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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
2. FORCE AND MOTION
2.1 ANALYSING LINEAR MOTION
Distance and displacement
1. Types of physical quantity:
(i) Scalar quantity: ………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Vector quantity: …………………………………………………………………
2. The difference between distance and displacement:
(i) Distance: …………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Displacement: ……………………………………………………………………
3. Distance always longer than displacement.
4. Example: The following diagram shows the location of Johor Bahru and Desaru.
You can travel by car using existing road via Kota Tinggi, or travel by a
small plane along straight path.
Calculate how far it is from Johor Bahru to Desaru if you traveled by:
a. The car
b. The plane
Kota Tinggi
41 km 53 km
Solution:
Johor
Bahru 60 km Desaru
1. Speed is ..…………………………………………………………………………………
2. Velocity is: ..……………………………………………………………………………...
3. Average of speed: ………………………………………………………………………
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
5. Example:
An aeroplane flies from A to B, which is located 300 km east of A. Upon reaching B, the
aeroplane then flies to C, which is located 400 km north. The total time of flight is 4
hours. Calculate
i. The speed of the aeroplane
ii. The velocity of the aeroplane
Solution:
Observation: ………………………………………………………………………………
2. Acceleration is, ……………………………………………………………………….
Then, a = Or, a v – u
t
3. Example of acceleration;
t=2s t=2s
A B C
2
20 – 0
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Calculate the acceleration of car;
i) from A to B
ii) From B to C
Analysing of motion
1. Linear motion can be studied in the laboratory using a ticker timer and a ticker tape.
Refer text book photo picture 2.4 page 26.
(i) Determination of time:
. . . . . . . .
(ii) Determination of displacement as the length of ticker tape over a period of time.
.
x
. . . . . . .y
(iii) Determine the type of motion;
. . . . . . . .
………………………………………………………………………………………..
. . . . . . . .
...……….……………………………………………………………………………..
. . . . . . . .
.……………………………………………………………………………………..
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
(iv) Determination of velocity
. . . . . . . .
displacement = ……………………… time = ………………………………..
Velocity, v =
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Example 2 : A van that is traveling with velocity 16 m s-1 decelerates until it comes to rest.
If the distance traveled is 8 m, calculate the deceleration of the van.
Execise 2.1
Length / cm
1. Figure 2.1 shows a tape chart
consisting of 5-tick strip. Describe 16
the motion represented by AB and BC.
In each case, determine the ; 12
(a) displacement 8
4
(b) average velocity
Figure 2.1
0
A B C Time/s
(c) acceleration
2. A car moving with constant velocity of 40 ms-1 . The driver saw and obtacle in front and
he immediately stepped on the brake pedal and managed to stop the car in 8 s. The
distance of the obstacle from the car when the driver spotted it was 180 m. How far is the
obstacles from the car has sttoped.
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
2.2 ANALYSING MOTION GRAPHS
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
……..…………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
…….……………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
…………………………….………………………………………
……………………………………………..………………………
…………………………………………………………………
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
e) displacement (m) Graph analysis:
…………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………..
time (s)
…………………………………………………………..
A B …………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………
O C time (s)
The velocity-time Graph
a) v/ m s-1 Graph analysis:
…………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………
t t /s
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
d) v (m s-1) Graph analysis:
...…………………………………..………………..
……………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………
t (s) ………………………………………………………
.……………………………………………………...
O R
0 2 4 6 8 t/s
2.
v/m s-1
Calculate:-
10 (i) acceleration,a over OP, PQ and QR
(ii) Displacement
P Q
5
Solution :
O R
0 2 4 6 8 10 t/s
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Excercise 2.2
1. (a) s/m (b) s/m (c) s/m
10
2. Describe and interpret the motion of body which is represented by the velocity-time
graphs shown in figure 2.22. In each case, find the distance covered by the body and its
displacement
10
t/s 0 2 4 t/s
-5 -10
Figure 2.22
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
4. Meaning of inertia :
…………..………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Mass and inertia
1. Refer to figure 2.14 of the text book, the child and an adult are given a push to swing.
(i) which one of them will be more difficult to be moved ……………………...
(ii) which one of them will be more difficult to stop? …………………………….
2. The relationship between mass and inertia : ……………………………….
……………………………………………………………..
3. The larger mass ………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Effects of inertia
1. Positive effect : …………………………………………………………………………
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Negative effect : ………………………………………………………………………….
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ………………………………………………………………………………………
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) ………………………………………………………………………………………
Execise 2.3
1. What is inertia? Does 2 kg rock have twice the inertia of 1 kg rock?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.
Figure 2,3
A wooden dowel is fitted in a hole through a wooden block as shown in figure 2.31.
Explain what happen when we
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) hit the end of the dowel on the floor.
………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Conservation of momentum
mg
mb vb vg = 0
(mb + mg)
Starting position before vb&g
she catches the ball
vb vg
mb
mg
Starting position
before she throws
the ball
Throwing a massive ball
u1
m1 u2 v2
m2 m1
m2
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Before collision after collision
3. explosion : …….....…………………………………………………………………...
(m1 + m2), u = 0 v1 v2
m2
Example 1 :
Car A Car B
Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at
20 m s-1 in front of it. Car A and B move separately after collision. If Car A is still moving at
25 m s-1 after collision, determine the velocity of Car B after collision.
Solution :
Example 2 :
Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at
20 m s-1 in front of it. Car A is pulled by Car B after collision. Determine the common velocity of
Car A and B after collision.
Solution :
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Example 3 :
A bullet of mass 2 g is shot from a gun of mass 1 kg with a velocity of 150 m s-1 . Calculate the
velocity of the recoil of the gun after firing.
Solution :
Exercise 2.4
1. An arrow of mass 150 g is shot into a wooden block of mass 450 g lying at rest on a
smooth surface. At the moment of impact, the arrow is travelling horizontally at 15 ms-1.
Calculate the common velocity after the impact.
2. A riffle of mass 5.0 kg fires a bullet of mass 50 g with a velocity of 80 m s-1 .Calculate the
recoil velocity. Explain why the recoil velocity of a riflle is much less than the velocity of
the bullet.
Idea of force
1. What will happen when force act to an object?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Idea of balanced forces
1. An object is said to be in balance when it is:
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Stationary object
……………………………… explanation :
……………………………………………..
……………………………………………..
……………………………… ………..…………………………………….
……………………………………………..
……………………………………………..
Idea of unbalanced forces
1. A body is said to be in unbalanced..……………………………………………………
2. ……………………….. Explanation;
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
……… …….. ………………………………………………
Relationship between forces, mass and acceleration (F = ma)
Experiment 2.2 page 29.
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Aim : To investigate the relationship between acceleration and force applied on a constant
mass.
Example 2 :
m = 25 kg
F = 200 N
Exercise 2.5
1. A trolley of mass 30 kg is pulled along the ground by horizontal force of 50 N. The
opposing frictional force is 20 N. Calculate the acceleration of the trolley.
2. A 1000 kg car is travelling at 72 km h-1 when the brakes are applied. It comes to a stop in
a distance of 40 m. What is the average braking force of the car?
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Example 1; v u
wall
If ; u = 10 m s-1 , v = - 10 m s-1 , m = 5 kg and t = 1 s
Impulse, Ft = and impulsive force, F =
Example 2; v u
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
2. A stuntman in a movie jumps from a tall building an falls toward the ground. A large
canvas bag filled with air used to break his fall. How is the impulsive force reduced?
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Safety features in vehicles Reinforced passenger compartment
Rubber bumper Absorb impact in minor accidents, thus prevents damage to the car.
Acts as a cushion for the head and body in an accident and thus
Air bag
prevents injuries to the driver and passengers.
Prevents the passengers from being thrown out of the car. Slows
Safety seat belt down the forward movement of the passengers when the car stops
abruptly.
Prevents the collapse of the front and back of the car into the
Side bar in doors passenger compartment. Also gives good protection from a side-on
collision.
Exercise 2.7
1. By using physics concepts, explain the midifications to the bus that help to improve that
safety of passengers and will be more comfortable.
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
7. Example 1. Can you estimate the gravitational force act to your body?
mass = 60 kg, g = 9.8 N kg-1, F = ?
Example 2,
A satellite of mass 600 kg in orbit experiences a gravitational force of 4800 N. Calculate
the gravitational field strength.
Example 3,
A stone is released from rest and falls into a well. After 1.2 s, it hits the bottom of the
well.
(a) What is the velocity of the stone when it hits the bottom?
(b) Calculate the depth of the well.
Weight
1. The weight of an object is defined ……………………………………………………..
2. For an object of mass m, the weight can be calculate as :
Example : The mass of a helicopter is 600 kg. What is the weight of the helicopter
when it land on the peak of a mountain where the gravitational field is
9.78 N kg-1?
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Exercise 2.8
1. Sketch the following graphs for an object that falling freely.
(a) Displacement-time graph,
(b) Velocity-time graph
(c) Acceleration-time graph
2. The following data was obtained from an experiment to measure the acceleration due to
gravity.
Mass of steel bob = 200 g, distance covered = 3.0 m, time of fall = 0.79 s.
Calculate the acceleration due to gravity of steel bob.
Give the explanation why your answer different with the constant of gravitational
acceleration, g = 9.8 m s-2.
stationary object
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Addition of Force
1. Addition of force is defined as ...……………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Examples : the forces are acting in one direction
F1 = 10 N
F2 = 5 N
Resultant force, F
Resultant force, F
F2 = 5 N
500
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
F1 = 10 N
Parallelogram method:
1. Draw to scale.
2. Draw the line parallel with F1 to the edge of F2, and the line parallel with F2 to the
edge of F1
3. Connect the diagonal of the parallelogram starting from the initial point.
4. Measure the length of the diagonal from the initial point as the value of the
resultant force.
F2
F1
Triangle method
1. Draw to scale.
2. Displace one of the forces to the edge of another force.
3. Complete the triangle and measure the resultant force from the initial
point.
Example 1: During Sport Day two teams in tug of war competition pull with forces of
6000 N and 5300 N respectively. What is the value of the resultant force?
Are the two team in equilibrium?
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
parallelogram and label the resultant force using scale of 1 cm : 50 N.
Determine the magnitude of resultant force.
Resolution of a force
1. Resolution of a force is …………………………………………………………………
Example : The figure below shows Ali mopping the floor with a force 50 N
at an angle of 600 to the floor.
F = 50 N
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
200 N
400
Problem solving
1. When a system is in equilibrium, ……………………………………………………….
2. If all forces acting at one point are resolved into horizontal and vertical
components, ……………………………………………………………………………
3. Example 1; Show on a figure;
a) the direction of tension force, T of string
b) the resultant force act to lamp
700 700 c) calculate the magnitude of tension force, T
a) T b) T’ T
mlamp = 1.5 kg
Wlamp = 14.7 N
Exercise 2.9
1. Two force with magnitude 18 N and 6 N act along a straight line. With the aid of
diagrams, determine the maximun possible value and the minimum possible value of the
resultant force.
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
2. A football is kicked simultaneously by two players with force 220 N and 200 N
respectively, as shown in Figure 2.9. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force.
220 N
900
200 N
4. Example 1;
Force, F
Example 2;
80 N
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
600
s= 5m
Example 3;
Example 4;
F = 600 N
S = 0.8 m
Energy
1. Energy is .................................................................................................................
2. Energy cannot be ....................................................................................................
3. Exist in various forms such as …………………...……………………………………
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Example of the energy transformation;
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
Example :
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Example 1; A small car of mass 100 kg is moving along a flat road. The
resultant force on the car is 200 N.
a) What is its kinetic energy of the car after moving through 10 m?
b) What is its velocity after moving through 10 m?
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
h = 1.5 m
3. Example; If m = 10 kg
3. Example in calculation : A coconut falls from a tree from a height of 20 m. What is the
velocity of coconut just before hitting the earth?
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Power
1. Power is …………………………………………………………………………………
2. A weightlifter lifts 180 kg of weights from the floor to a height of 2 m above his head in a
time of 0.8 s. What is the power generated by the weightlifter during this time?
g = 9.8 ms-2)
Efficiency
1. Defined……..…………………………………………………………………………….
2. Formulae of efficiency :
3. Analogy of efficiency;
Device/
mechine
Energy transformation
4. Example; An electric motor in a toy crane can lift a 0.12 kg weight through a height of
0.4 m in 5 s. During this time, the batteries supply 0.8 J of energy to the motor. Calculate
(a) The useful of output of the motor.
(b) The efficiency of the motor
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Carry out hands-on activity 2.11 on page 39 of the practical book to measure the power.
Exercise 2.10
1. What is the work done by a man when he pushes a box with a force of 90 N through a
distance of 10 m? State the amount of energy transferred from the man to the force.
2. A sales assistant at a shop transfers 50 tins of milk powder from the floor to the top shelf.
Each tin has a mass of 3.0 kg and the height of thee top shelf is 1.5 m.
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
2. .……………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
Example of wasting the energy;
………..…………………
Input enegy output
from the petrol energy
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Force of attraction
Explanation :
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Forces between atoms in compression
compressive force
compressive force
Explanation ;
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Forces between atoms in tension
force of attraction
5. Graf F against x
F/ N
Q P
E
0
R x (cm)
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
6. Spring Constant, k
F/N
0.8
0 8 x/cm
Example 1; A spring has an original length of 15 cm. With a load of mass 200 g
attached, the length of the spring is extend to 20 cm.
a. Calculate the spring constant.
b. What is the length of the spring when the load is in increased
by 150 g? [assume that g = 10 N kg-1]
Example 2;
The graph shows the relationship between the
Graph F against x of stretching force, F and the spring extension, x.
F (N) spring P and spring Q (a) Calculate the spring constant of P and Q.
(b) Using the graph, determine the
8 P stretching force acts to spring P and
7
spring Q, when their extension are 0.5 cm
6
5 Q
4
3
2
1
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Elastic potential energy
1. Elastic potential energy ………………………………………………………………..
spring with the original length
F compression
x spring compressed x
F x = compression x
x F spring extended
x = extension F, extension
Other situation where the spring extended
and compressed
Relationship between work and elastic potential energy
F/N
Graph F against x
F
x
x / cm
Example ;
5 kg
15 cm
8 cm
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Longer spring More elastic
Smaller diameter Less elastic
Diameter of spring
Larger diameter More elastic
Smaller diameter More elastic
Diameter of spring wire
Larger diameter Less elastic
Type of material the elasticity changes with the type of materials
Exercise 2.12
1. A 6 N force on a spring produces an extension of 2 cm. What is the extension when the
force is increased to 18 N? State any assumption you made in calculating your answer.
Reinforcement Chapter 2
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
3. Calculate the weight of a stone with D. 6.0 kg m s-1
mass 60 g on the surface of the E. 7.5 kg m s-1
moon.
(The gravitational acceleration of the
7. This figure shows an aircraft flying
moon is 1/6 that of the Earth.)
in the air. Lift
A. 0.1 N
B. 0.2 N
C. 0.4 N Thrust Air friction
D. 0.6 N
E. 0.8 N
Weight
4. The momentum of a particle is The aircraft above accelerates if
dependent on
A. Lift Weight
A. mass and acceleration B. Thrust Lift
B. weight and force C. Lift Air friction
C. mass and velocity D. Thrust Air friction
5. Which of the following diagrams 8. m = 0.3 kg
shows a body moving at constant
velocity? 5m
A. 2N 2N
What is the momentum of the stone
B. 12 N 7N just before it hits the ground?
C. 12 N 14 N A. 0.15 kg m s-1
B. 0.3 kg m s-1
D. 20 N 17 N C. 1.5 kg m s-1
D. 3.0 kg m s-1
E. 15.0 kg m s-1
6. The graph below shows the motion
of a trolley with mass 1.5 kg.
Solution :
Velocity / ms-1
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
C. great momentum
D. great kinetic energy A 0.6 s
B 1.4 s
10. An iron ball is dropped at a height of C 1.7 s
10 m from the surface of the moon. D 3.5 s
Calculate the time needed for the E 12.0 s
iron ball to land.
(Gravitational acceleration of the
moon is 1/6 that of the Earth and
g = 9.8 N kg-2)
Part B : Structure Questions
1.
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
(c) Suggest a method to move Car B so that the acceleration produced is equal to that
of method A.
……………………………………………………………………………..………..
………………………………………………………………………………………
2. ceiling
Tin
P Q
water M N
R
hand
………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Diagram 2.1(ii) shows a tin being released from the different positions M and N.
The hand of a student at position R needs greater force to stop the motion of the
tin falling from position M. Explain this observation.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Based on the observation (i) and (ii), state two factors that affect the magnitude of
the momentum of the object.
………………………………………………………………………………………
d) If water flows out from a hole at the bottom of the tin Q, how would the inertia of
Tin Q depends on time ?
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. 2 ms-1
P iron ball ( 2 kg )
S T
3.0 m smooth surface
1.0 m 2.0 m
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Q R
Diagram 3 Rough surface
The figure shows a iron ball that is rolled through PQRST. The rough surface of QR has
frictional force of 4 N.
a) Calculate
(i) the kinetic energy of the iron ball at P.
b)
c) (i) Calculate the total of energy of the iron ball when it reaches at Q ?
1.
(i) (ii)
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Diagram 1.1
Diagram 1.1(i) shows the condition of a car moving at high velocity when it suddenly
crashes into a wall.
Diagram 1.1(ii) shows a tennis ball hit with racquet by a player.
a) (i) What is the meaning of momentum?
(ii) Based on the observations of Diagram (i) and (ii), compare the
characteristics of car when it crashes into the wall and the tennis ball when
it is hit with a racquet. Hence, relate these characteristics to clarify a
physics concept, and name this concept.
b) Explain why a tennis player uses a taut racquet when playing.
Answer
a) (i) momentum is product of mass and velocity
(ii) - The shape of car changed but the shape of wall remained.
- The shape of ball remained but the shape of the racquet string was
changed. (The racquet string is elastic but the wall is harder)
- The time taken of collision between the ball and racquet string more
than
the time taken when the car hit the wall.
- The impulsive force will decrease when the time of collision increased.
- The concept is the impulsive force.
b) - To decrease the time of collision between the ball and the racquet string.
- Impulsive force will be increased.
- The force act to the ball will be increased.
- The velocity of ball will be increased.
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Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
2.
Properties Engine thrust Resistance
Brand Reaction time / s Mass / kg
force / N force / N
A 0.3 1.5 10.0 4.0
B 0.5 1.8 12.5 2.4
C 0.2 0.9 6.5 2.2
D 0.6 2.5 16.0 6.5
In a radio-controlled car racing competition, 4 mini-cars branded A, B, C and D took
part. The information of the 4 cars is given in the table above. Details of the above
information are given as below;
Reaction time - Duration between the moment the radio-controlled is switched on and
the moment the car starts moving.
Resistance - Average value of opposing forces includes the friction between
wheels and track, and air resistance.
(a) What is the meaning of acceleration?
(b) Draw a graph of velocity against time that shows a car moving initially with
constant acceleration, then moving with constant velocity and followed by
constant deceleration until it stops.
(c) Explain the suitability of the properties in the above table in constructing a radio-
controlled car racing purpose. Hence, determine which brand of car will win the
50-metre race.
(c) If Car B in the above table is moved up the plane at the angle of 30o to the
horizon,
(i) Show that the car is able to move up the plane.
(ii) Determine the acceleration of the car.
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