the amount is earmarked for sanctioning of the projects at State
level, called Rajyansh.

17. In the year 2005-06 Rs. 17000.00 lakh was allocated for Poorvanchal Vikas Nidhi & Rs. 5000.00
lakh for Bundelkhand Vikas Nidhi respectively. Against this allocation Rs. 16087.1405 lakh have been
sanctioned, out of which, Rs. 912.8595 lakh are to be sanctioned.. Similarly, Rs. 4300.345 lakh have been
sanctioned and Rs. 699.655 lakh are to be sanctioned under Bundelkhand Vikas Nidhi in 2005-06. It is
worthwhile to mention here that under Zilansh, the percentage share of Special Component Plan has been
increased to 25% from 21% as was allocated in previous years.

18. In the year 2004-05, the same amount i.e. Rs. 15000.00 lakh and Rs. 5000.00 lakh were allocated
for Poorvanchal Vikas Nidhi and Bundelkhand Vikas Nidhi respectively. In the year 2005-06, Rs. 1000.00
lakh each in Zilansh and Rajyansh has been increased for Poorvanchal Vikas Nidhi only. For the year
2006-07 an outlay of Rs. 17000.00 lakh and Rs. 5000.00 lakh have been proposed for Poorvanchal Vikas
Nidhi and Bundelkhand Vikas Nidhi respectively.

Bundelkhand Development Package

19. The State Government has also announced in 2005-06 the Bundelkhand Development Package
with a Budget provision of Rs.100 crore to provide further impetus to economic development of
Bundelkhand region.

[ 297 ]
Rashtriya Sam Vikas Yojana (Rsvy)

20. Govt. of India introduced a new initative namely Rashtriya Sam Vikas Yojana in the year 2002-
03 for the development of backward districts. The main objective of the scheme is to address the problems
of low agricultural productivity, unemployment and to fill the critical gaps in physical and social
infrastructure in selected districts. For this purpose, the District Administration / PRIs prepar e a three year
Master Plan with the Annual Action Plans. The plan is formulated on the basis of the strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis of the area. The additionality under RSVY is to be
used to meet local needs through schem es in lead sectors which could dent on the poverty of the district in
a fixed time frame.

21. Under this scheme, 21 backward districts of U.P. have been selected. The identification of
backward districts within the State has been done on the basis of an index of backwardness comprising
three parameters given below providing with equal weightage to each:
4 Value of output per agricultural worker
4 Agricultural wage rate
4 Percentage of S.C./S.T. Population of the district

22. In the beginning of the scheme, five districts namely Raebareli, Unnao. Hardoi, Sitapur &
Sonebhadra were selected and Rs. 15 crore per year was allocated to each district for a period of three
years. In the second phase of the scheme, five more districts namely, Barabanki, Mirzapur, Banda,
Fatehpur & Chitrakut have been selected . Finally, in the year 2004-2005, eleven more districts namely
Jaunpur, Hamirpur, Jalaun, Kaushambhi, Azamgarh, Pratapgarh, Mahoba, Gorakhpur, Kushinagar
Lalitpur & Chandauli have been included under this scheme.

23. For effective implementation of the scheme, guidelines have been prepared by the Central
Planning Commission ,Government of India. The main features which are mentioned below:
4 District Plan for RSVY should clearly indicate the flow of funds from all sources including
CSS,CS, EAP & State Plan etc. as well as the specific schemes for additionality under
RSVY.
4 RSVY component of the district plan should also include scheme for Soil Conservation,
Afforestation, Minor Irrigation, Agriculture, Horticulture, Road, Power, Health,
Education(Primary & Secondary), Rural Engineering Services, Irrigation, Cooperatives, ICDS,
Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development, NEDA, Bridge Corporation, Khadi and Village
Industries .U.P. Project Corporation, U.P. Samaj Kalyan Nirman Nigam, NGO's Zila
Panchayat and other schemes.
4 Selected districts may also choose to use 15% of the funds on maintenance of assets in
Health, Education and Veterinary Sectors.
4 District Plan for RSVY will not include the cost of acquis ition of land, security related
scheme, administrative building etc. for any project proposed under the scheme.

[ 298 ]
 4 For each district, Plan should be prepared by a committee chaired by District Magistrate/CEO,
Zila Parishad / Chair person, District Planning Committee with District Superintendent of
Police ( in case of extremist affected districts) DFO, Local NGO and other stake holder etc. as
member.
4 District Plan would examined by a State Level Steering Committee chaired by State Chief
Secretary and recommended to Planning Commission, Govt. of India for approval before
implementation.

Release of Funds

24. Funds under the Development & Reform Facility (DRF) are being provided by the Govt. of India
to the State Govt. on 100% grant basis in suitable installments linked with satisfactory progress of the
District Plan.

Budget

25. Under the scheme, in the years 2003-04, and 2004-05 an amount of Rs. 62.50 and Rs. 162.50
crore respectively were released by the Govt. of India. Hence total funds available during the two years
were Rs. 225.00 crore. In the year 2005-06 till 23 r d Oct. 2005 an amount of Rs.60.00 crore has been
released against the total outlay of Rs. 315.00 crore. For the year 2006-07 an outlay of Rs. 315 crore is
being proposed.

26. During 2003-04 projects were under preparation hence no expenditure was incurred in this year.
In 2004-05 an amount of Rs. 77.95 crore were spent and in the current year 2005-06 funds amounting to
Rs.75.74 crore have been spent till September, 2005. Thus a total of Rs.153.69 crore has been spent till
September 2005 since inception.

Project Highlights

27. In addition to above guidelines, special focus is being given to RSVY Plan for the projects of
key sectors like land and water management, health and education infrastructure, vocational training for
economically relevant skills, agriculture and allied activities, road links and rural electrification etc. The
projects/schemes selected under RSVY should be based on local needs, which would help to reduce the
poverty in the district. For this, a strategy should be focused on filling - up critical gaps in social and
physical infrastructure so as to overcome the obstacles in the path of accelerated socio - economic
development and employment generation. For this purpose, priority should be given to people's
participation and involvement of PRI,s NGO.s and Self Help Groups. The projects taken under the RSVY
should be implemented by the concerned departments like the normal plan schemes. Due care should be

[ 299 ]
given to allocate funds under the RSVY as an additionality only for expanded coverage of schemes for
which funds from other sources including State Plan, CSS, Central Schemes are available. The benefits
from additionality of RSVY funds should be maximized through inter sectoral linkages. Department wise
expenditure is given below:
Department wise Expenditure under RSVY for the years 2003-05

(Rs. in Crores)
# Department Funds Released Expenditure Percentage
Exp.
1. PWD 32.81 25.50 78%
2. RES 21.66 18.05 83%
3. UPPCL 30.12 23.83 79%
4. IRRIGATION 18.30 12.66 69%
5 AGRICULTURE 2.65 1.09 41%
6. SOIL 21.13 18.00 85%
CONSERVATION
7. MINOR 23.24 17.81 77%
IRRIGATION
8. COOPEATIVE 0.10 0.02 20%
9. HORTICULTURE 1.81 1.33 73%
10. ICDS 0.50 0.38 76%
11. ANIMAL 1.65 0.98 59%
HUSBANDRY
12. DAIRY 0.13 0.13 100%

SlNo. Department Funds Released Expenditure Percentage

Exp.
13. PRIMARY 2.98 2.25 76%
EDUCATION
14. SECONDARY 5.21 3.10 60%
EDUCATTION
15. HEALTH 7.79 3.87 50%
16. NEDA 2.02 0.97 48%
17. FOREST 7.63 6.25 82%
18. UP BRIDGE 1.70 1.43 84%
CORPORATION
19. KHADI 0.51 0.06 12%
GRAMODYOG
BOARD
20. UP PROJECT 4.04 3.52 87%
CORPORATION
21. UP SAMAJ 3.63 3.15 87%
KALYAN NIRMAN
NIGAM
22. NGO 2.94 2.74 93%
23. ZILA 1.94 1.42 73%
PANCHAYAT
24. OTHERS 9.30 5.15 55%
TOTAL 203.80 153.69 75%

[ 300 ]
NATIONAL FOOD FOR WORK PROGRAMME (NFFW)

28. This programme has been started by Govt. of India from 14th November, 2004. The Planning
Commission has identified 150 most backward districts of the country (of which 15 districts are from Uttar
Pradesh) on the basis of prevalence of poverty indicated by SC/ST population, agricultural productivity per
worker and agricultural wage rate.

29. The objective of the scheme is to provide ad ditional resources apart from the resources available
under the Sampoorna Garmeen Rozagar Yojana (SGRY) to the selected 15 districts so that generation of of
supplementary wage employment and providing of food-security through creation of need based economic,
social and community assets in these districts is further intensified.

30. The programme is being implemented as a 100% Centrally Sponsored Scheme. Food grains will
also be provided to the States free of cost. The transportation cost, handling charges, and taxes on food
grains is the responsibility of the State Government. The District Collector is the Nodal Officer at the
district level and he is over -all responsible to implement the programme. Necessary assistance will be
provided to the Collector from the DRDA/District Panchayat (DP) to whom funds and food grains will be
released.

31. The focus of the programme is on works relating to water conservation, drought proofing
(including afforestation /tree plantation) and land development. Flood control/protectio n (including
drainage in waterlogged area), rural connectivity in terms of all-weather roads and any other similar
activity for economic sustainability, keeping in view the area specific problems, can be included provided
the principal focus of the programme on water conservation and drought proofing is maintained.

32. During 2004-05 GOI released Rs. 263.78 crore against which Rs. 19.82 crore were utilized till
March 05 and Rs. 54.29 crore were utilized till September -2005. During 2005-06. It is anticipated that Rs.
35 Crores will be utilise of for handling transportation charge.

33. For handling and transportation of charges an outlay of Rs.50.00 crore has been proposed in the
Annual Plan 2006-07. Government of India is considering to merge the above scheme under the new

[ 301 ]
“National Rural Employment Guarantee Act-2005”. Region wise allocation of food grains and fund for
the Scheme is given below:
Regionwise Allocation of Foodgrains and
Fund for the Scheme

(Rs. in Cores)
Sl.No. Districts Budget Food grains (M.T.)
1. Lakhimpur Kheri 19.94 20467
2. Sitapur 31.21 32041
3. Unnao 25.12 25785
4. Barabanki 26.48 27184
5. Raebareli 27.58 28312
6. Hardoi 27.10 27820
7. Fatehpur 17.99 18469
TOTAL CENTRAL REGION 175.42 180078
8. Lalitpur 6.60 6770
9. Mahoba 4.54 4682
10. Hamirpur 6.67 6850
11. Banda 8.92 9156
12. Chittrakoot 5.60 5747
TOTAL BUNDELKHAND REGION 32.33 33205
13. Sonbhadra 21.96 22542
14. Kushi Nagar 17.05 17492
15. Mirzapur 17.06 17482
TOTAL EASTERN REGION 56.03 57516
GRAND TOTAL 263.78 270799

Adarsh Janpad Yojana

34. Adarsh Janpad Yojna has been launched in 38 districts of the state for the year 2004-05. Under
this scheme, the expenditure is done on the development of infrastructural facilities and creation of
employment opportunities. The regionwise selected districts for the scheme are mentioned below:
Sl.No. Region No. of Districts Name of the Districts

1. Western 13 Etah, Firozabad, Mainpuri,Etawah,

Kanauj,Farrukhabad,Auraiya,Bulandshahr
Budaun, Shahjahanpur, Muradabad, Rampur,Saharanpur
2. Eastern 17 Allahabad, Faizabad, Ambedkar Nagar,Deoria, Kushi
Nagar, Balrampur, Bahraich, Ghazipur,Chandauli, Jaunpur,
Ballia, Mau, Azamgarh, Sant Ravidas Nagar, Mirzapur,
Santkabir Nagar, sidharth Nagar
3. Bundelkhand 4 Jalaun, Jhansi, Chitrakut, Banda
4. Central 4 Barabanki, Lakhimpur kheri, Sitapur, Hardoi
Total 38

[ 302 ]
35. Following programmes may be taken under this scheme :
(a) Construction/Extension of Government Secondary Schools’ buildings.
(b) Construction/Extension of Government Degree College’s buildings.
(c) Construction/Extension of buildings relating Urban Medical Services
(d) Construction/Extension of buildings relating Rural Medical Services
(e) Rural Water Supply
(f) Urban Water Supply
(g) Sewerage and Sanitation
(h) Minor Irrigation Programmes
(i) Distribution Of Electricity/Electric Centers/Extension
(j) Rural Electrification
(k) Bridge Construction
(l) Construction of new roads in Rural areas
(m) Improvement of roads in Urban areas

36. Under the scheme, in the year 2004-05, an amount of Rs.195.00 crore was released by the Govt.
In the year 2005-06, the amount under this scheme has been increased from Rs.195.00 to Rs.250.00 crore
which is likely to be spent. For the year 2006-07, Rs.250.00 crore has been proposed under this scheme.

Twarit Arthik Vikas Yojana

37. Twarit Arthik Vikas Yojna has been launched in the year 2004-05 with a view to accelerate the
development process of 36 districts of the State. Under this Scheme, the expenditure will be incurred on
development of infrastructural facilities, educational and medical services in rural areas of the selected
districts.

38. Under the Scheme the funds for the following programmes is made available.
a) Construction/Extension of Government Secondary Schools’ and Government Degree
College’s buildings
b) Construc tion/Extension of buildings relating Urban and Rural Medical Services
c) Rural & Urban Water Supply and Sewerage.
d) Minor Irrigation Programmes
e) Distribution Of Electricity/Electric Centers/Extension and Rural Electrification
f) Lightening in Urban areas, water Drainage programmes and Improvement of roads(excluding
work on maintenance /repairing )
g) Construction of Bridge and new roads in Rural areas
h) Development of public facilities/chamber for the Advocates in court premises.

[ 303 ]
Criteria of the selection of the work
4 Under the scheme, the work may be proposed and recommended by District Magistrate,
Commissioner, Public Representative/ Concerned Administrative Department, Chairman of
Rural and Urban bodies
4 In selection of work priority will be given to those schemes/projects which are mainly based
on local felt needs of the area
4 According to priority, the proposal of development work will be referred to the Planning
Department.
4 Concerned Department will decide the priority of works to be taken under this scheme,
39. Under the scheme, in the year 2004-05, an amount of Rs.200.00 crore was released by the Govt..
In the year 2005-06, the amount under this scheme has been increased from Rs.200.00 to Rs. 260.00 crore.
In the year 2006-07 an outlay of Rs.260.00 crore has been proposed under this scheme

40. In addition to above Twelfth Finance Commission have also proposed grant for the State. A
Backward Region Grant Fund (BRGF) is also constituted for the above purposes. The details are given
below:
Twelfth Finance Commission

41. The Twelfth Finance Commission has also recommended grant for balancing the regional
disparities within the State for the period 2005-10 on the principles of devolution of funds as accepted by
the Union Government. With a view to bridging the regional disparit ies existing with in the State, a sum of
Rs.700 crore has been provided by the 12th Finance Commission for accelerated development of
Bundelkhand and Eastern regions. This grant is to be utilized for schemes pertaining to improvement of
water supply and sanitation facilities, rehabilitation of distressed dams, construction of roads and bridges
and ground water recharge / rain water harvesting.

Backward Regions Grant Fund(BRGF)

42. A Backward Regions Grant Fund(BRGF) mandated to address regional balance concerns could be
structured with the following two windows:
4 Backward District Window: This could be an area-targetted grant facility, broadly on the lines
of existing RSVY. Initially the window will consist of all backward district from RSVY list.
4 Compared to the provisions of the still nascent RSVY, a greater emphasis may be placed on
human development indicators for identification of target regions and districts. Elimination of
minimum normative gaps in local area developments; in physical infrastructure; in social
attainments in health and education and land productivity should be the prime objective of
financing interventions from this window. The selection will be based on objective parameters
subject to minor changes in consultation with states.

[ 304 ]
 4 State Infrastructure & Reforms Window: This could also be a grant facility for providing
viability gap funding which will enable resources to be leveraged for core infrastructure
projects at inter district or state level in less developed states. These projects will include
projects that would otherwise considered as not viable financially but are necessary for
removing backwardness. the amounts to be made available to states will be in proportion to the
population residing in their backward districts.

Monitorable Targets

43. The Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007) has set following 16 monitorable targets. The objective of
this chapter is to assess the progress in respect of each of these targets and in the light of constraints and
challenges indicate further possible actions and corrective measures required in achieving these targets.

44. The sixteen listed monitorable targets of Tenth Plan are as under:
4 Reducing the population below poverty line from 31.15% in 1999-2000 to 25.41% by the end
of the Tenth Plan.
4 Creation of 81 lacs employment opportunities during the Tenth Plan which would be sufficient
to provide jobs to the backlog of unemployment at the end of the Ninth Plan and to the
additional labour force during the Tenth Plan period.
4 Providing schooling facility to all children by 2003.
4 Giving emphasis on female literacy, to reduce the gender gap (27%) in literacy.
4 Reduction in the present birth rate of 32.1% per thousand to 22.0 per thousand by the end of
the Tenth Plan.
4 Reduction in present death rate of 10.2 per thousand to 9.0 per thousand by the end of Tenth
Plan.
4 Reduction in present infant mortality rate of 84 per thousand to 72 per thousand by the end of
Tenth Plan.
4 Efforts will be made to achieve the cent percent literacy, at least 75% literacy will be achieved
by the end of the Tenth Plan.
4 All basties to have sustained access to potable drinking water with in the plan period.
4 Emphasis on women empowerment.
4 Organizing and promoting self help groups.
4 Expanding and strengthening the social safety net.
4 All habitation having population more than 500 to be connected with all weather roads under
PMGSY.
4 Optimum utilization of resources through convergence of programmes of various departments.
4 All villages to be electrified by the end of the Tenth Plan under PMGY.
4 Making local bodies self reliant through decentralization process.
[ 305 ]
45. The major limitation in monitoring these targets is that the data on different aspects have certain
time lag and therefore it is not possible to get such data for evaluation unless an alternative arrangement to
generate data is made by the State on a regular basis. Therefore, it is essentials to develop a mechanism for
collection of the data on birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, literacy, poverty, employment in a short
time at regular intervals. These could be based on sample surveys in different parts of the State.

46. However, on the basis of available data the sector-wise achievement of these targets is explained in
the following paragraphs.

Poverty

47. The target is to reduce poverty rat io from 31.15% in 1999-2000 to 25.41% by the end of 2006-07.
The base year estimates of poverty for the year 2001-02 were 29.51%. As per results of PSMS II poverty
ratio have came down to 29.2% in the year 2002-03. Thus, during the period 1999-2000 to 2002-03
poverty ratio has declined by only 2 percentage points.

48. The major factors responsible for such a high incidence of poverty are severe unemployment and
under employment, low level of growth in economy, high dependence on agriculture, low level of grow th
in manufacturing sector, greater dependence of agriculture on monsoon, slow rate of diversion of activities
from agriculture to other sectors, population explosion, unequal distribution of income and income
generating assets, illiteracy and lack of awar eness. Therefore, an effective policy should be framed to boost
the economic growth and the quality of poverty alleviation programmes should also be improved.

Employment Generation

49. As per census 2001, total number of workers in the State were 539.83 lakh. The compound annual
rate of growth in workers during the period 1991-2001 is calculated at 2.54 percent which estimates 553.54
lakh workers at the beginning the Tenth Plan. During Tenth Plan, the target is to generate 81 lakh
employment opportunities. This is based on the State attaining growth rate of 8 percent growth during the
Plan period. It is found that income growth achieved during the period 2002-05 is around 3.7 percent.
Thus, on the basis of income - employment elasticity (0.46) the likely growth in employment generation by
the end of 2005-06 will be around 1.7 percent which estimates level of employment generation at 592.15
lakh by the end of 2005-06. Thus likely employment generation during the first four years (2002-06) of the
Tenth Plan will be around 39 lakh. However, if the State economy performs better in the current financial
year then the employment generation figure could also go up.

50. Thus, in order to achieve the desired level of employment opportunities effective implementation
of employment generation programmes is needed. It is also expected that the provisions of recently
launched 'National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme' will be able to create more employment
opportunities. However, jobs under this scheme will only be wage employment which basically is akin to
fire-fighting. It will only prevent people from destitution. For calculation of employment, it would be
better to focus on self employment which is more sustainable.

[ 306 ]
Education

51. Of the sixteen monitorable tagets, three relate to Education sector :

4 Providing schooling facility to all children by 2003.
4 Giving emphasis on female literacy, to reduce the gender gap (27%) in literacy.
4 Efforts will be made to achieve the cent percent literacy, at least 75% literacy will be achieved
by the end of the Tenth Plan.

52. Under first target, it was found that 25.17 lakh children of the age group of 6-14 years were out of
school. Out of these children 21.35 lakh children have been enrolled during July to 30 September 2005.
Remaining children are expected to be enrolled in the EGS/AIE centres and bridge course. 100%
enrolment is the target for the year 2005-06.

53. According to the 2001 census, the literacy rate for the State is 56.3 percent with 68.8 percent for
males and 42.2 percent for females indicating a gender gap in literacy at 26.6 percentage point. This gap
was nearly 15.10 percentage points in 1951 which widened to 30.45 percentage points in 1991 and then
narrowed to nearly 27 percentage points in 2001. The target is to reduce this gap and bring it to at least the
level of 1951 by the end of the Tenth Plan. Since literacy data is collected only in the census and therefore
latest data of gender gap is not available. However, efforts made to reduce the gender gap are as below:
4 More emphasis is being given to opening of girls school.
4 Apart from launching a National Programme for Education of Girls at elementary level as a
component of Sarva Siksha Abhiyan in educationally backward blocks, at least 50% of
teachers recruited under SSA/DPEP have to be women. These initiatives are in addition to the
DPEP in low female literacy districts.
4 Mid day meal scheme is launched to improve the school attendance and to bring down drop
out rates.
4 To encourage girls education a unique scheme 'Kanya Vidhya Dhan Yojna' was launched in
the year 2004-05. Under the scheme a sum of Rs. 20,000 is being given to each girl who
passed class XII examination. Priority will be given to the girls of poor families and rest
amount will be distributed to the girls belonging to the families above the poverty line in the
ascending order of income.
4 Free text books are being provided to all girls of class 1-8. In addition , scholarship and other
incentives are being provided to girls particularly for those belonging to SC/ST/OBC and BPL
families.
4 'Mahila Samakhya' Programmes for education and empowerment of women in rural areas
particularly those from socially and economically marginalized groups. Currently it is
implementing in 1200 villages spread over 20 blocks of 12 districts of the State.
4 Improvement in infrastructural facilities such as building of girls toilet, handpump will be
ensured in the schools.

[ 307 ]
 4 Community based organizations will be activated to accelerate girls education.
4 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV), a special school programme for girl children
from the SC/ST/OBC and minorities in low female literacy districts is launched in 2004-05. It
aims to ensure access and quality education to girls through residential school and boarding
facilities at elementary level.

Health

54. Of the sixteen monitorable targets, three relates to the Health sector :
4 Reduce birth rate from 32.1 to 22 by 2007
4 Reduces death rate from 10.2 to 9 by 2007, and
4 Reduce infant mortality rate from 84 to 72 by 2007
55. Population is the biggest resource of Uttar Pradesh. The compound annual growth rate of
population remained stagnant at around 2.3 percent during the past 30 years whereas States like Andhra
Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, West Bengal and Karnataka witnessed significant decline during this period.

56. The birth rate and death rate in Uttar Pradesh are higher than the national average. As per SRS
2003 data crude birth rate is highest in U.P. at 31.3. The Tenth Plan aims to bring down the CBR to 22
which appears to be unrealistic. Such rapid decline could not be easily achieved because literacy and
particularly female literacy is at low level and due to lack of awareness implementation of family welfare
programmes is also not at the desired level.

57. In Uttar Pradesh prior to the 1970, women on average, gave birth to more than six children in their
lifetime (TFR). This has now reduced to 4.4 which is still higher than national average at 3.0. Under the
current rate of decline Uttar Pradesh would take another 27 years to reach the replacement level of fertility
(2.1). States like Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, West Bengal would achieve this rate in next 2-3
years whereas States like Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar would take another 28, 39 and 98 years
respectively to achieve this rate.

58. The major constraints towards population stabilization are the higher infant mortality rates, lower
side of average age of mother at the birth of her first child, inadequate female literacy, higher unmet need
for contraceptives and poor quality of health services.

59. Married women in U.P. have consistently reported a large unmet need for family planning in
recent years. In 2002-04, survey 27.4 percent women wanted no more children and 14.2 percent wanted
children after two or more years. The target is to reduce this unmet need from 42 percent to around 20% by
the year 2011.

60. As per SRS 2003 data crude death rate in the state is 9.5 which is close to the higher CDR (9.8) in
Madhya Pradesh and Orissa. Decline in death rate depends on effective health and medical facilities,
nutrition, social awareness as well as gender equality. The sectoral allocation of outlays/expenditure

[ 308 ]
reveals that highest expenditure in the health sector was in the First Plan (9%) and thereafter it is ranging
between 3 to 4 percent. The per capita public expenditure on health in U.P. in the year 2003-04 was Rs.
91.43 which is lowest among other major States viz Andhra Pradesh (Rs.208.22), Karnataka (Rs.238.38)
Maharashtra (Rs.219.75) and Tamil Nadu (Rs.226.77). Bihar is the only State whose public expend iture
(Rs.76.73) is lower than that of U.P. In order to increase health and medical facilities in the State large
spending is required in health sector. Here it is also pertinent to say that only public sector is not competent
to provide health facilities to such a large population and therefore public private partnership in health
services is also required. Government is also planning to launch Health Insurance scheme for women
members of Self Help Groups, farmers who are members of cooperatives and members of organized
sector.

61. The infant mortality rate declined from 84, to 76 in the year 2003 which indicates that we can
achieve desired level (72) by the end of Tenth Plan. There is a clear cut correlation between IMR and
institutional delivery, immunization, nutritional support, better health and nursing facilities, and breast
feeding. In Uttar Pradesh the institutional deliveries are less than 25 percent. In order to increase safe
deliveries, State Government is planning to create a new cadre of skilled birth attendant.

62. Rapid Household survey conducted in 1998-99 and 2002-03 indicates a significant fall in full
immunization from 43.3 percent in 1998-99 to 29.8 percent in 2002-03. This figure again declined to
27.9% during the survey 2002-04. Therefore effective implementation of immunization programmes is
required with a view to reduce IMR.

63. During the Tenth Five Year Plan the interventions made by the State Government for family
welfare are as under :
4 A Rs.125 crore European-commission assisted project for sector reform in family welfare is
being run in the state to fill in the gaps of health care system. Another Rs.600 crore project
"State Innovation in family planning service" is being implemented mainly to focus on
reducing fertility amongst target couples, special RCH camps are being organized at PHCs for
providing sterilization services.
4 The reproductive and child health programme is being implementing in the state to fill in the
gaps in terms of infrastructure, man power, equipments and training. Contractual staff like
ANM, Staff Nurses and lab technicians are being hired to provide maternal and child care. The
medical and paramedical staff is being trained to improve upon the skill.
4 The traditional birth attendants are being trained to provide safe delivery. The target is to
provide at least one Dai in each village. About 52,000 Dais have been trained so far in the first
round. Government is also contemplating to increase the training inputs to Dais. The
immunization of children against 6 preventable diseases is being implemented on a large scale.
The department of family welfare and department of Women and Child development through
ICDS scheme are making all efforts to strengthen the immunizations services.

[ 309 ]
64. Besides these the Government is also planning to launch two new interventions :-
4 Health Insurance Scheme for women members of Self Help Groups, farmers who are members
of cooperatives and members of organized sector.
4 To encourage public private partnership in health sector a viability gap fund will be created to
which to the extant of 20% of the total projects cost will be provided to the private sector.

Among these interventions we need to quickly improve health system response and quality
starting from pregnancy to after delivery, increase skilled birth attendance at child birth, effective
new born care, exclusive breast feeding with appropriate complementary feeding. The recently
launched 'National Rural Health Mission' will also play a significant role in the outcomes of
health sector and achievement of the monitorable targets.

Rural roads

65. The target is to link all habitations having population more than 500 to be connected with all
weather roads under PMGSY. In Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana all habitations having population
1000 or more were to be connected by year 2003 and habitations of population 500-999 are to be
connected by the year 2007. However this achievement is unlikely hence effort is towards convergence of
resources to achieve the above targets at the earliest.

66. The total number of habitations in the State are 170004 including 39139 having population 1000
and more, 41452 between 500-999 and 89413 having population less than 500. The number of habitation
connected by road are as on 31-3-05 are 95331. The unconnected habitations are 74673 in which 2487
habitations have more than 1000 population, 16292 have population between 500-999 and 51746 having
population below 500. The target is to connect 6766 (including 2000 with population more than 1000 and
4766 between 500-999) habitations in 2005-06 , 7013 (including 2013 with population more than 1000 and
4766 between 500-999) in the year 2006-07 and the remaining in the year 2007-08. The total funds
required for connecting habitation having more than 1000 population and between 500 to 999 population
are Rs.2766 and Rs.7842 crore respectively. Thus total funds required for connecting habitations having
population more than 500 is Rs.10608 crore.

Energy

67. The target is to electrify all villages by the end of the Tenth Plan under PMGY.

68. As per 1991 census, the total number of inhabited villages in the State were 97135 of which 57734
villages have been electrified by the end of Ninth Plan. The target is to electrify the remaining 39401
villages during the Tenth Plan period. The achievement during the years 2002-2003, 2003-2004 and 2004-
05 were 1780, 384 and 2128 villages respectively. It is anticipated that 6000 villages will be electrified in
the year 2005-2006.

[ 310 ]
69. In 2004-05 a centrally sponsored scheme called Rajiv Gandhi Gramin Vidyutikaran Yojna was
launched by GOI through Rural Electrification Corporation. In this scheme all the remaining un eletrified
villages in the country are proposed to be electrified in 2 years time. In U.P. 30852 villages are to be
electrified under this scheme by the end of 2006-07 for which an amount of Rs. 2291.42 crore is
sanctioned by REC. Private sector participation will also be ensured in electrifying these villages.

Rural Water Supply

70. All habitations numbering 2.43 lakh in the State were fully covered with safe drinking water with
one handpump source per 250 person (40 lpcd) by the end of the Ninth Plan. The State Government has
now relaxed the norm of one hand pump for 250 population (40 lpcd) to demand based one hand pump for
150 population with the provision of 10% capital cost and 100% O&M cost to be shared by the community
as per the guidelines of GOI. The total number of handpumps installed by the end of Ninth Plan were
10.62 lakh. The pumps installed in the years 2002-05 were 1.83 lakh. Thus, total number of handpumps
installed at the beginning of 2005-06 were 12.45 lakh. It is expected to install 131211 and 135000
handpumps during the years 2005-06 end 2006-07 respectively.

71. In the State there are also some habitations which are facing water quality problems. The main
programmes meant for sustainable access of potable drinking water are as follows :
4 Provision of safe drinking water to 9600 quality problem habitations out of which 1290
habitations were covered during the period 2002-05. It is proposed to cover 1800 habitations
during the year 2006-07.
4 Construction of piped water supply schemes and installation of new handpumps in
consideration of improved service level based on demand driven approach with at least 10%
capital cost shar ing by the community along with O&M responsibility.
4 Adequate provision of rebore for those hand pumps which have out-lived their life and need to
be rebored.
4 Water conservation, water harvesting, water recharge and sustainability of the drinking water
sources in water stress and other affected areas.

Women Empowerment

72. In order to reduce gender disparity Tenth Plan have also stressed social, economic and political
empowerment of women. For social empowerment focus is on the following issues:
4 Check adverse sex ratio - In this regard certain legal regulations relating to banning of sex
selective abortions, female infanticide and foeticide have been passed but their impact is
minimal and hence their strict implementation should be ensured.
4 Female education.
4 Reproductive and child health services.

[ 311 ]
 4 Welfare and support services - Various schemes such as Working Women Hostels, Short
stay homes, Ashray Sadan, Widow pension scheme, National social assistance programme,
Balika Samridhi Yojna is being implemented for their support and welfare. Constitution of
India have also guaranteed certain constitutional and legal rights to them.

73. For their economic empowerment certain schemes/programmes such as Swashakti, Swayamsidha,
Kishori Shakti Yojna, Mahila dairy yojna, SJGSRY are being implementing in the State. In most of these
scheme women self help groups have been formed for their economic empowerment. VOs with
development projects funded by the Govt. and international institution are also encouraged to constitute
SHG's in the project area. The immediate objective of the women SHG's is to make them self reliant,
enhancement in their income through training, technology and market support, creation of confidence
building and awareness among the member of the group, their control over economic resources, improving
access of women to micro credit, their involvement in local planning etc. But mere formation of SHG may
not be helpful. It should also be ensured that as at per guidelines at least half of the group should be
exclusive ly for women. Data reveals that during the period 1999-2005 (July) 2.83 lakh groups were formed
under SJGSRY of which only 24% groups were exclusively for women. The groups engaged in economic
activities are not very large.

74. For their political empowerment both the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment have ensured
their one-third participation in the grass root democracy through PRIs and urban local bodies.

75. A special strategy 'Women Component Plan' is also being implementing in the State to ensure that
at least 30% of the funds/benefits flow to women from other development and welfare sectors.

Organizing and promoting SHGs

76. The total number of SHGs formed till date are around 3.53 lakh. Department-wise/ Scheme-wise
details of groups are as given below :
Name of Deptt. Name of Scheme/Project Number of groups
formed
1 Rural Development Deptt SJGSRY 282737
2 Bhumi Sudhar Nigam 1- Usar Reclamation Project 6507
2- Swashakti 15337
3- Women Participation in Save grain 100
4- Men SHG 3803
3 UPDASP UPDASP 12871
4 DPAP DPAP 2978
5 Integrated Wasteland - 1978
development programme
6 Women Welfare Corporation Swayam Sidha 16757
7 Milk Commissioner - 10376
Total 353444

77. Studies conducted for evaluation of functioning of these groups reveals that most of the groups of
SJGSRY are not doing well and they are not engaged in economic activities. The groups formed by other

[ 312 ]
agencies are in better position and they also engaged in economic activities which leads to desired
improvement in their social condition.

78. The recommendations for organization, promotion and strengthening the SHGs are as under :
4 There are a plethora of organizations that support SHGs and the processes of social
mobilization, financing norms and other related activities differ from organization to
organization. A comprehensive review is needed to evolve a commonality in the approach of
different SHG programmes.
4 The SHGs movement must focus on women. At least 50 percent of the SHG groups should be
of women and a minimum of 25 percent of the women in a village/habitation must be covered
under SHGs programmes.
4 The success of SHGs depends on bank lending for economic activities, but credit support has
been a major constraint. A 'micro finance equity fund' should be created with contributions
from commercial banks, which could be treated as a part of their priority sector lending
programme.
4 For successful implementation of the scheme the focus should be on 'grading of the groups'
rather than 'total number of groups'. Instead of applying target oriented approach, process
oriented approach should be applied.
4 It must be ensured that both production and marketing should take place collectively rather
than on individual basis. Instead of this there should also be the possibility of few groups
making collective efforts in this regard.
4 Choice of activity must be governed by the concept of 'cluster approach'. Instead of selecting
numerous activities few activities should be selected and funded based on the availability of
local resources, available skills and training, existing market or future market possibilities so
that attention to all the aspects of these activities should be given like value addition design
development, quality of the product and marketing.
4 Modern business opportunities should be given preference over traditional economic activities.
4 Skill upgradation and development training should be given to each group especially after
second grading so as to encourage product diversification.
4 Effective co-ordination between line department and implementing agencies should be
ensured.
4 Banks should adhere to the time frame and norms prescribed by RBI for disposal of loan
applications and the ways of extending credit.

[ 313 ]
 Annexure-1
Region - wise comperative status of Development in U.P.
Sl. Development Indicator Eastern Western Central Bundel U.P. INDIA
No khand

1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9
I- Population

1. Population -2001 (Lakh) 666.28 611.14 302.01 82.32 1661.75 10286.10

2. Area - 2001 (Sq.km.) 85848 7931 45834 29418 240928 3287000

3. Density of population (per sq.km.) 776 767 658 280 690 324
(2001)
4. Decennial growth in population 25.58 26.55 26.29 25.57 25.91 21.54
(%)(1991-2001)
5. Percentage of urban population to total 11.78 28.25 25.11 22.46 20.78 27.78
population (2001)
6. Percentage of Scheduled Castes 21.15 18.17 26.10 25.14 21.15 16.20
population to total population (2001)
7. Percentage share of various regions in 40.10 36.80 18.20 5.00 100.00 NA
State's population (2001)

8. Percentage of villages having 12.46 6.47 4.05 8.52 11.07 NA

population less than 200 to total villages
(2001)
II- Health and Education

9. No.of Allopathic Hospitals 2.74 2.77 2.74 4.13 2.82 3.86

/Dispensaries including PHC's per lakh (1.1.2001)
of population (2002-03)
10. No.of be ds in Allopathic 37.01 38.73 53.81 46.49 41.16 70.01
Hospitals/Dispensaries (including (1.1.2001)
PHCs) per lakh of population (2002-03)
11. No. of PHCs per lakh of population 1.95 1.81 1.91 3.10 1.95 NA
(2002-03)
12. No.of Maternity and Child 12.05 10.81 11.53 15.88 11.69 NA
Welfare Centre/Sub-centre per lakh of
population (2001-02)
13. Literacy percentage Total (2001) 54.27 57.36 57.58 59.30 56.27 64.80
14. Literacy percentage 2001(Female) 39.13 43.96 45.52 43.11 42.22 53.70

15. No.of Schools per lakh of population (2001-02)

(a) Junior Basic School (2003-04) 62 72 67 98 68 63 (2002-03)

(b) Senior Basic School (2003-04) 19 21 19 33 20 24 (2002-03)

16. Teacher pupil ratio (2003-04)

(a) Junior Basic School 90 88 80 77 87 43 (1.1.2000)

(b) Senior Basic School 120 100 90 49 101 34 (1.1.200)

III - Infrastructural Facilities

17. Total Length of Pucca Roads per lakh 74.77 84.25 93.00 111.48 83.38 147.4 (1998-
of population (km.)(2001-02) 99)

[ 314 ]
18. Total Length of Pucca Roads per 588 652.99 620.54 315.66 582.47 440.70
thousand sq.km. of area (km.) (2001- (1998-99)
02)
19. Per capita power consumption (kwh) 159.70 195.30 201.40 129.70 178.90 3730
(2002-03) (2002-03)

20. Percentage of electrified villages to 53.30 64.50 63.40 63.90 58.40 83.80
total villages (2002-03) (2002-03)

21. Percentage of net area irrigated to net 73.20 89.40 81.00 46.70 77.40 38.80
area sown (2002-03) (2000-01)
22. Percentage of water logged area to total 6.35 0.04 0.51 0.00 2.45 NA
Kharif area (2000-01)

VI- Agriculture And Allied

23. Percentage of holdings of less than 1.0 83.00 68.80 76.60 70.30 75.40 NA
hectare area (1995-96)
24. Average size of holdings Less than 1.0 45.80 28.10 38.50 13.90 33.70 NA
hect) (1995-96)
25. Total Fertilizer distribution per hectare 132.82 159.56 27.62 40.33 133.45 84.80
of gross cropped area (kgs) (2002- (2002-03)
03)
26. Gross value of agricultural output per 12462 16735 14102 9546 14100 20167
hectare of gross cropped area at (1999-2000)
constant price (base on 1993-94)

27. Net sown area per capita (hect.) (2002 - 0.09 0.12 0.22 0.22 0.12 0.14
03) (2000-01)
28. Productivity of major crops (qtls/hect.) (2001-02)

i. Total Foodgrains 20.55 25.76 21.19 13.71 21.64 15.62

(2002-03)
ii. Wheat 24.06 32.06 26.74 23.33 27.55 25.96
(2002-03)
iii. Rice 21.09 22.81 19.94 12.66 21.17 18.36
(2002-03)
iv. Potato 210.58 273.48 209.66 246.63 246.62 229.62
(2002-03)
v. Oilseeds 6.38 11.29 7.70 6.05 8.69 9.30
(2001-02)

Sl. Development Indicator Eastern Western Central Bundel U.P. INDIA

No khand

1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9
vi. Sugarcane 513.01 613.83 536.59 502.67 579.80 681.54
(2001-02)
29 Per capita foodgrains production (kgs) 243.45 282.75 253.77 364.71 265.78 169.36
(2001-02) (2002-03)

V- Industry and Minerals

30 Number of persons employed in 107 413 229 64 240 777

Registered factories per lakh of
population (2001-2002)
31. Per capita gross value of industrial 1417 7811 3743 1587 4202 8970
output (Rs.'000) (2001-2002) (1999.-2000)

[ 315 ]
32. Number of total working factories per 2.7 12.9 9.4 3.9 7.7 12.7
lakh of population (2001-2002) only Regis.
Fact.

VI- Banking and Finance

33. Credit Deposit ratio (2004) 24.96 40.73 32.00 41.10 33.21 59.4
(2002-03)
34. No.of Scheduled Commercial Bank per 4.3 5.0 5.3 5.1 4.8 6.5
lakh of population, 2002-03

VII- Employment and Manpower

35. Percentage of main workers to total 22.02 24.19 25.36 27.01 23.67 39.10
population (2001)
36. Main workers engaged in agriculture to 66.14 56.08 63.78 70.08 62.12 58.20
totalmain workers (2001)

37. Per rural persons gross value of 1788 3551 2632 2704 2565 NA
Agricultural Produce at Constant prices
on 1993-94 .
38. Per capita Income (at 1993-94 prices) 4222 6978 5720 6159 5603 17978
(2001-02. Rs. at current prices
200 1- 02
Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, U.P.

[ 316 ]
 Annexure-II
Inter-District disparity in Uttar Pradesh
Level of development of districts in the State is identified on the basis of 29 indicators which
includes 9 indicators of agriculture and allied activities, 8 of economic infrastructure, 4 of social
infrastructure and 4 of industry sector. In addition to these 25 indicators, 4 another indicators relating to
population, literacy, workforce and per capita domestic product have also been used. Then on the basis of
these 29 indicators Composite Index of Development (CID) have been calculated. The details of these
indicators are given below:
List Of Indicators Used For Calculating District/Region Wise Composite Indices Of Development .
79.

S. NO. INDICATOR
Agriculture and Allied
1 PERCENTAGE OF NET AREA SOWN TO CULTURABLE LAND
2 DISTRIBUTION OF FERTILIZERS PER HA. OF GROSS AREA SOWN (Kg..)
3 INTENSITY OF CROPPING
4 AVERAGE YIELD OF FOODGRAINS (Q./HA.)
5 GROSS VALUE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE PER HA. OF GROSS AREA SOWN (Rs.) AT CURRENT PRICES
6 PER CAPITA PRODUCTION OF FOODGRAINS (Kg.)
7 PER CAPITA GROSS VALUE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE (Rs.) AT CURRENT PRICES
8 PERCENTAGE OF AREA UNDER COMMERCIAL CROPS TO GROSS SOWN AREA
9 PERCENTAGE OF NET IRRIGATED AREA TO NET AREA SOWN
Economic Infrastructure
10 PERCENTAGE OF ELECTRIFIED VILLAGES TO TOTAL INHABITED VILLAGES
11 PERCENTAGE OF ELECTRICITY CONSUMED IN DOMESTIC USE TO TOTAL CONSUMPTION
12 LENGTH OF PUCCA ROADS (UNDER P.W.D.) PER LAKH OF POPULATION (K.M.)
13 LENGTH OF PUCCA ROADS (UNDER P.W.D.) PER THOUSAND SQ. K.M. OF AREA (K.M.)
14 NO. OF SCHEDULED COMMERCIAL BANK BRANCHES PER LAKH OF POPULATION
15 CREDIT -DEPOSIT RATIO (PERCENTAGE)
16 NO. OF POST OFFICES PER LAKH OF POPULATION
17 NO. OF TELEPHONE CONNECTIONS PER LAKH OF POPULATION
Social Infrastructure
18 NO. OF ALLOPATHIC HOSPITALS/DISPENSARIES PER LAKH OF POPULATION (INCLUDING P .H. Cs.)
19 NO. OF BEDS IN ALLOPATHIC HOSPITALS/DISPENSARIES PER LAKH OF POPULATION (INCLUDING P.H .Cs.)
20 NO. OF JUNIOR BASIC SCHOOLS PER LAKH OF POPULATION
21 NO. OF I.T.I. PER LAKH OF POPULATION
Industrial Development
22 NO. OF WORKING FACTORIES PER LAKH OF POPULATION
23 NO. OF WORKERS ENGAGED IN REGISTERED FACTORIES PER LAKH OF POPULATION
24 GROSS VALUE OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCE PER CAPITA (Rs.)
25 PERCENTAGE OF CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRICITY IN INDUSTRY TO TOTAL CONSUMPTION
Others Unclassified
26 PERCENTAGE OF URBAN POPULATION TO TOTAL POPULATION
27 LITERACY PERCENTAGE (TOTAL)
28 PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL WORKERS TO TOTAL POPULATION
29 PER CAPITA NET PRODUCT FROM COMMODITY PRODUCING SECTORS (Rs.) AT CURRENT PRICES
On the basis of these selected 29 indicators, the composite index of development has been
worked out at district level. Based on this CID, in descending order, the districts have been placed in five
ranges. Assuming the levels of development of the State as 100, the districts whose composite index of
development is 120 or more have been placed in the category of Most Developed districts, the district
having their CID ranging below 120 to 100 are placed in High Medium Developed and the districts having

[ 317 ]
CID ranging below 120 are placed in Medium Development category, while the districts having their CID
ranging below 80 have been assumed as backward districts.
Methodology
The Planning Commission, Govt of India has identified the backwardness of the 150 districts in
the country, including 21 districts of U.P., which is shown in the following table, using the following three
parameters giving equal weightage to each in Rashtriya Sum Vikas Yojna.
• Value of output per agriculture worker
• Agricultural wage rate
• Percentage of SC/ST population of the district
Under National Food for Work Programme, the Planning Commission, Govt of India has
identified backwardness of the 15 districts of U.P. on the basis of prevalence of poverty indicated by
SC/ST population, agricultural productivity per worker and agricultural wage rate. The backward districts
identified by the Planning Commission under RSVY and NFFW programmes are more or less same as
identified by using 29 indicators in the study of Regional disparities conducted in 2003 and 2005
respectively by Planning Department, Govt of U.P..
To identify the magnitude of disparities, the coefficient of variation is the best statistical method,
which reflects the magnitude in numerical way. On the basis of secondary data available in respect of 70
districts of the State, the composite index of development of the districts has been calculated. There are
many disparities also among the districts within a region. For working out the numerical values of the
selected indicators, the State value of that indicator has been assumed as 100. After this, getting the
average value of all the numerical values worked out, the Composite Index of Development (CID) have
been calculated for all the 4 sectors viz., agricultural, economic, social infrastructures, industry, along with
unclassified indicators. Based on this CID, the coefficient of variations has been worked out and also inter
regional inter districts disparities have been identified.
Backward Districts Identified Under RSVY, NFFW and Regional Disparities (29 Composite Indicators)
Sl.N0 RSVY NFFW Regional Disparities Composite Index
(29 Indicators)
1 Sonbhadra Sonbhadra - 105.42
2 Mirzapur Mirzapur - 83.03
3 Jaunpur - Jaunpur 76.89
4 Kaushambi - Kaushambi 76.85
5 Azamgarh - Azamgarh 76.95
6 Pratapgarh - - 83.26
7 Gorakhpur - - 95.60
8 Kushi Nagar Kushi Nagar - 82.62
9 Chandauli - - 81.43
10 Banda Banda Banda 78.82
11 Chitrakoot Chitrakoot Chitrakoot 69.44
12 Hamirpur Hamirpur - 90.67
13 Mahoba Mahoba - 98.40
14 Jalaun - - 101.56
15 Lalitpur Lalitpur - 90.92
16 Raebareli Raebareli - 86.76
17 Unnao Unnao - 86.68
18 Hardoi Hardoi Hardoi 79.75
19 Sitapur Sitapur - 90.09
20 Barabanki Barabanki - 92.23

[ 318 ]
 21 Fatehpur Fatehpur - 88.46
22 Lakhhim Pur Kheri - 98.71
23 Bahraich 79.01
24 Ghazipur 78.87
25 Maharajganj 78.78
26 Siddharth Nagar 77.85
27 Gonda 76.92
28 Balrampur 73.48
29 Sant Kabir Nagar 69.25
08 .
30 Shrawasti 63.47
In the study conducted in 2003, on the basis of data available (1991-2000) it was found that 9
districts namely, Hardoi, Jaunpur, Shrawasti, Gonda, Bahraich, Balrampur, Chitrakoot, Azamgarh and
Santkabir Nagar were identified as most backward districts as per their CID. Out of these 9 districts only
one district belongs to Bundelkhand region and rest of the districts fall in Eastern region, which is shown
in the following Table:
Classification of the District's Level of Development According to the Composite Index Of Development
18 .
in Descending Order(2003)
Most Developed Districts (CID 120 or above)
1 GautamBuddha Nagar 302.03 4 Kanpur Nagar 143.78
2 Ghaziabad 158.86 5 Lucknow 137.51
3 Meerut 151.40 6 Agra 120.84
High Medium Developed Districts (CID 100 to 120)
7. Saharanpur 119.37 18 Jyotibaphule Nagar 111.11
8 Muzaffarnagar 119.26 19 Sultanpur 110.68
9 Mathura 118.01 20 Bulandshahar 107.32
10 Baghpat 116.77 21 Etawah 107.09
11 Jhansi 116.65 22 Pilibhit 105.88
12 Bijnor 115.76 23 Sonbhadra 105.41
13 Rampur 114.35 24 Farrukhabad 105.17
14 Varanasi 113.61 25 Aligarh 104.35
15 Bareilly 111.72 26 Shahjahan Pur 103.71
16 Kanpur Dehat 111.63 27 Kannauj 100.50
17 Muradabad 111.51 28 Barabanki 100.40
Low Medium Developed Districts (CID 80 to100 )
29 Hathras 99.73 46 Unnao 87.44
30 Firozabad 99.51 47 Badaun 86.49
31 Lakhimpur 98.84 48 Basti 86.06
32 Jalaun 98.57 49 Mirzapur 85.76
33 Mahoba 97.13 50 Kushinagar 85.45
34 Allahabad 96.10 51 Ballia 84.10
35 Auraiya 95.28 52 Maharajganj 83.12
36 Lalitpur 94.83 53 Mau 82.98
37 Manpuri 93.79 54 Deoria 82.85
38 Gorakhpur 93.69 55 Ambedkarnagar 82.38
39 Hamirpur 91.31 56 Banda 81.98
40 Faizabad 90.39 57 Kaushambi 81.38
41 Fatehpur 89.62 58 Sant Rabidas Nagar 81.16
42 Raebareli 88.89 59 Ghazipur 80.79
43 Sitapur 88.40 60 Pratapgarh 80.74
44 Etah 87.82 61 Siddharth Nagar 80.49
45 Chandauli 87.46
Most Backward Districts (CID 80 and below )

[ 319 ]
 62 Hardoi 79.27 67 Balrampur 75.47
63 Jaunpur 78.50 68 Chitrakoot 74.71
64 Shrawasti 77.76 69 Azamgarh 73.91
65 Gonda 77.46 70 Sant Kabir Nagar 69.75
66 Bahraich 76.52
Now in the study conducted in March, 2005 based on 2001-02 data, it is found that the 14 districts
of the State namely Shrawasti, Sant Kabirnagar, Chitrkoot, Balrampur, Kaushambi, Jaunpur, Gonda,
Azamgarh, Siddharthnagar, Mahrajganj, Banda, Ghazipur, Bahraich and Hardoi are most backward. Out of
these 14 districts, 11 districts belong to Eastern, 2 districts belong to Bundelkhand and one district belongs
to Central region. which is shown in the following Table:
Classification of the District's Level of Development According to the Composite Index Of Development in
Descending Order(2005)
Most Developed Districts (CID 120 or above)
1 GautamBuddha Nagar 405.13 5 Lucknow 136.73
2 Ghaziabad 185.63 6 Muzaffar Nagar 125.05
3 Meerut 149.48 7 Bijnor 121.92
4 Kanpur Nagar 141.43
High Medium Developed Districts (CID 100 to 120)
8. Saharanpur 119.37 19 Aligarh 105.71
9 Mathura 119.05 20 Pilibhit 105.49
10 Agra 116.00 21 Sonbhadra 105.42
11 Jyotiba Phule Nagar 114.58 22 Bagpat 104.75
12 Varanasi 114.29 23 Farrukhabad 103.95
13 Jhansi 113.82 24 Etawah 102.70
14 Rampur 113.44 25 Jalaun 101.56
15 Muradabad 110.73 26 Firozabad 101.51
16 Bulandshahar 110.66 27 Shahjahanpur 101.37
17 Kanpur Dehat 106.95 28 Kannauj 100.59
18 Bareilly 106.84 29 Hathras 100.32
Low Medium Developed Districts (CID 80 to100 )
30 Lakhimpur Kheri 98.71 44 Badaun 87.07
31 Mahoba 98.40 45 Raebareli 86.76
32 Auraiya 96.57 46 Unnao 86.68
33 Gorakhpur 95.60 47 Ballia 84.36
34 Allahabad 94.11 48 Basti 83.43
35 Faizabad 93.35 49 Pratapgarh 83.26
36 Manpuri 92.87 50 Mirzapur 83.03
37 Barabanki 92.23 51 Kushinagar 82.62
38 Lalitpur 90.92 52 Ambedkarnagar 82.58
39 Sultanpur 90.71 53 Deoria 82.32
40 Hamirpur 90.67 54 Mau 81.58
41 Sitapur 90.09 55 Chandauli 81.43
42 Etah 89.76 56 Sant Rabidas Nagar 80.62
43 Fatehpur 88.46
Most Backward Districts (CID 80 and below )
57 Hardoi 79.75 64 Gonda 76.92
58 Bahraich 79.01 65 Jaunpur 76.89
59 Ghazipur 78.87 66 Kaushambi 76.85
60 Banda 78.82 67 Balrampur 73.48
61 Maharajganj 78.78 68 Chitrakoot 69.44
62 Siddharth Nagar 77.85 69 Sant Kabir Nagar 69.25
63 Azamgarh 76.95 70 Shrawasti 63.47

[ 320 ]
 On the basis of the studies conducted in 2003 and 2005,a slight movement- upward or downward
has been observed in the placement of backward districts based on their present CID in 2005 in
comparison to their position of placement as observed in 2003. This movement is shown in the following
table also shown graphically .
District Having Same Position District who Loose Position Districts Having Improved Position
District Position District Last Position District Improved
From Position
From
Chitrakoot 68 Maharajganj 52 to 61 Hardoi 62 to 57
Balrampur 67 Banda 56 to 60 Gonda 65 to 64
Ghazipur 59 Kaushambi 57 to 66 Bahraich 66 to 58
Siddharthnagar 61 to 62 Azamgarh 69 to 63
Jaunpur 63 to 65 Sant Kabir Nagar 70 to 69
Shrawasti 64 to 70
Graphical Presentation of Position of Districts
80

70

60

50

Previous Position,2003
40 Present Position, March,2005

30

20

10

0
ar
j

ee arh
an

bi

ar
h

r
ti

u
ag

t
as

o
am

ur
ic

ag
da
i
da

do

p
g

ab g
u

o
ra

zip
am
w
aj

tK am
on
p

rN
an

ak
ar
ar

th

ah
sh

ha
ra

G
B

u
ah

itr
ar
au

alr
an z
B
Ja

G
h
S A
h

B
M

C
id
S

[ 321 ]