Chemistry Study Guide: Solutions

Terms:
Solute
Solvent
Solution
Solubility
Aqueous
Dilute
Concentrated
Saturated
Unsaturated
Molarity
Dilution
Molality
Freezing Point Depression
Boiling Point Elevation

Formulas:
Solubility
Molarity
Dilution
Molality
Freezing Point Depression

I. Mixtures
A. General Information
1. heterogeneous or homogeneous
2. heterogeneous: large particles
3. homogeneous: small particles
4. solution: a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
mixed together in the same uniform way
B. Suspensions are temporary heterogeneous mixtures
1.When different parts of the mixture separate over time, it is called
suspension
2.When the liquid is being stirred, the particles still might be mixed,
but they will eventually settle to the bottom
C. Solutions are stable homogeneous mixtures
1. salt dissolves into water to form a homogeneous mixture
2. The particles are evenly distributed making it a true solution
D. Solution is a broad term
1.When people say solution they are normally referring to a liquid
mixture
2.The main ingredient in a solution is the solvent (it is often water)
3.The ingredient dissolved in the solution is the solute
4.H2O is the most common solvent (It forms an aqueous solution)
 Chemistry Study Guide: Solutions

Words to remember:
Mixture = you can see the particles not dissolved
Suspension = particles settle to the bottom of the solution
Solubility = Can something dissolve in something else?

II. Concentration
A. General
1.The ratio is the concentration of a solution
2.The concentration is the amount of a particular substance in a given
quanity of a solution
B. Some measures of concentration
1. Molarity
- Symbol M
- Moles of solute/L of solution
2.Molality
- Symbol m
- Moles of solute/kg of solvent

III.Molarity
A. General
1. Molarity describes how many moles of solute are in each liter of
solution
2. The symbol M is read as “moles per liter”
B. Calculating Molarity
1.molarity = moles of solute/liters of solution
2.mass of solute -> (use molar mass) -> amount of solute -> (use
definition of molarity) -> molarity of a solution
3.volume of solution -> (use conversion factors) -> volume of solution
-> molarity of solution

III. Solubility and Polarity

A. General
1.The ability of one substance to dissolve into another
B. Rule is “like dissolves like”
1.miscible: when liquids are completely soluble with each other
- charges are +/-
- polar dissolves polar (ionic)
2.immiscible: two or more liquids that do not mix with each other
- form two layers
- ex. water and oil
- polar and non polar
Chemistry Study Guide: Solutions

VI. Solubility of Solid Compounds

A. Greater Surface Area Speeds up Dissolving Process
1.Only place dissolving can take place is where solute and solvent
molecules are in contact
2.If a solid is broken down into small particles, the Surface Area is
greater and the rate of dissolving increased
B. Solubility Generally Increases with an Increase in Temperature
1. Increasing the temperature is effective because solvent
molecules with greater kinetic energy can dissolve more solute particles
C. Dissacociation: The seperating of molecules into simler
molecules, atoms, radicals, or ions
1. seperation of ions from the lattive into into individually dissolved
ions

V. Saturation
A. General
1. saturated solution: a solution that cannot dissolve any more
solute under the given conditions
2. unsaturated solution: a solution contains less solute than a
saturated solution and that is able to dissolve additional solute

VI. Freezing Point Depression

A. General
1.ex. rock salt lowers the freezing point of water and anti-freeze in a
radiator
2.When you add solute to a solvent you will depress/lower the
temperature at which the solvent will freeze
3. ΔT = i Kf m
4.The constant K is given

VII. Boiling Point Elevation

A. What is it?
1.Boiling point elevation occurs when the boiling point of a solution
becomes higher than the boiling point of a pure solvent
2.Ex. Adding salt to water
3. ΔT = i Kb m
4. The constant K is given

VIII. Colligative Properties of a Solution

A. depends on the concentration of the solution

Practice:
 Chemistry Study Guide: Solutions

1. What happens to an ionic compound when it dissolves in water? To a

molecular compound when it dissolves in water?
a. When a molecular compound is dissolved, none of the bonds are
broken. When an ionic compound is dissolved, the bonds break down

2. Discuss factors that affect the solubility of a solute in a solvent. Think

about KoolAde in water and carbon dioxide in soda.
a. temperature, polarity, pressure, molecular size, stirring (increases
speed of dissolving)

7. How does the molarity of a solution change if you add more solute? If
you add more solvent?
??

8. Can you describe a solution as being:

saturated and dilute? Saturated and concentrated?
Unsaturated and dilute? Unsaturated and concentrated?

9. When you add a solute to a solvent, what is the effect on the freezing
point of the solvent? On the boiling point of the solvent? Examples? These
colligative properties are known as…?