Midterm Review

Christie Chang
US1-Honors
Mid-term Review Guide
1/28/11
Groups of People
Anti-Federalists – Support states’ rights; Fear a strong central government – favored a bill of rights; Against a standing army
Barbary Pirates – pirates off the coast of Tripoli were committing raids on American Merchant Ships
Cherokee – a tribe of Native Americans in Georgia;
1. The "Trail of Tears"
- When the Georgia State legislature in 1828 ruled the tribal councils illegal they declared that they controlled the Native Lands
of the Cherokee.
- The Cherokee Nation sued the State of Georgia and won its decision.
- President Jackson wanted to see the Cherokee, and other Native American lands turned over to Whites for settlement, and
ordered the land confiscated.
- The Cherokee sued the United States Government and the case went up to the the Supreme Court.
- In the Case Cherokee Nation v. United States, the Supreme ruled that the Cherokee had the right to their land because of
treaties signed by the United States Government and their tribe.
- The Treaties were legally binding contracts that could not be broken. Justice Marshall cited the case of Dartmouth College v.
Woodward in his decision.
- Jackson, not to be outdone orders troops to move into the Cherokee Land anyway.
- *In 1830 Congress passes the Indian Removal Act which Jackson quickly passes.
- The Indian Removal Act uproots more than 100,000 Native Americans, and forces the removal of the "Five Civilized Tribes"
from their lands.
- When told that Justice Marshall viewed Jackson's actions as a violation of the Constitution and Separation of Powers, Jackson
replied, "Mr. Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it."
- Forced to march to the "Indian Territory" known as Oklahoma, over 2,000 Cherokee were killed due to starvation, exposure to
the elements, etc...
- The path of the Cherokee is known today as the "Trail of Tears".
Chickasaw – a tribe of Native Americans in Mississippi
Committees of Correspondence – a letter writing campaign between the colonists to spread the word of any emerging news crisis,
created by Sam Adams
Corps of Discover – The Corps of Discovery: (1804-1806)

- Thomas Jefferson sent Merriwether Lewis and William Clark on a secret two year journey through the Louisiana Territory.
- Lewis & Clark were asked to accomplish the following things:
1. Find their way to the Pacific Ocean
2. Explore the Northern Border of the Louisiana Territory; try to find the Northwest Passage (a waterway linking the east with
the west)
3. Collect samples of plants and animals for scientific study
4. To map out the terrain and navigate the Louisiana Territory
5. To make peace with Native Tribes and create routes of trade.
- Lewis & Clark were aided along their journey by a Shoshoni woman named Sacajawea, who guided them to the Pacific and
the Oregon Territory.
- Only William Clark would return after the expidition. Merriweather Lewis, a known alcoholic, committed suicide in 1807.
Federalists – Support Constitution; Favor a strong central government
Indentured Servants – servant workers
Loyalists – colonists that supported the British
Methodists –
Pilgrims – Plymouth Colony
- Founded in 1620 by Puritan Separatists who were self-exiled in Holland.
- Arrived on the Mayflower in what is now Cape Cod, MA.
- Before landing the Pilgrims signed the Mayflower Compact, a social contract which they agreed to obey the laws that they would
adopt. They agreed to consult each other about matters affecting the community and to abide by majority rule.
- Leaders were William Bradford and Captain Myles Standish.
- Aided by “Squanto”, a Native of the Wampanoag Tribe, The Pilgrims established their settlement and an alliance with Massasoit,
the Chief of the Wampanoag.
Puritans – separatists
The Massachusetts Bay Colony
- Founded in 1629 the Mass. Bay Colony was under the leadership of John Winthrop.
- Governor Winthrop established leadership and a moral compass stating that “We shall be as a City upon a hill, a beacon of
humanity.”
- The Colony prospered through fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding
- By 1631 over 1,000 Puritans leave England to come to the colony of “true faith.”
- The Colony is established along the Charles River, with two villages, Salem, and Boston.
- Puritan beliefs and morals ruled public policy where only “visible saints”, could become leaders in the Church and freemen.
Quakers – Pennsylvania
- Founded by William Penn in 1680, Pennsylvania was established as a religious haven for those who followed the Quaker religion.
- Quakers are followers of a religious group that believe each individual has an “inner light,” from God that grants them eternal
salvation. They are pacifists who emphasize pacifism (opposition to violence)
- William Penn encouraged all peoples to move to the Colony, legally buying land from the Native Americans to accommodate the
large numbers of settlers.
- Creating the Treaty of Lenni Lenape, Penn was able to broker a deal to create a city named after two Greek words, Philos and
Adelphi.
- The City created out of the treaty was Philadelphia, the City of Brotherly Love.
Republican Party – brings groups together (former Whigs, some Democrats, abolitionists)
- forms in 1854
- grows out of Wisconsin and Michigan
- anti-expansion/anti-extension of slavery
Seminole – a tribe of Native Americans in Florida

- Seminole Tribes led by Osceola would fight in the swamps of Florida for the next seven years, before being put down in 1837
Shakers – A religious sect which lived communally, and worshipped God by dancing and "shaking" (being overcome by the Holy Spirit)
- Made furniture to keep the group going. Died out in the late 1800's.
Sons of Liberty – after the Stamp Act, a group, led by Sam Adams, formed to protest further British laws
War Hawks – *"War Hawks"

- Sentiments for War against England came from land hungary Southerners and Westerners known as War Hawks.
- The War Hawks were led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina.
- The War Hawks demanded the following things;
A. That the British Abandon their forts in the Western Frontier, and end their alliance with Tecumseh and
Tenskawatewa "The Prophet".
B. That the British Navy should stop impressment of American sailors and end the British Orders in Council.
C. That the British Navy allow the United States to excercise its rights to Unlimited Fishing Rights off the coast of New
Foundland.
D. That the United States should invade and take over land in Canada
Documents
“Salutary Neglect” – Britian allowed the colonies to develop politically and economically in their own way, which results in the colonists
viewing mercantilism differently than the British Government.
11th Amendment – federal courts have the authority to hear cases in law and equity brought by private citizens against states and that
states did not enjoy sovereign immunity from suits made by citizens of other states
12th Amendment – provides procedure for electing the President and Vice President
3/5 Compromise – Three-Fifth's of the slave population was to be counted for representation and taxation purposes.
- Congress also agreed to have a census taken every 10yrs. to determine the accurate population of each state, and to determine
a state's representation in Congress.
Adams-Onis Treaty – John Quincy Adams attempts to sue for peace, bargaining with Spain the Florida Purchase Treaty (or Adams-
Onis Treaty) of 1819.
- In this treaty:
i. U.S. gets Florida, gives up claim to Texas
ii. Spain abandons claims to Oregon territory.
Albany Plan of Union – The Albany Plan

- Created by Benjamin Franklin, the Albany Plan of Union meant to unite the colonies in fighting the French.
- Would allow the colonies:
1. To raise their own taxes
2. Raise their own armies
3. Build forts
4. Wage war on the French
5. Build settlements/towns
6. Treaties with Native tribes
Alien and Sedition Acts – The Alien & Sedition Acts

A. Congress Passes the Sedition Act in 1798
B. The Sedition Act: Makes it a crime to speak out, or publish criticisms of the Government or the President.
C. Those found guilty could be thrown in jail or deported
D. The Alien Act was passed in 1798
E. The Alien Act: Increases the number of years an "alien" or foreigner must wait before becoming a citizen of the United States.
5yrs to 15yrs.
Articles of Confederation – The Articles of Confederation: (1781-1789)

- The Congress was faced with the task of establishing a government that was strong enough to govern and protect the nation,
but restrained enough to preserve individual liberties.
- With the Treaty of Paris, The United States was a sovereign state, and independent country.
- The First Constitution in the United States were the Articles of Confederation from 1781-1789.
- adopted by the Congress in 1777, but disputes over western land claims between the colonies postponed the ratification until
March, 1781
- The Articles did left some lasting impressions on the United States Government
1. War and Diplomacy: Under the Articles, the Congress signed the Treaty of Paris, ending the Revolution.
2. The political system of Federalism is created, which advocates the division of powers (Legislative, Executive, Judiciary)
3. The Articles created a system which would allow for the establishment of western settlement, and government in those
newly settled lands.
Bonus Bill – vetoed by Madison – would have given $1.5 million to the states for internal improvements
- Attempts at funding roads and canals were originally blocked by President Madison because he believed it was a state issue.
President Monroe and Clay negotiated a compromise of sending $1.5 million to the states for construction.
Common Sense – Common Sense: (January 1776)

- Written by Thomas Paine, a 39 year old political agitator who had moved to the Colonies from England in 1775.
- Wrote a 47 page pamphlet entitled "Common Sense", which advocated the establishment of an Independent American Republic.
- It sold 120,000 copies in three months, causing many colonists to favor independence.
- Attacking monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy of the English system, it suggested the abolition of the Crown and nobility.
Compromise Tariff of 1833 – The Compromise Tariff of 1833

- Henry Clay intervenes in the confrontation by bringing South Carolina and Jackson to the negotiating table.
1. South Carolina will not leave the Union
2. Jackson will not invade South Carolina
3. The Tariff of 1833 will reduce the Tariff of Abominations 10% over an 8 year period, to 20% (the level the tariff was in 1816)
- Jackson can claim victory because it keeps the nation together.
- The South can claim victory because they used Nullification to get the Tariff lowered, (a threat they will remember)
Connecticut Plan – The Connecticut Plan or "Great Compromise"

- Presented on July 12th, by Roger Sherman of Connecticut.
1. Provides Congress with a Bi-Cameral Legislature; The House & Senate.
- Representation in the House is based on a States population
- Representation in the Senate is based on each State getting an equal number of votes (2)
- All appropriation bills must be introduced in the House, the chamber of direct representation of the people.
- Congress has the rights of taxation, regulation of commerce (imports, trade between the states), and right to raise
an Army added to its powers.
2. The Executive branch
- There would be a Chief Executive who would have veto power, yet his veto could be overruled by 2/3 majority in
both houses of Congress.
3. The Judiciary
- There would be a Supreme Court which would be the highest court in the land, and have the power to hear appeals
from State Courts.
Constitutions –
Currency Act – The Currency Act (1764)
- Forbid the colonies from printing their own currency which would depreciate the value of the British pound.
- The Act also stated that the only currency used in the colonies should be "hard" currency, (silver and gold) and all taxes must be
paid in gold and silver.
- Silver and Gold were scarce medals and not easily available in the colonies.
Declaration of Independence – The Declaration of Independence: (July 4th, 1776)

A. The Influences
- Based upon Rousseau's "Social Contract" (1755) and Locke's "Second Treatise of Government" (1690)
B. The Preamble
- The opening statement or introduction which explains that seperation has become necessary to preserve the natural law
and natural rights.
C. Theory of Democratic Principles:
- The paragraph following the preamble sets Four Fundamental Political Ideas:
1. The Doctrine of Unalienable Rights, among them are Life, Liberty, Happiness.
2. The Compact theory of Government
3. The Doctrine of Popular Soverignty, that government is created by men, to serve humanity.
4. The Right of Revolution, the belief that the people have the right to "throw off such a government"
D. The List of Complaints
- The majority of the Declaration is a list of complaints against King George III, and the reasons for separation.
- The Declaration is directed at the King, because the Colonists claim that Parliament has no authority over them, and they
do not want to alienate members of Parliament that support them.
E. The Final Section
- The final paragraph is the acutal declaration of independence.
- It is also a formal declaration of War.
F. The Signers
- On June 11th, 1776 Congress appoints a committee consisting of; Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Robert Livingston,
Roger Sherman, and Thomas Jefferson.
- The Committee designated Thomas Jefferson to write the document
- The Declaration was submitted to Congress on June 28th, 1776
- On June 7th, 1776 Richard Henry Lee had stated in the Congress that "These United States are, and or right ought to be,
free and independent states."
- Congress adopts Lee's resolution and the Declaration on July 2nd.
- 12 States approve the Declaration (NY abstains) on July 4th, 1776
- Congress orders that the Declaration be printed and sent to all of the colonies to be read and on display for the public.
- By signing the document the signers were committing treason, where they would lose their posessions, property, and lives if
captured by the British.
- Benjamin Franklin stated, "If we are to succeed we must all hang together, or surely we will all hang
Elastic Clause – **The Necessary and Proper Clause**

- Known as the "Elastic Clause"
- This law allows Congress to "make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers."
- Congress has the right to create laws which may be needed at a future date.
Embargo Act – The Embargo Act: (1807)

- Seeking to force England to respect American rights while avoiding war, Jefferson pushed through Congress the Embargo Act.
- *The Embargo Act forbade ALL EXPORTS from the United States to ANY COUNTRY
- The Embargo Act crippled the American Economy, especially hurting the farmers who relied on selling their crops to Europe. It later
caused a major Economic Depression.
Excise Tax – The Excise Tax/Whiskey Rebellion

- To raise revenue to pay for domestic and foreign debt Hamilton has Congress pass a tax on Whiskey.
- Farmers in Western Pennsylvania resent the new tax, and begin their own armed rebellion from 1792-1794, stating that they were
not represented in Congress.
- The Government argues that indeed the Farmers did have actual representation and therefore must pay the tax.
- Washington alarmed that this rebellion may lead to another revolt like Shays Rebellion, asks Congress to raise an Army of 13,000
men to put down the farmers.
- Led by Alexander Hamilton, the Army puts down the uprising, proving that the government has the authority to control the actions
of the people.
Federal Hall Bill of Rights –the Bill of Rights [1791]

drafted by James Madison
appease the Anti-federalists
first 10 Amendments of the Constitution
1. Freedom of speech, press, religion
2. Right to bear arms
3. No quartering of soldiers
4. Unreasonable search and seizure
5. Right to protect from self-incrimination
6. Fair and speedy trial and public trial by peers (jury)
7. Suits of Common Law – Double Jeopardy (same crime cannot be tried twice)
8. Protects from cruel and unusual punishment
9. Rights enumerated to the people
10. Rights given to the states
Galloway Plan of Union – The Galloway Plan

- Created by Joseph Galloway
- A plan which would create an intercolonial legislature composed of delegates chosen to serve 3 yr. terms by the
colonial assemblies.
- The legislature would be presided over by a President, appointed by the King
- This plan is rejected by 1 vote
George Washington’s Farewell Address – Washington's Farewell Address
- *Washington decided not to run for President in 1796, and so establishes the Two Term Limit for Presidents.
- Washington warns the following things in his farewell address:
2. DO NOT GET INVOLVED IN POLITICAL PARTIES; Washington believes that partisanship creates divides and does not allow
government to function.
3. DO NOT GET INVOLVED IN FOREIGN ALLIANCES OR CONFLICTS; Washington believes that the United States should avoid
foreign conflicts, and worries that alliances will drag the United States into endless wars.
Great Compromise – *The Connecticut Plan or "Great Compromise"

- Presented on July 12th, by Roger Sherman of Connecticut.
1. Provides Congress with a Bi-Cameral Legislature; The House & Senate.
- Representation in the House is based on a States population
- Representation in the Senate is based on each State getting an equal number of votes (2)
- All appropriation bills must be introduced in the House, the chamber of direct representation of the people.
- Congress has the rights of taxation, regulation of commerce (imports, trade between the states), and right to raise an Army
added to its powers.
2. The Executive branch
- There would be a Chief Executive who would have veto power, yet his veto could be overruled by 2/3 majority in
both houses of Congress.
3. The Judiciary
- There would be a Supreme Court which would be the highest court in the land, and have the power to hear appeals from
State Courts.
Hamilton’s Financial Plan – The Hamiltonian Program: Steps Toward Domestic Stability
- Hamilton wanted to create a plan for the nation that would:
1. Build political support and legitimacy for the new government
2. Bind the states together in a cause to support the Federal Government
- The Reports of Public Credit
- Hamilton's Plan consisted of the following steps:
1. Repayment of Foreign Debt
- The United States owed over $12 million dollars to foreign investors and countries, namely France
2. Federal Assumption of State Debt
- Amounting to $25 million dollars, the Southern States (Virginia) objected to the assumption of State Debt because they
owed little or no money.
- James Madison opposed Hamilton's plan and had the votes in Congresss to block it.
- Thomas Jefferson, who sees the value in Hamilton's plan, yet understands the concerns of Southern Planters, invites
Madison and Hamilton to his home, Monticello, for a "Dinner Party"
- While at the "Dinner Party" Hamilton agrees to allow the Nation's Capital to be moved to Virginia, and in exchange
Madison allows for the Assumption of State Debt.
3. The Excise Tax/Whiskey Rebellion
- Farmers in Western Pennsylvania resent the new tax, and begin their own armed rebellion from 1792-1794, stating that
they were not represented in Congress.
- Washington alarmed that this rebellion may lead to another revolt like Shays Rebellion, asks Congress to raise an Army of
13,000 men to put down the farmers.
- Led by Alexander Hamilton, the Army puts down the uprising, proving that the government has the authority to control the
actions of the people.
4. *The National Bank
- Hamilton wanted the National Bank created to act as a depository for Federal funds, and one which would have the power
to issue money on the basis of its securities (holdings).
- The Sides for and against the National Bank were:
i. Federalists:
- Alexander Hamilton
- Loose Constructionists
- Favor the National Bank
- Uses the "Elastic Clause" or Necessary and Proper Clause to get Congress to pass the Bank Bill.
ii. Anti Federalists
- Thomas Jefferson
- Strict Constructionists
- Does not favor the National Bank
- The National Bank helped the United States pay off its foreign debts, and created a sound financial institution which
supported a strong currency.
- Upon leading the Army against the Whiskey Rebellion, Hamilton will resign as Secretary of the Treasury at the end of
Washington's first term.
Headright System – *The “headright system” encouraged the importation of servant workers, indentured servants, by paying for their
passage to the colonies in exchange for working on the land for 7 yrs.
- Those who paid for workers to move to the colonies were guaranteed the right to acquire 50acres of land.
- Once their term of servitude was up, the indentured servants were allowed to be free men.
Intolerable Acts – *The "Intolerable"/Coercive Acts (1774)

- Passed by Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party
1. The Boston Port Act: Closed the port of Boston until the Colonists paid the British East India Company for the destroyed tea.
2. The Massachusetts Government Act: The Governors Council was chosen by the Crown, local government was restricted, there
was no self-government in Mass.
3. The Administration of Justice Act: All British Officials who commit a crime will be tried in Britain, not the colonies.
4. The Second Quartering Act: Gives Military Officials the right to quarter, or house troops wherever they choose in a town.
5. The Quebec Act: Passed originally to establish the boundaries of Quebec as the Ohio River on the South and the Mississippi
River on the west.
- Infuriates the colonists who believe that the Act violates Colonial land charters.
- Allows religious freedom to Roman Catholics which is opposed by many Protestant Colonials in New England.
- Because of the Intolerable Acts, Colonists in Massachusetts call for an appeal by the other colonies to send aide
and boycott all British goods.
- Colonists in Virginia call for a Continental Congress to meet in Philadelphia in 1774.
Jay’s Treaty – The Jay Treaty

- Washington sends the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John Jay, to negotiate a treaty with the British.
- Jay is able to get the following concessions:
1. Impressed U.S. Sailors are returned to the United States.
2. U.S. Merchants are repaid for their loses from the stolen cargo.
3. British Troops agree to abandon their forts on the Western Frontier of the United States.
4. The United States earns trading rights to British outposts in the West Indies.
- The Jay Treaty, because it is made in secret, is hated by the American People because they were not informed of its details.
Judiciary Act of 1789 – Judiciary Act of 1789

organizes judicial branch – Supreme Court
One Chief Justice (John Jay was the first Chief Justice)
Five Associate Judges (now there are nine)
Organizes the court system in the U.S. [Federal District CourtsCircuit CourtsSupreme Court]
Creates office of the Attorney General (Edmund Randolf was the first)
Kentucky Resolution – The Virigina & Kentucky Resolutions

- Written by Thomas Jefferson (KY) and James Madison (VA) in 1798
- These resolutions were a direct attack on the Alien & Sedition Acts
- The resolutions adopted the doctrine that the Constitution was a compact (agreement) between the States, and that the states
could legitimately object to laws of Congress.
- Called the Doctrine of Interposition, this policy says that states can nullify laws of Congress
- *This law is the beginning of the Doctrine of Nullification, which the South will use when breaking away from the United States
in the Civil War.
Land Ordinance of 1785 – The Land Ordinance of 1785

- To divide the new western land in an orderly way, Congress passes the Land Ordinance Act of 1785.
- This Land Ordinance:
1. States that towns must be six miles square and divided into 36 subdivisions, of 640 acres each. The 16th subdivision
would be for public schools.
2. Each section of land would be sold at auction for $1.00, to pay off the national debt.
3. Revenue from the sale would go to pay for public schools
- Draw Backs to the Land Ordinance:
1. Few farmers could afford $640, the amount necessary for a minimal purchase; which opened the door to land
speculators who sold smaller parcels to farmers.
2. Native American claims to land in the Northwest was disregarded.
Louisiana Purchase – The Louisiana Purchase

- Originally the French had given up the Louisiana Territory to the Spanish as a result of losing the French & Indian War.
- Spain transferred control of the territory to France in the Treaty of San Ildefonso (1800), in exchange for control of the port city of
New Orleans.
- Throughout Jefferson's first term, American settlers were continuing to move westward into the Louisiana Territory, using the port
city of New Orleans as a base for continued western expansion.
- Spanish officials banned these settlers from using the port of New Orleans, and in 1803 the Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and
France were at War with Great Britian and most of Kingdoms of Europe.
- Originally Napoleon had hopes of creating a new French empire on the North American Continent.
- A slave revolt in Haiti, lead by Toussaint L'Ouveture, a former slave bogged down Napoleon's Army and prevented him from
developing the off-shore colonies he would need to supply a French colony in North America.
- Napoleon needed money to supply his fighting in Europe against his enemies, and so looked to sell the Louisiana Territory.
- President Jefferson, nervous of a stronger French influence in the West, sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to France to try
to buy New Orleans.
- Napoleon offers the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States for $15 million dollars.
Macon’s Bill No.2 – Macon's Bill No. 2

- Congress allowed the Non-Intercourse Act to expire in 1810
- Congress replaced the Non-Intercourse Act with Macon's Bill No. 2
- *Macon's Bill No. 2 promised both France and England that the United States would resume trade with the first nation that stopped
abusing American Shipping rights.
- This allows Madison the power to continue shipping with France, and cut all commercial ties with England in 1811.
Mayflower Compact – signed by Pilgrims before landing on North America; a social contract which they agreed to obey the laws that
they would adopt. They agreed to consult each other about matters affecting the community and to abide by majority rule
Maysville Road Veto – Andrew Jackson – vetoes a federally funded road, internal improvement
-did not think that internal improvements needed federal funding
Missouri Compromise – The Missouri Compromise

- Created by Henry Clay in 1820
- The Missouri Compromise had three parts:
i. Missouri would be admitted to the Union as a slave state
ii. Maine would be admitted to the Union as a free state (which kept the balance of slave/free states at 12 in the House
and Senate)
iii. Slavery is outlawed north of the 36' 30 parallel (the southern boundary of Missouri)
- Abolitionists and Pro Slavery supporters both called the compromise a "dirty bargain"
- The South won from the Missouri Compromise the ability to have Missouri as an unrestricted Slave State.
- The North won the belief that Congress could limits slavery's extension into the new western territories.
Monroe Doctrine – *The Monroe Doctrine: (1823)

- Americans feared that if European nations intervened in the Americas, the idea of spreading democracy would be threatened.
- Americans worried about Russian expansion in the Alaskan territory & West Coast, Spanish claims in South America, and any
other nation which might want to establish colonies in the Americas.
- England wanted to create an alliance with the United States, preventing further European colonization in the Americas, and it
also because feared the U.S. would later try to acquire Cuba, which would threaten British colonies in the Caribbean.
- J.Q.Adams believed this agreement would hurt American business, and so avoided joining in an alliance with Britain.
- Adams instead designed the Monroe Doctrine which:
i. The United States declares that the era of European Colonization in the Americas is over, that no country shall create
new colonies in the Americas.
ii. The United States will not allow foreign intervention in the Americas, and the United States will not interfere in
European affairs.
- In exchange for these two concessions, the United States agreed to not get involved in fighting between Greece and
Turkey (The Ottoman Empire)
iii. Any act of European intervention in the Americas would be an act of war.
- The Monroe Doctrine is the foundation of all U.S. Foreign Policy.
New Jersey Plan – The New Jersey Plan

- Presented to the Convention by William Paterson
- The plan called for changes in the Articles, rather than the creation of a new government.
- The smaller states argued that representation based on population would always allow the larger states to outvote or overrule
the smaller states.
- The larger states argued that equal voting rules created in the Articles left the larger states underrepresented.
- The New Jersey Plan proposes:
1. A Unicameral Legislature: Each state gets one vote.
2. The powers of Congress are to be increased to include the power to tax, regulate commerce, and raise an Army.
3. The Executive Branch: The President does not have veto power and is subject to state controls.
4. The Judiciary: Has the power to hear cases appealed from the State courts.
Non-Intercourse Act – The Non-Intercourse Act:(1809)

- In his last days of office, President Jefferson replaced the Embargo Act with the Non-Intercourse Act.
- *The Non-Intercourse Act opens trade with ALL NATIONS EXCEPT France & England
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – The Northwest Ordinance of 1787

- A two staged plan that provided territories with the ability to apply for Statehood if they:
1. Had 5,000 white adult males which elected a legislature, and had a governor appointed by Congress.
2. As soon as the territories population reached 60,000 free persons, the people could create and ratify a constitution
(which must be approved by Congress)
- From 1803-1848, OH, IN, IL, MI, and WI are admitted as states from the Northwest Territory.
Olive Branch Petition – On July 8th, 1775 Congress adopts the *Olive Branch Petition
- Created by John Dickinson, the petition is an appeal to King George III to accept an offer of "happy and permanent reconciliation."
- Presented by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin, the petition is rejected by the British, and the Parliament and King declare the
colonies in a state of rebellion.
- Parliament passes the American Prohibitory Act (12/22/75)
- This Act declares that the colonists are outlaws and their vessals are subject to capture by the British Navy.
- 18,000 Hessian soldiers from Prussia, allied with Britain, are sent into North America to put down the colonial militia.
Orders in Council – 1806, these orders close ports under French control for foreign shipping, including American, unless the ships first
stopped at a British port
Peace of Paris, 1763 – The Treaty of Paris 1763

- Signed in Paris in 1763
1. Britain defeats France
2. Britain wins control of all of North America east of the Mississippi River.
3. Spain gains New Orleans, and land west of the Mississippi River
4. France gains sugar plantations in West Indies.
5. Britain wins colonization rights in India.
6. French are bitter about loss, want revenge.
Pinckney’s Treaty – The Pinckney Treaty or Treaty of San Lorenzo

- Nervous over fear that the United States will go to war with Spain, the Spanish immedietly come to an agreement with the
United States.
1. Spain cedes the northern border of Florida, "pan handle" to the United States.
2. Spain gives the United States unlimited use of the Mississippi River and use of New Orleans.
Plan of Assumption –
Proclamation Line of 1763 – Forbade colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains
Proclamation of Neutrality – Washington Proclaims Neutrality in 1793, not wanting to upset commercial ties with Great Britain or
France. (The French Revolution)
- Washington did not believe in, or support, the idea of getting the United States involved in European Affairs.
- England and Spain are furious with the United States for not choosing to support their commercial allie.
Quartering Act – The Quartering Act (1767)

- Colonial citizens must provide room and board to British Troops who are serving in defense of the colonies, when there is no room
in the barracks.
- Colonists are not to be reimbursed.
Quebec Act – Passed originally to establish the boundaries of Quebec as the Ohio River on the South and the Mississippi River on the
west
Rush-Bagot Agreement – which limited naval armaments in the Great Lakes, and eventually disarmed the Canadian & US Border
Slave Codes – statutes that limited the rights of African Slaves
South Carolina Exposition and Protest – John C. Calhoun wrote the "Exposition" where he denounced the Tariff as unjust and
unconstitutional, suggesting that states nullify the tariff.
- The Exposition was one of many attempts by South Carolina to nullify Federal policies.
Stamp Act – *The Stamp Act (1765)

- Passed in 1765, this was passed to raise revenue for the British costs in defending the colonies.
- Required for ALL documents; bills of sale, commercial goods, legal documents (deeds, marriage licenses), playing cards,
pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas.
- The Stamps were imposed by the Stamp Agents, who were the most hated men in the colonies. (Often tarred and feathered,
homes destroyed by mobs)
- Those hardest hit by the Stamp Act were lawyers, merchants, publishers.
- Those who refused to pay for the Stamps could be tried in the Admiralty Courts without a jury.
- Opposition to the Stamp Act exploded in March of 1765.
- Colonists declared, "No taxation without representation."
- Patrick Henry, a representative in the Virginia House of Burgesses, supports the *Virginia Resolves.
- The Virginia Resolves denied Parliament the right to tax the colonies without their consent, claiming that only the House of
Burgesses could tax the Virginia colonists.
- Nine colonies sent representatives to New York in October 1765 to voice their opposition to the Stamp Act.
- *The Stamp Act Congress rejected the concept of Virtual Representation
- The Congress believed that Parliament should only regulate general actions.
- The Congress also claimed that only the colonial legislatures, in which colonists were represented, could levy taxes.
- All of the colonies agreed to resist all taxes not consented to by the colonial legislatures, and BOYCOTT all goods that required a
stamp.
- Businesses across the Empire demanded that the Stamp Act be dropped because it was hurting profits and business. (Non-
importation agreements)
- Colonists became self-sufficient as they began to produce their own goods
- Parliament repeals the Stamp Act in 1766.
- The Stamp Act Congress showed that the colonies could unite in a single cause.
- The Crisis also helped bring into focus the primary issues that existed between Britain and the American colonies.
- Groups such as the Sons of Liberty, led by Sam Adams, are formed to protest further British laws.
Stamp Act Congress – Nine colonies sent representatives to New York in October 1765 to voice their opposition to the Stamp Act.
- *The Stamp Act Congress rejected the concept of Virtual Representation
- The Congress believed that Parliament should only regulate general actions.
- The Congress also claimed that only the colonial legislatures, in which colonists were represented, could levy taxes.
- All of the colonies agreed to resist all taxes not consented to by the colonial legislatures, and BOYCOTT all goods that required a
stamp.
- Businesses across the Empire demanded that the Stamp Act be dropped because it was hurting profits and business. (Non-
importation agreements)
- Colonists became self-sufficient as they began to produce their own goods
- Parliament repeals the Stamp Act in 1766.
- The Stamp Act Congress showed that the colonies could unite in a single cause.
Suffolk Resolves – The Suffolk Resolves

- Created by Samuel Adams
- A complete disregard of the Coercive Acts and a demand for full restoration of the Constitutional Government in
Massachusetts.
- Unanimously adopted and sets the tone for Colonial grievances.
Sugar Act – The Sugar Act (1764)

- Designed to replace the Molasses Act of 1733
- Lowered the duty on imported molasses in an attempt to stop Colonial smuggling.
- Placed a duty on sugar, indigo, coffee, wines, and linens.
- It stated that the purpose of the tax was to raise direct revenue to pay for British expenses in defending the colonies.
- *It raised the question of Britain's right to tax the colonies without actual representation in Parliament
- *Actual Representation - The colonists wanted to elect their own representatives to sit in Parliament, that would represent colonial
needs when laws and taxes were passed in Parliament.
- *Virtual Representation - The colonists were provided representatives in Parliament that acted on their behalf, though those
representatives had never been chosen by the colonists, nor ever been to the colonies.
Tariff of 1789 –
Tariff of 1816 – 20% tax on value of imported goods
Tariff of 1828 – The "Tariff of Abominations"
- Passed during the American System, the Tariff on goods in 1824 increased to 37%.
- Jackson supporters in 1828 decided to increase the Tariff of 1828 to as much as 45%, "setting up" Adams as protecting business
and not farmers.
- The plan backfired, as the Tariff actuall effected Southerners who relied heavily on manufactored goods from Europe.
- Calling the plan the "Tariff of Abominations," many southern states planned to adopt formal protests.
- Southerners worried that the Federal Government would try to interfere in the institution of slavery, especially knowing that slave
revolts (Led by Denmark Vesey in 1822) were erupting.
- Southerners worried a great deal about Abolitionists using such tactics to suppress slavery in the South.
- Southerners were upset that they were paid a low price for their raw materials, yet had to pay a much larger price for the
manufactored goods. (read example on pg.263)
- With the Tariff, the South believed correctly, that Britain would buy fewer goods from the States, and vice versa, causing an even
greater economic slow down in the South.
- John C. Calhoun wrote the "Exposition" where he denounced the Tariff as unjust and unconstitutional, suggesting that states nullify
the tariff.
- The Tariff issue and the issue of personalities were the key issues of the 1828 Presidential Election between Andrew Jackson and
John Quincy Adams.
Tariff of 1832 –
The Federalist Papers – 85 essays published in the local news papers under the signature "Publius", written by Hamilton and Madison
Townshend Act – The Townshend Acts (1767-1770)

- Named after the Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend
- Parliament tries to raise revenue in the colonies by taxing such goods as lead, glass, paint, paper, and tea.
- Parliament decides to tax indirectly, collecting duties on goods imported into the colonies.
- The Townshend Acts included new taxes and stricter enforcement of the existing mercantile laws.
- The colonists objected to these import duties because they were a tax measure to raise revenue, not a commercial regulation.
- To enforce the Townshend Acts, Parliament established that Governors would be directly paid by Parliament, not the colonial
legsilatures. Parliament also establishes a Board of Commissioners, which issued writs of assistance.
- *Writs of assistance were search warrants, by British customs officials, to search colonists, businesses, homes, and ships for
smuggled goods. (This will inspire the IV Amendment, "No unlawful search and seizure")
- In opposition to the Townshend Acts, men like John Dickinson, wrote unsigned newspaper articles entitled "Letters from a Farmer
in Pennsylvania" (1767)
- In these letters Dickinson argued that writs of assistance were against the natural law, and that one could not be searched without
probable cause.
- Colonists grow more and more upset, and so more British troops are called into the colonies.
Treaty of 1818 – Treaty of 1818
 Sets the 49th parallel as a border between U.S. and Canada
 The U.S. and Great Britain agree to share Oregon for ten years
 The U.S. can use fisheries in Newfoundland
Treaty of Ghent – The Treaty of Ghent

- As the War began to drag on with no clear winner, Czar Alexander I, of Russia brought England & the United States to the
peace table in Ghent, Belgium in 1814.
- Initially England demanded that they maintain the Upper Great Lakes region and an Independent Native American State which
would act as a buffer between British and American territory.
- U.S. Diplomats led by John Quincy Adams refused.
- The Treaty of Ghent was signed on 12/25/1814 and the following concessions were agreed too.
- Officially:
i. Both the United States and Canada agree to recognize the territory and soverignty of the other.
ii. Though not mentioned directly in the Treaty of Ghent, the following unofficial agreements were made:
A. Britain would cease the policy of Impressment
B. Britain would end the Orders of Council
C. Britain and the United States would resume commercial trade
D. Britain would once again recognize the United States' rights to unlimited commerical fishing off the coast of New
Foundland.
Treaty of Greenville – ceded the Ohio Territory to the United States
Treaty of Paris – 1783 – The Treaty of Paris granted the following things:
7. Britian must recognize that the colonies are now the United States and an Independent Country.
8. The boundaries of the United States are the 45 parallel in the North, The 31st parallel to the South, and the Mississippi
River to the West.
9. *The United States has unlimited fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland, and in the St. Lawrence.
10. *The French, British, and United States may use the Mississippi River for comercial purposes.
11. Debts owed to British and American creditors was to be paid in full.
12. All confiscated land and property taken from the Loyalists in the Colonies was to be returned.
13. *The British were to withdraw their troops from the United States and its borders.
Virginia Plan – The Virginia Plan

- Originally the idea of James Madison and Gov. Edmund Randolph
- The plan called for a new government, rather than amending the Articles.
- Proposes the following steps:
1. A Bicameral Legislature (Two Houses): with representation based on a state's population.
- The lower house would be elected directly by the people.
- the upper house would be chosen by members of the lower house.
2. An Executive Branch
- Chosen by the legislature for an unspecified term and ineligible for reelection.
3. The Judicial Branch
- Consisting of one or more supreme courts and such inferior courts as the legislature might create.
Virginia Resolution – The Virigina & Kentucky Resolutions

in the Civil War.
Writs of Assistance – search warrants, by British customs officials, to search colonists, businesses, homes, and ships for smuggled
goods. (This will inspire the IV Amendment, "No unlawful search and seizure")
Elections
Election of 1796 – The Election of 1796
- Alexander Hamilton was such a polarizing figure that he did not dare run, for fear that the AntiFederalist, Thomas Jefferson, would
be elected president.
- The Federalists choose as their Candidate, John Adams.
- The AntiFederalists choose as their Candidate, Thomas Jefferson.
- Adams wins a narrow victory over Jefferson.
- Due to the law, that was not changed till 1804, the second highest vote winner became Vice President.
- Jefferson becomes the Vice President.
- Marked the first time when political parties emerged, divided over domestic and international issues.
- John Adams & Charles Pinckney represent the Federalist Party
- Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr represent the Democrat-Republican Party
- The Federalists are split in their decision of which candidate to vote for.
- The Democrat-Republicans seem to favor the idea of Jefferson for President, and Aaron Burr for Vice President.
- Jefferson & Burr end up tied in the Electoral College with 73 votes apiece
- The vote is placed in the hands of the House of Representatives, which is controlled by the Federalists.
- Jefferson, still the Vice President, vowed to break any tie the Federalists might support, blocking their attempt to place a Federalist
in the White House as President Pro Tempore.
- George Washington was asked by the Federalists to run again for President, but he refused.
- With a deadlocked vote in the House, Alexander Hamilton urges the Federalists to support Thomas Jefferson, rather than Aaron
Burr.
- Thomas Jefferson wins the Presidency two weeks before the inauguration.
- America becomes a two party system

- Democrat-Republican: Thomas Jefferson
- Federalist: Charles Pickney
- Jefferson wins reelection with 162 Electoral Votes to 14 votes.

- Madison faced the problem of running for election during a Depression caused by the Embargo Act and his mentor, Thomas
Jefferson.
- The American people looked favorably on Madison, awarding him 128 Electoral votes to 47.
- Democrat-Republican: James Madison
- Federalist: Charles Pinckney, Dewitt Clinton
Election of 1816 –
Election of 1824 – Adams-Clay & The "Corrupt" Bargain
- In the Election of 1824 John Q. Adams, Andrew Jackson, William H. Crawford, and Henry Clay all ran for the Presidency.
- Jackson ran on his record of being a War Hero and Indian Fighter
- Adams ran on his record as a diplomat and statesman.
- Jackson won the popular vote, but not a majority of the Electoral Votes (pg.260)
- The vote went to the House of Representatives to break the deadlock among the top three candidates.
- Henry Clay, now out of the race, presided over the vote as Speaker of the House, and could thereby influence the vote.
- Clay and Adams "allegidly" created a bargain where Clay would throw the Election to Adams in exchange for being made the
Secretary of State.
- Andrew Jackson cried "Foul" and accused Clay and Adams of a "Corrupt Bargain".

- One of the dirtiest campaigns in American History.
- Jackson was portrayed to be the child of a prostitute, a brawler, a slave owner, an adulterer (His wife Rachel's divorce from
her first husband had not been finalized before the couple wed. This event caused her to have a heart attack, killing her)
- Adams refused to partake in these rumors, though he was portrayed as an elitist, a "crook", a gambler, and one who kept
prostitutes, by Jackson's supporters.
- Jackson wins the Presidency with 647,286 popular votes, and 178 Electoral votes.
- Jackson's key support came from white males who believed he personified the New West; individualism, opportunism, energy,
directness, and prejudices.
- Jackson was a war hero, a "man's man", who was not college educated, yet shared in the life experiences of the everyday
person.
- Jackson's inauguration was called the "people's party" and he opened the White House to the public to celebrate his victory.

- Democrat: Martin Van Buren
- Whig: William Henry Harrison
- Martin Van Buren was known as the "Appointment" because he was virtually handpicked by Jackson to recieve the nomination
from the Democratic party.
- Van Buren wins the election with 170-124 Electoral votes.
Election of 1840 – Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!

- The Whigs once again supported William Henry Harrison as their nominee in the 1840 Election.
- Harrison chose as his running mate, John Tyler, a politician from VA
- Harrison claimed to have been born in a Log Cabin and ran as a War Hero, was fond of alcoholic cider.
- He was a War Hero, but was not born in a Log Cabin, and was educated as a doctor.
- The Whigs painted Van Buren as an out of touch aristocrat, and portrayed Van Buren as a man who had betrayed the
"common man", even though Van Buren was actually the candidate who was born poor.
- In the Election of 1840 William Henry Harrison wins with 234 Electoral Votes to 60.
Events
“Era of Good Feelings” – The "Era of Good Feelings"
- Due to the overwhelming feeling of National Pride and regional unity, American's set aside their political differences and
unified under one political party, the Democrat-Republicans.
- Since the disaster of the Hartford Convention, the Federalists competed in their last Presidential Election, nominating Rufus
King
- James Monroe was chosen as President, winning all but sixteen votes in the Electoral College.
2nd Great Awakening – The Second Great Awakening

- Growing resentment of liberal ideas in society pushed many to seek religious renewal.
- The Second Great Awakening spread from town to town via the "camp" or "tent" revivals, where travelling preachers would spread
the word of Christianity.
- Charles Grandison Finney was seen as the leader of the movement, travelling all over Upstate Western NY, the "Burned Over"
district preaching that people repent for their sins such as alcohol abuse, adultery, supporting slavery.
- Slavery was the main issue dividing relgigious denominations.
- Northern Churches were for abolition, Southern Churches were pro-slavery.
- Baptist and Methodist churches divided over the issue.
Bacon’s Rebellion – Bacon’s Rebellion

- As “indentured servants” there was a rising number of “freemen” whose service in the headright system had expired.
- Provided originally with “freedom dues” the free men originally would get corn, clothes, and a small parcel of land.
- With “good” land drying up, fewer and fewer freemen were receiving freedom dues, and they were being pushed into the
backwoods of the colonies.
- *Nathaniel Bacon was a freeman who garnered support from other freemen in fighting against the corruption of VA Governor
William Berkeley and his ties to the fur trade with Native Americans.
- Believing that the Governor supported the rights of Native Americans and not free Englishman, Bacon and his followers drove
Berkeley from Jamestown and then burned the Capital.
- Eventually Bacon would die from disease and the rebellion would be crushed by Berkeley and British Forces.
- *The Rebellion highlighted the resentment between the landed class (wealthy) and the poor. It also was the death of Indentured
Servitude, and the beginning of slavery.
Battle of Fallen Timbers – [1794] Battle of Fallen Timbers

 General “Mad” Anthony Wayne defeats N. Americans in the Ohio Valley
 Results in the signing of the Treaty of Greenville – cedes all Native American land in the Ohio Valley to the
U.S.
Battle of New Orleans – Battle of New Orleans [January 1815]

-Andrew Jackson
 Defeated Creek Indians at Horseshoe Bend in 1814
 Defeated British in Pensacola, FL
 Promoted to Major – General
-Jackson guesses that the British are going to attack New Orleans
-begins to organize for the defense of the city
[December 23, 1814] British make an initial attack but quickly retreat
[January 8, 1815]
British return to New Orleans with 7 500 men – lead a full frontal attack
-a terrible decision by British officers
2 000 British die/injured
13 U.S. soldiers killed, 60 wounded
Great victory for the U.S. – even if fought two weeks after treaty was signed
Propels Andrew Jackson to the status of war hero
Battle of Saratoga – Battle of Saratoga [October 1777]

Turning point in the war
Burgoyne is surrounded and forced to surrender his entire army to Gates
Battle of the Thames – Battle of Thames [1813]

-because of British defeat on Lake Erie, the British are forced to retreat from Detroit back to Canada
-William Henry Harrison catches the British and defeats them – killed Tecumseh
Battle of Tippecanoe – William Henry Harrison – governor of IN territory – attack N.A. at Prophetstown
Battle of Tippecanoe
Indians strike first
Harrison defeats them – crushes the confederation
-discovers that the British supply N. Americans with guns through Canada
Battle of Yorktown – Battle of Yorktown

 Cornwallis leads the British army to Yorktown, VA
 At Yorktown – U.S. is planning on waiting for the British supply ship
 George Washington realizes that Cornwallis walked into a trap
Marches Continental Army 300 miles to Yorktown
Joined by Rochambeau and Lafayette – French Army
De Grasse – French Navy
They trap Cornwallis at Yorktown
[October 19, 1781] Cornwallis surrenders his entire force of 7 000 soldiers
 During the surrender, the British band plays “The World Turned Upside Down”
 Lafayette doesn’t like the song – makes the band play “Yankee Doodle Dandy”
Battles of Trenton and Princeton –

[December 26, 1776] Battle of Trenton
Washington surprises 1 500 Hessian soldiers and easily defeats them in the middle of the night
[January 3, 1777] Battle of Princeton
Leave the campfires burning – trick the British into thinking he was still at camp
-silenced the cannons, silent orders
Washington surprises the British Army and scores another major victory
Black Hawk Wars – Black Hawk Wars

-Native Americans from Indiana and Illinois, led by Chief Black Hawk
-fought against the removal
-One of the most notable resistance actions
Blandensburg –
Boston Massacre – The Boston Massacre (1770)
- On March 5th, 1770 a mob grew outside the Barracks of British Troops.
- British troops come under fire with snowballs and rocks, and open fire to disperse the crowd.
- Five men are killed, four white, one black, (Crispus Attucks)
- The event was published in newspapers across the colonies, under the engraving by Paul Revere, and published stories by Sam
Adams.
- John Adams, Sam's cousin and the best lawyer in the colonies, is called to defend the soldiers in their trial.
- The soldiers are found innocent of murder.
Chesapeake Incident – In 1807 The Chesapeake Incident occured.

- The U.S.S. Chesapeake was overtaken by a British Ship ten miles off the coast of Virginia.
- The British Captain ordered that four people, believed to be deserters, be handed over.
- The Chesapeake's Captain refuses to allow this to happen, compelling the British to open fire on the Chesapeake.
- American's are outraged and want to go to War with Britain.
Dominion of New England – James II [1685-1688] creates the Dominion of New England
to combat the New England Confederation
to enforce the Navigation Acts
Fort McHenry – Repelling the British Invasion

- As the British advanced towards Baltimore, the Mayor and General incharge of Fort McHenry, ordered that ships be sunk at the
mouth of Baltimore Harbour to prevent the British from landing an invasion force.
- The British assault by land was stalled by the Americans.
- The British began their assault of Baltimore by sea.
- Aboard one of the British frigates was an American Lawyer who had been taken hostage, Francis Scott Key.
- Key's eye witness account of the British attempt to capture Fort McHenry was captured in his poem, "The Star Spangled Banner".
- Key's poem would become our nation's national anthem.
French and Indian War – George Washington

- As British colonists moved into the Ohio River Valley, France began building forts to prevent further expansion. (Ft. Duquesne)
- In 1754 the Governor of Virginia, Robert Dinwiddie, commissioned Maj. George Washington to deliver a message to the French
stating that England would begin building their own forts.
II. The Spark
- Maj. Washington approaches Ft. Duquesne, to inform the French of British intensions.
- French and British forces encounter each other in an armed fight, and Washington and his men kill the French Ambassador.
- Fleeing to Fort Necessity, Washington is forced to surrender to the French, expanding the war to North America.
III.Taking Sides
- England and Prussia vs. France, Spain, Austria & Russia
- Fighting took place from the West Indies, North America, Europe, and Asia.
- Do to a lack of resources; (population and supplies) France cannot defend North America.
IV. The Albany Plan
3. Build forts
V. Early in the War
- British lose General Braddock in fight outside Ft. Duquesne
- British launch full attack by invading Canada in 1756.
- British expel Acadians to Louisiana where they become Cajuns.
VI. William Pitt
- The “Great Commoner.”
- Focused British energy on conquering
1. Louisburg
2. Montreal
3. Quebec
VII. The Battles
1. Fort Duquesne (1758)
2. Crown Point & Fort Ticonderoga (1759)
3. Quebec (1759)
- British General Wolfe, and French General, Montcalm are both killed.
4. Montreal (1760)
VIII. The Treaty of Paris 1763
- Signed in Paris in 1763
1. Britain defeats France
2. Britain wins control of all of North America east of the Mississippi River.
3. Spain gains New Orleans, and land west of the Mississippi River
4. France gains sugar plantations in West Indies.
5. Britain wins colonization rights in India.
6. French are bitter about loss, want revenge.
Great Awakening – The Great Awakening

- A time of great religious fervor and renewal in the colonies.
- Spread throughout the colonies from 1730-1740's
- Church Ministers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield believed in "Revival Meetings" which spoke to people about
the eternal damnation of sinners.
- Ministers were worried about the decline in Church membership, decay of family authority, dishonest business practices, an
increase in the use of foul language, problems with teenagers.
- Revivals went from town to town gathering converts.
- Those who believed in the teachings of the Great Awakening were born again into the Christian faith and were called "New
Lights".
- New Lights are known today as Baptists.
- "Old Lights" were traditional Protestant and Catholic faiths who disagreed with the charasmatic religious services; Roman
Catholic, Anglican, Congregationalists, Presbyterians, Lutherans, Calvinists, Methodists.
Impressment – "kidnap" American Sailors and force them into service in the British Royal Navy.
Industrial Revolution – The Industrial Revolution

Great Britain is the first to industrialize in the mid-1700s
Samuel Slater
21-year-old British mechanic
Remembers the plans for a textile mill and illegally brings them to the U.S.
Slater and Moses Brown build the first textile mill in Rhode Island [1791]
-Problem: cotton is expensive to grow
-Solution: Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin [1793]
-can remove the seeds 50 times faster than by hand
Significance of the Cotton Gin:
Ties the South to cotton
Renews slavery in the South
Creates an industrial giant in the North
Factory System in the Northeast
Long hours and low wages
Unsanitary conditions
Unsafe conditions
Child labor
At first, workers are forbidden to join unions
[1842] Supreme Court rules in Commonwealth vs. Hunt that labor unions are not illegal
-this eventually brought improved conditions for workers
National Economy
North – Factory System (finished products)
South – Cotton (fuels the factory system)
West – Wheat, corn, other food products (food for all)
North, South, and West work together
-The United States begins its path to becoming an industrial giant
Lowell System
By Francis C. Lowell – brought all processes of production under one roof
-industrial cities; built around the factory and work
-women are employed, along with children
Interchangeable parts
Idea of Eli Whitney
Mass producing parts for a product
Fuels the factory system
Farming equipment
Metal plough is invented by John Deere
Cyrus McCormick invents the mechanical reaper
Abolitionist – someone who is against slavery
Frederick Douglas – leading abolitionist
-Runaway slave – newspaper “North Star” – outspoken
William Lloyd Garrison
– Newspaper “the Liberator”
Theodore Dwight Weld
Maysville Road Veto
Andrew Jackson – vetoes a federally funded road, internal improvement
-did not think that internal improvements needed federal funding
Jefferson-Day Dinner – [April 13, 1830] Jefferson-Day Dinner

 Jackson is tipped off beforehand of the plan for Jackson to publicly support nullification
 When it is Jackson’s turn to toast the dinner, “Our union, it must be preserved!”
 Calhoun claims states’ rights first, union second–resigns from the vice presidency [1832]
 Secretary of State, Martin Van Buren, becomes the Vice President
Middle Passage – The Middle Passage

-the forced voyage of slaves from Africa to the Americas
-7.5 million from Africa to Americas, 400 000 to the 13 colonies
-slaves were sold into slavery by the kings and princes of tribes
Conditions
 Dark
 Dirty
 Overcrowded – put 600 in a ship built for 300
 Disease
 Smelly
 Death
 Suicide
 Humiliated – not seen as people but as property
 20%-50% would die during the voyage
upon arrival, slaves were unloaded and sold at slave auctions
-Charleston, SC
-Newport, RI
-New York City, NY
-Philadelphia, PA
Once sold, slaves were subject to slave codes
-slaves were not allowed to marry
-illegal to teach a slave to read or write
-slaves had no legal rights
-punished severely for any wrongdoing
-slave owners took ownership of the children
Worst place to be sold into slavery was SC-life expectancy the lowest
Lonely
Rice fields brought diseases
Virginia and Maryland
-expect a longer life span
-slave population grows much
“best” place to be sold as a slave were the Northern Colonies
-work in the cities
-learn a skill
-earn money
-possible to be able to buy their freedom
Panic of 1819 – The Economic Panic of 1819
- In 1819 a severe economic Depression swept across the nation bringing with it; deflation, bankruptcies, bank failures,
unemployment, soup kitchens, and debtors prisons.
- Much of the economic crisis was tied to investments in western frontier lands which were inflated in price.
- Rampant land speculation by Western "Wild Cat" Banks and investors drove the market.
- A "wild cat" bank was so called because they existed where only wildcats lived in the wilderness.
- Many banks foreclosed on farmers who had fallen behind in paying their mortgages
- The country would remain in depression for a number of years.
Panic of 1837 – Economic Panic in 1837

- The Panic of 1837 was brought on by:
A. Jackson destroying the Bank of the United States
B. The use of Specie Circular to purchase land in the West
C. Failing crop prices and farms
D. Food riots
E. Foreign Financial Crises in Great Britain
F. Financial collapse of Domestic Banks or "Pet Banks" which held government funds
G. Companies and businesses fail leading to high unemployment
- Van Buren will try to pass a "Divorce Bill" where the Government tries to separate itself from the banks, but the bill goes nowhere.
Peggy Eaton Affair – The Eaton Affair

- Jackson's political advisors, those outside of the Cabinet, were known as the "Kitchen Cabinet" because they would meet with
Jackson at all hours in the White House.
- In 1831 Secretary of War, John H. Eaton, married Peggy O'Neale, who owned a boarding house in Washington D.C.
- Peggy was rumored to have been engaged in "unladylike" behavior with many of the male boarders.
- The Eaton's were blacklisted from Washington society by the wife of Vice President John C. Calhoun, and the issue erupted in the
Cabinet.
- President Jackson, feeling sympathy for Peggy Eaton, orders Calhoun and his wife to allow the Eaton's back into society, and they
refuse.
- Martin Van Buren threw his support behind the Eaton's and won the admiration of Jackson. (Jackson would back Van Buren for
President in 1836)
- Calhoun defends the honor of his wife and resigns as Vice President, even though this damages his chances of becoming
President in the future.
- Jackson forces the resignation of other cabinet members in protest.
- Calhoun abandoned his nationalism rhetoric and became a staunch supporter of States Rights, returning to the Senate
representing South Carolina.
Pontiac’s Rebellion – Pontiac's Rebellion & The Proclamation of 1763

- The Colonists viewed the French and Indian War as a struggle to open the Mississippi and Ohio River Valley for settlement.
- Further English migration into Native American territory resulted in Pontiac's Rebellion (May of 1763)
- Several Native tribes united and attacked English settlements and forts on the frontier.
- The British Government, not able to afford a standing army in the Western Frontier, nor willing to pay for another war, issue the
Proclamation of 1763.
- *The Proclamation of 1763: Forbade colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.
- Encouraged by trail blazers like Daniel Boone, colonists continued to settle in western Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Kentucky.
Post-War State –
Quasi-War (Half-Way War) – The Quasi War
- Because the United States had signed the Jay Treaty with England, and the Pinckney Treaty with Spain, France felt betrayed.
- France launches an "undeclared" naval war against the United States, attacking U.S. merchant ships.
- Both countries do not declare war, but are fighting just the same.
- Strong Anti-French sentiment runs strong and most citizens want to go to war against France.
1. The Convention of 1800
- Adams sent envoys to France to meet with the French Dictator Napoleon Bonaparte.
- France agreed to end the Quasi War and the Franco-American Alliance, in exchange that the United States would pay the
damage claims of American shippers.
Salem Witchcraft Trials – The Halfway Covenant and the Salem Witch Trials
- Puritan ministers worried that Church membership was dwindling and that community life was not as pious as when the community
was originally established.
- To boost membership the leaders in the Church created the “Halfway Covenant”. This would grant partial membership rights to
those not yet converted, and it eventually increased religious participation in the Puritan Church and community.
- In the late 1680’s a fear of witchcraft spread across New England, namely in the area known as Salem, MA.
- In 1692 a group of young girls claimed that they were “cursed” by members of the Village of Salem.
- A “Witch Hunt” commenced where innocent people were tried and executed for being witches or for others saying they were
witches.
- By 1693 it was discovered that the girls were making up stories of witches, and the hysteria ended, though ruining the good name
of Salem, MA forever
Santo Domingo – Santo Domingo (Saint Dominique) in Haiti
[1792] Toussaint L’Overture leads rebellion on island and takes control by 1801
[1802] Napoleon sends 20 000 soldiers on the island
-mosquitoes – yellow fever/malaria ravishes soldiers
Shays’ Rebellion – *Shays Rebellion

- In 1786 in Western Massachusetts, farmers face skyrocketting debt for their farms, and money owed in taxes.
- Due to high taxes and strict money control, many farmers could not pay off their debt, leading to foreclosure on the farms and
debtors being sent to jail.
- When the courts ordered that farms be sold to pay off the debt, Daniel Shays recruited 1,200 armed followers to attack the
Springfield, MA arsenal.
- The attack was put down by a private army because Congress did not have the right to raise an Army to put down the rebellion.
- This act bolstered the demand for a stronger central government, and marked the end of the Articles of Confederation.
The Duel – Hamilton vs. Burr – New England & New York Secessionitis
- Many of the Federalists were disheartened that they had lost the Election of 1800.
- Federalists in New England & New York sought to break away from the Union and form their own country.
- Originally Alexander Hamilton was approached in the scheme, but he refused to be a conspiritor to the cause.
- The Federalists later approached Aaron Burr about the scheme, and he agreed to join in the plot.
- Alexander Hamilton exposed Burr's plan, creating a fued between the two men that ended in Burr demanding a duel.
2. "The Duel"
- Burr and Hamilton meet in Weehawken, NJ (Dueling was legal in NJ)
- Hamilton purposly fires over the head of Burr, missing.
- Burr purposly fires at Hamilton, mortally wounding him.
- Hamilton will die in 1804
Trail of Tears – The "Trail of Tears"

- By the mid 1830's the population of Whites in the United States was growing and expanding westward.
- Five Native American tribes, "The Five Civilized Tribes", Cherokee (GA), Creek(AL), Choctaw(MS, AL), Chickasaw (MS), and
Seminole (FL)
- These tribes adopted "White" customs such as dress, language, alphabet, education, religion, political beliefs (adapted their
own constitutions) and political systems (tribes had Presidents, Assemblies, Courts)
of the Cherokee.
from their lands.
- By 1836 the Federal Government had created the Bureau of Indian Affairs, which was supposed to create a "working"
relationship between the United States and the Tribes.
- Tribes such as the Sauk and Fox fought against the United States in the Midwest (WI, and IL) in the Black Hawk Wars.
- Seminole Tribes led by Osceola would fight in the swamps of Florida for the next seven years, before being put down in 1837
Triangular Trade – *Triangular Trade (pg.91)

1. Slaves were sent to the West Indies and the Colonies from Africa
2. Sugar and Molasses are sent from the West Indies to the Colonies
3. Timber and foodstuffs are sent from the Colonies to the West Indies
4. Tobacco, Fish, Lumber, flour set to England
5. English textiles sent the Colonies
War of 1812 – The War of 1812 (13,14,15)

1. The Failed Invasions of Canada
- The United States tried to invade Canada twice, with both invasions being unsuccessful.
- The First US invasion was a three pronged attack on Detroit, Niagra, and Lake Champlain.
- The U.S. was defeated at the "Battle of Michilimackinac" which gave control of the Upper Great Lakes Region to Canada.
- The second invasion in 1813 was again repelled.
2. U.S. Naval Victories
- The earliest U.S. victories in the War were on the water.
- The United States defeated the British and Canadian fleets on Lake Ontario and Lake Erie.
- The hero of Lake Erie was Adm. Oliver Hazard Perry who after defeating the British fleet said, "We have met the enemy and they
are ours."
- Thomas Macdonough, won the "Battle of Plattsburgh" which saved New York and New York City from British invasion.
- The U.S.S. Constitution "Old Ironsides" defeated the H.M.S. Guerriere which prompted American confidence in its Naval abilities.
3. The British Invasion
- The British believed that to end the War quickly, they would have to capture the Capital of the United States, Washington D.C.
- The British attacked and burned Washington in 1814, destroying the Capital Building and the White House.
- Legend has it that First Lady, Dolly Madison, saved the portrait of George Washington as the British were about to torch the
White House.
- The British then turned their attention to Baltimore, which was the home of the American privateers.
4. Repelling the British Invasion
- As the British advanced towards Baltimore, the Mayor and General incharge of Fort McHenry, ordered that ships be sunk at the
mouth of Baltimore Harbour to prevent the British from landing an invasion force.
- Key's eye witness account of the British attempt to capture Fort McHenry was captured in his poem, "The Star Spangled Banner".
5. The Treaty of Ghent
- As the War began to drag on with no clear winner, Czar Alexander I, of Russia brought England & the United States to the peace
table in Ghent, Belgium in 1814.
- Initially England demanded that they maintain the Upper Great Lakes region and an Independent Native American State which
would act as a buffer between British and American territory.
- Officially:
Foundland.
6. Federalist Grievances & The Hartford Convention
- As the War began and continued to progress a number of New England Federalists called for secession from the Union.
- Those who supported this policy were called "Blue Light Federalists"
- Federalists in New England who had opposed "Mr. Madison's War", now called for a convention to air their grievances.
- The Convention was called in Hartford, CT, where representatives from all of the New England states attended.
- The Convention members demanded the following terms:
i. That Washington provide financial restitution for lost trade
ii. That 2/3rds of Congress be required before an embargo could be imposed.
iii. That 2/3rds of Congress be required before War Declared
- The Hartford Convention proved meaningless with Jackson's Victory at "The Battle of New Orleans"
- *The failed Convention marked the death of the Federalist Party*
7. Jackson's Victory at New Orleans
- Despite the fact that peace had been declared on 12/25/1814, word had not yet crossed the Atlantic before the "Battle of New
Orleans"
- Fought on 1/8/1815, 8,000 British Troops attempted to invade the City of New Orleans, which was defended by a smaller
American force led by Andrew Jackson.
- The British suffered 2,000 casulties in their defeat.
- Even though the battle was fought after the War was over, it is considered the greatest American Victory in the War.(This victory
would make Jackson a household name and become the foundation of his Presidential runs in 1824, 1828, & 1832)
8. Peace with Honor
- The War of 1812 marked the emergence of American Naval Power
- The War of 1812 Created a sense of Nationalism in the United States, and marked an end to sectional discord called, "The Era of
Good Feelings"
- The War of 1812 enhanced Canadian patriotism and improved Canadian and US relations
- *The War of 1812 led to the passing of the Rush-Bagot Treaty in 1817, which limited naval armaments in the Great Lakes, and
eventually disarmed the Canadian & US Border.(The Canadian/US Border is the longest undefended border in the World at 5,527
miles)
Whiskey Rebellion – The Excise Tax/Whiskey Rebellion

- Farmers in Western Pennsylvania resent the new tax, and begin their own armed rebellion from 1792-1794, stating that they were
not represented in Congress.
- Washington alarmed that this rebellion may lead to another revolt like Shays Rebellion, asks Congress to raise an Army of 13,000
men to put down the farmers.
- Led by Alexander Hamilton, the Army puts down the uprising, proving that the government has the authority to control the actions
of the people.
XYZ Affair – To resolve the problems between the United States and France, President Adams sends ambassadors to France to work
out a treaty.
- When they arrive, U.S. Ambassadors are told that they must pay $275,000 just to sit with French Ambassador Talleyrand, and
pay 32 million florins, or $10 million to work out an agreement.
- The French Ambassadors are called X, Y, & Z in the Newspapers.
- Americans are outraged at the need for a bribe, and declare, "Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute."
- Due to the Anti-French sentiment, the AntiFederalists begin to lose favor with the American People, and Jefferson is outcast
from the Government.
Conventions
Annapolis Convention –
Constitutional Convention – The Constitutional Convention, 1787
- The Convention met in Philadelphia on May, 25, 1787 with 55 delegates.
- The President of the Convention was George Washington
- Other delegates were; James Madison, Ben Franklin, George Mason, Roger Sherman, Elbridge Gerry, James Wilson.
(Jefferson, Adams, Henry, Hancock, were not in attendance)
- The goal of the Convention was to create a strong central government, yet avoid the idea that it was a monarchy or absolute
rule government.
- Originally the idea of the convention was to revise the Articles
Convention of 1800 – The Convention of 1800

F. Adams sent envoys to France to meet with the French Dictator Napoleon Bonaparte.
G. France agreed to end the Quasi War and the Franco-American Alliance, in exchange that the United States would pay the
Hartford Convention – Federalist Grievances & The Hartford Convention

Seneca Falls Convention – The Seneca Falls Convention for Women's Rights, united the Suffrage movement
Government
1st National Bank (B.U.S.) – Alexander Hamilton wants to create a Bank that would:
- Be a private institution
- Be a safe deposit for government money
- Print money
- Loan money to government and businesses
Debate over National Bank
Hamilton vs. Jefferson
Hamilton – Loose Construction of the Constitution
Jefferson – Strict Construction of the Constitution – argues that it is the states’ job to create banks
Hamilton wins
Congress passes the Bill
Washington signs the Bank Bill into law
In Philadelphia, PA
Charter for 20 years
Capital of the Bank is $10 million
1/5 of this money is owned by the government
2nd National Bank of U.S. – Madison [1816] creates the second National Bank
2. Jackson's Battle with the Bank
- Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson were political opposites, with Clay supporting businesses and the wealthy, and Jackson
supporting the "common man".
- With the Election of 1832 fast approaching, Clay tries to back Jackson into a corner by putting the Charter for the Bank of the
United States (BUS) up for renewal four years early.
- Clay knew that Jackson would veto the Charter.
- If Jackson veto's the Charter then businesses and the wealthy in the East would turn against Jackson and vote for Clay in the
1832 Election.
- If Jackson allowed the Bank Charter to pass then he would turn his back on the "common man" voters of the West and South
who put him in office.
- Clay did not count on their being more voters in the West and South, than wealthy established voters in the East.
- Jackson vetos the Bank stating that it is unconstitutional, and not the will of the people.
- Clay states that the Court Case McCulloch v. Maryland allows for the establishment of the Bank based on implied powers of
Congress.
3. Why Jackson Hated the Bank
- Jackson hated the BUS because:
1. He believed the Bank was a monopoly which restricted other banks from coming into business.
2. A large minority of the Stockholders were from Britain whom he hates.
3. The Bank was supported by his political enemy Henry Clay.
4. Banks only supported the wealthy and businesses, not farmers, whom they often drove into foreclosure
4. Mr. Nicholas Biddle
- Caught in the middle of the Clay and Jackson debate over the bank was the President of the Bank, Mr. Nicholas Biddle
- Biddle used the bank as a way of "paying off" members of Congress and members of the press so that they would keep the
bank functioning.
- Known as "Mr. Biddle's Bank", Biddle made "loans" to such men as Daniel Webster so that they would defend the need for the
bank in the Senate.
- Opponents of Biddle called him, "Emperor Nick of the Bribery Bank".
- Biddle did do some good things while in power:
1. He restricted the creation of banks that were labled as "risky".
2. Reduced Bank failures
3. Issued sound currency that would not depreciate or inflate
4. Disbursed currency to other banks around the nation
5. Was the main financial institution for the United States Government
5. The Death of the Bank
- Stating, "The Bank is trying to kill me, but I will kill it", Jackson swore to defeat the Bank recharter.
- Clay was working on getting the 2/3rds vote to override the veto to keep the Bank alive.
- Jackson decides to remove all of the deposits from the BUS, removing the governments money, placing the money in state
institutional banks, known as "pet banks".
- Mr. Biddle, anxious about the bank closing, calls in all of the loans that were distributed to lower banks, farmers, businesses,
and Congress.
- The Loans were to be repayed in Gold and Silver.
- The Shaky economy causes an economic panic, "Mr. Biddle's Panic" which leads to the depression of 1837.
- Eventually land could not be aquired with paper currency because it was worthless, so Specie Circular was declared (A farmer
or business must use Gold or Silver "Hard Currency" to buy land)
American System – The "American System"

- Devised by Henry Clay & John C. Calhoun in 1824
- Since the end of the War of 1812, European businesses were unloading their surplus stock on American markets, reducing
prices on sold goods.
- To protect American businesses Congress passes a protective tariff of 20-25% on foreign goods.
- The American System also called for:
i. A Devised Banking System; provides easy credit and one central currency
ii. A Protective Tariff; protect American businesses encourage manufacturing
iii. The development of roads and canals in the OH Valley and rest of country
- *This plan would unite the Country Politically and Economically
Checks and Balances – A System of Checks and Balances

- The Power of the United States Government is based upon a separation of powers.
- Articles I, II, & III (Legislative, Executive, and Judicial) of the Constitution establish the checks and balances of our government.
- This balance of power prevents the abuse of power by any one branch of government.
Commonwealth v. Hunt – In this court case factory workers won the right to unionize
Electoral College – Electoral College

Responsible for electing the president
-delegates at Convention did not trust the American public with electing the president
Executive Branch – Article II: The Executive Branch

- The President must be a Natural Born Citizen
- The President must be 35yrs or older
- The President must reside within the United States
- No President may serve more than two terms (8yrs)
- The President is INDIRECTLY ELECTED to the office, chosen by the Electoral College.
- Originally the President and Vice President were not allowed to reside from the same state, due to a worry that one State
would gain too much power in the country.
- Presidential Election is held on the first Tuesday after the First Monday in November.
- Powers of the President
1. President is Commander and Chief of the Military
2. President may sign treaties
3. President may offer pardon and reprieve to individuals
4. President must present the State of the Union to the nation each year
5. President may veto legislation
6. President may call special sessions of Congress
7. Presidnet may propose laws
8. President may make appointments to the Supreme Court and other Federal Courts.
Executive Privilege –
First Continental Congress – The First Continental Congress (1774)
- Met at Carpenter's Hall in Philadelphia on 9/5/74.
- Delegates were divided over resisting British Rule and conciliation.
- Even though he was not in attendance, Thomas Jefferson's "Summary View of the Rights of British America", was referenced as
a supportive argument claiming Parliament to be only the legislature of one part of government.
- The Congress did oppose seperation from Great Brtain, or the forming of a new country made in creating independent states.
- Congress agrees to convene in the Spring of 1775.
Fund National Debt at Par –

Judicial Branch – Article III: The Judiciary
- Appointed by the President of the United States
- No age requirement
- A Legal background is not required
- No citizenship required
- No term limits (Judges sit for life, or until they retire or are impeached)
- 9 Justices sit on the Supreme Court
- The Supreme Court is the highest Court in the land
- The Supreme Court is the only Court mentioned in the Constitution
- The lower courts were created by Congress in the Judiciary Act, 1789
- Powers of the Supreme Court
1. The Supreme Court may declare laws of Congress Unconstitutional
2. The Supreme Court may declare Executive Acts Unconstitutional
3. The Supreme Court justices are immune from Executive and Legislative Control because they are appointed to the
bench for life.
4. The Supreme Court may hear appeals from Lower Courts
- Congress may overturn the Supreme Court by passing an Ammendment to the Constitution with 2/3rds of the State
Legislatures voting in favor of the law.
Legislative Branch – Article I: The Legislative Branch

1. The House of Representatives
- Members must be 25yrs. Old
- A Citizen of the United States for 7 yrs.
- Live in the State they represent.
- One term is 2yrs. Long
- The Full House is elected every two years.
2. The Senate
- Members must be 30 yrs. Old
- A Citizen of the United States for 9yrs.
- Live in the State they represent
- One term is 6yrs. Long
- One third of the Seats are up for election every two years.
3. Congress
i. Delegated or Enumerated Powers of Congress
- Powers which belong only to Congress
- The first 17 Clauses of Article I detail the powers of Congress.
1. Levying and collection of taxes
2. Borrowing money
3. Coining money
4. Regulating interstate and foreign trade
5. Granting patents/copyrights
6. Creating courts below the Supreme Court
7. Using state militias to execute the laws of the nation
8. Establishing the Post Office
9. Naturalizing citizens
10. Controlling Federal Property
ii. Concurent Powers of Congress
- Powers shared between the Government and the States
11. Lay and Collect taxes
12. Charter Banks
13. Take property for public use
14. Borrow Money
15. Enforce laws
16. Establish courts
17. Provide for the General welfare of the public.
iii. Prohibited Powers of Congress
- Congress MAY NOT have the following powers:
1. The right to suspend the writ of habeas corpus
2. Tax exports
3. Show preference of one state over another
4. To take money from the treasury without right by law
5. To pass bills of attainder
6. To pass ex post facto laws
7. To grant titles of Nobility
8. To deprive persons of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.
iv. **The Necessary and Proper Clause**
- Known as the "Elastic Clause"
- This law allows Congress to "make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers."
- Congress has the right to create laws which may be needed at a future date.
Loose Construction – an open or loose interpretation of an issue, particularly in constitutional matters
Nullification –
Pet Banks – state institutional banks
Ratification –
Second Continental Congress – The Second Continental Congress
A. The Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms: (1775)
- Congress transforms the Colonial Militia into the Continental Army and chose George Washington as its commander.
(Washington campaigned for the job by showing up everyday to Congress in his military uniform)
- Washington was chosen not only because he had military experience, but because he was also well respected, and a Virginian.
- Choosing a Virginian to head the army gave the impression that the War was not Massachusetts vs. England, it was the entire 13
Colonies vs. England.
- On July 6th 1775, Congress issued the Declaration of Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, which was prepared by Thomas
Jefferson and John Dickinson.
- This declaration promised armed resistance until the end of the "unconstitutional imperial control by England and the
acknowledgement of the colonial's rights as British subjects."
B. Military Events: (May 1775-June 1776)
- Colonial forces invade Canada, and capture Montreal in Nov. 1775
- Colonials fail to capture Quebec in Dec. 1775
- Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys from VT capture cannons from Fort Ticonderoga and provide added support to
Washington's men outside of Boston.
- British soldiers evacuate Boston on March 17th, 1776.
C. Breakdown of Diplomacy: (July-Dec 1775)
- On July 8th, 1775 Congress adopts the *Olive Branch Petition
- Created by John Dickinson, the petition is an appeal to King George III to accept an offer of "happy and permanent
reconciliation."
- Presented by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin, the petition is rejected by the British, and the Parliament and King declare the
colonies in a state of rebellion.
- Parliament passes the American Prohibitory Act (12/22/75)
- This Act declares that the colonists are outlaws and their vessals are subject to capture by the British Navy.
- 18,000 Hessian soldiers from Prussia, allied with Britain, are sent into North America to put down the colonial militia.
D. Common Sense: (January 1776)
- Advocated the creation of a Republic which derived its power from the governed.
Separation of Power –each branch has individual powers
Specie Circular – A farmer or business must use Gold or Silver "Hard Currency" to buy land
Strict Construction – a closed or strict interpretation of an issue, particularly in constitutional matters
The Veto – With the Election of 1832 fast approaching, Clay tries to back Jackson into a corner by putting the Charter for the Bank of
the United States (BUS) up for renewal four years early.
- If Jackson veto's the Charter then businesses and the wealthy in the East would turn against Jackson and vote for Clay in the 1832
Election.
- If Jackson allowed the Bank Charter to pass then he would turn his back on the "common man" voters of the West and South who
put him in office.
Congress.
Virtual Representation – The colonists were provided representatives in Parliament that acted on their behalf, though those
representatives had never been chosen by the colonists, nor ever been to the colonies.
Court Cases
Cherokee v. Georgia – When the Georgia State legislature in 1828 ruled the tribal councils illegal they declared that they controlled the
Native Lands of the Cherokee.
Cohens v. Virginia – Cohens v. Virginia (1821): Marshall reasserts the right of the Supreme Court to review the decisions of the State
Supreme Courts in all questions involving powers of the Federal Government.
- Cohens had been found guilty of running an illegal lottery in Virginia
Dartmouth v. Woodward – *Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819): Safe-guarded business enterprises from domination by state
governments.
- Dartmouth College was represented by Daniel Webster who defended the charter of the University given by King
George III in 1769.
- The negative side to this case allows private companies to avoid public control.
Marbury v. Madison – *Marbury v. Madison (1803)

- In this case William Marbury, a Federalist named Justice of the Peace by John Adams, had his commission "shelved" by Sect.
of State, James Madison.
- Marbury sued for its delivery, saying that he was promised the job by the President.
- Marshall threw out the suit, saying that Marbury could not sue because his act was unconstitutional.
- Marshall ruled that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 which Marbury tried to base his decision on, was unconstitutional. The
Supreme Court had the final authority to determine the meaning of the Constitution.
- **Marbury v. Madison establishes Judicial Review for the Supreme Court
McCulloch v. Madison – *McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): The State of Maryland attempted to destroy a branch of the Bank of the United
States by imposing a tax on its Bank Notes.
- Justice Marshall ruled that the State could not impose a tax on a Federal Entity, "The power to tax involves the power
to destroy...that a power to create implies a power to preserve." (Bailey, pg. 248)
- Marshall also ruled that the Bank is constitutional using the doctrine of implied powers. (The Government assumes
the power to have a Bank)
*Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Marshall reasserts the rights of the Congress to regulate interstate commerce.
- In the case, the State of New York tried to grant a private monopoly on waterborne commerce between the states of
New York and New Jersey.
Fletcher v. Peck (1810): Secured the idea that legislative grants are contracts, and the Constitution forbids state laws from impairing
contracts.
- This case protects property rights against popular pressures
Beliefs
Federalism – Federalism
- The Concept of distributing powers of government between one central or national government, and the governments of the
states.
1. The People of the State may appeal to the State Legislature or directly to the Federal Government.
2. The State must follow and acknowledge the National Government is more powerful
3. The National Government must rely on the people and the States to survive.
Mercantilism – The belief that power depends upon monetary wealth and that the colonies were a source of wealth
Nationalism – extreme pride in one’s nation
Sectionalism – pride/support for one section of the country
Utopias – The belief in having a perfect society, being a model for the rest of the world to emulate
Things
Cash Crop of VA – Tobacco
Clipper Ships – invented by Donald McKay; Transport ships across the Atlantic
Erie Canal – invented by DeWitt Clinton, Governor of NY, commissioned the Erie Canal which was finshed in 1825.
Joint-Stock Company – a financial venture in which individuals invest money into a business in hopes of getting rich quickly
Lancaster Turnpike – first turnpike of the U.S.; build by the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike Road Company
Lowell Mills – places for young, unmarried women could get boarding, religious instruction, and a pay check to help their families
Monticello – Thomas Jefferson’s home
National Road – National Road/Cumberland Road stretched across Maryland to Illinois making transportation West quicker
Pony Express – Connected the United States via mail carrier service using horse riders
The Clermont – invented by Robert Fulton; "Fulton's Folly", The Clermont, was the first steamboat
University of Virginia – designed by Thomas Jefferson (he was the architect)
People
Aaron Burr – The Election of 1800
- first time when political parties emerged, divided over domestic and international issues.
- Democrat-Republicans favor Jefferson for President, Aaron Burr for Vice President.
- vote is placed in hands of the House of Representatives (controlled by the Federalists)
- Jefferson (still VP) vowed to break any tie Federalists might support, blocking their attempt to place a Federalist in the White House
as President Pro Tempore.
- deadlocked vote in the House Alexander Hamilton urges Federalists to support Jefferson, not Burr.
- Vice President: Aaron Burr 1801-1809
1. New England & New York Secessionists
- Many Federalists were disheartened that they had lost the Election of 1800.
- Originally Alexander Hamilton was approached in the scheme he refused to be a conspirator to the cause.
- The Federalists later approached Aaron Burr about the scheme he agreed to join in the plot.
- Alexander Hamilton exposed Burr's plan, creating a feud between them Burr demanding a duel.
2. "The Duel"
- Hamilton purposely fires over the head of Burr, missing.
- Burr purposely fires at Hamilton, mortally wounding him.
3. Burr's Attempt at Selling The West
- After killing Hamilton, Burr engages in another plot to have the trans-Mississippi West secede from the Union.
- Burr planned to separate the western part of the United States from the eastern, and unite it with the to-be-conquered Spanish
Territory west of the Louisiana Purchase.
- The plot is discovered and Burr is arrested in 1806.
- Burr was put on trial for treason (punishable by death) but was later acquitted political career was over.
Alexander Hamilton – Federalists

- *In order to gain support for their cause Hamilton and Madison publish 85 essays in the local news papers under the signature
"Publius".
- These essays are called the Federalist Papers.
I. Establishing the Government
- Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton 1789-1797 during Washington’s Presidency
II. The Hamiltonian Program: Steps Toward Domestic Stability
- Hamilton wanted to create a plan for the nation that would:
1. Build political support and legitimacy for the new government
2. Bind the states together in a cause to support the Federal Government
- The Reports of Public Credit
- Hamilton's Plan consisted of the following steps:
1. Repayment of Foreign Debt
- The United States owed over $12 million dollars to foreign investors and countries, namely France
2. Federal Assumption of State Debt
- Amounting to $25 million dollars, the Southern States (Virginia) objected to the assumption of State Debt because they
- James Madison opposed Hamilton's plan and had the votes in Congresss to block it.
- While at the "Dinner Party" Hamilton agrees to allow the Nation's Capital to be moved to Virginia, and in exchange
3. The Excise Tax/Whiskey Rebellion
- Farmers in Western Pennsylvania resent the new tax, and begin their own armed rebellion from 1792-1794, stating that
they were not represented in Congress.
- Washington alarmed that this rebellion may lead to another revolt like Shays Rebellion, asks Congress to raise an Army of
13,000 men to put down the farmers.
- Led by Alexander Hamilton, the Army puts down the uprising, proving that the government has the authority to control the
actions of the people.
4. *The National Bank
- Hamilton wanted the National Bank created to act as a depository for Federal funds, and one which would have the power
to issue money on the basis of its securities (holdings).
- The Sides for and against the National Bank were:
i. Federalists:
- Alexander Hamilton
- Loose Constructionists
- Favor the National Bank
- Uses the "Elastic Clause" or Necessary and Proper Clause to get Congress to pass the Bank Bill.
ii. Anti Federalists
- Thomas Jefferson
- Strict Constructionists
- Does not favor the National Bank
- The National Bank helped the United States pay off its foreign debts, and created a sound financial institution which
supported a strong currency.
- Upon leading the Army against the Whiskey Rebellion, Hamilton will resign as Secretary of the Treasury at the end of
Washington's first term.
III.Political Parties
- American political parties emerged starting 1793 during Washington's Second Term in office.
- The first Political Parties were the Federalists lead by Alexander Hamilton
- Federalists support a strong Central Government, and trade with Great Britain to support the Nation's Economy.
VIII. The Election of 1796
IX. The Election of 1800
Burr.
X. President Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809
1. New England & New York Secessionists
- Many Federalists were disheartened that they had lost the Election of 1800.
- Originally Alexander Hamilton was approached in the scheme he refused to be a conspirator to the cause.
- The Federalists later approached Aaron Burr about the scheme he agreed to join in the plot.
- Alexander Hamilton exposed Burr's plan, creating a feud between them Burr demanding a duel.
2. "The Duel"
- Hamilton purposely fires over the head of Burr, missing.
- Burr purposely fires at Hamilton, mortally wounding him.
Andrew Jackson – Andrew Jackson will repell the Creek Nation at "The Battle of Horseshoe Bend"
- Harrison's and Jackson's victories will eventually allow for further westward expansion by white settlers.
3. The War of 1812 (13,14,15)
- Despite the fact that peace had been declared on 12/25/1814, word had not yet crossed the Atlantic before the "Battle of
New Orleans"
- Even though the battle was fought after the War was over, it is considered the greatest American Victory in the War.(This
victory would make Jackson a household name and become the foundation of his Presidential runs in 1824, 1828, &
1832)
XI. The Presidency of James Monroe 1817-1825
1. Sharing Oregon & Acquiring Florida
- When revolutions broke into South America, Spain pulled troops from Florida to maintain control of their colonies.
- Groups of Native Americans, slaves, and white settlers moved into the US territory bordering Florida, and General Andrew
Jackson was allowed to force and pursue them back into Florida.
- In 1818, Jackson is burning Native Villages, towns, and hanging those who got in his way, overstepping his authority, but was
not reprimanded by Monroe.
XII. The Presidency of John Quincy Adams 1825-1829
1. Adams-Clay & The "Corrupt" Bargain
- Clay and Adams "allegedly" created a bargain where Clay would throw the Election to Adams in exchange for being made the
Secretary of State.
2. The "Tariff of Abominations"
- Jackson supporters in 1828 decided to increase the Tariff of 1828 to as much as 45%, "setting up" Adams as protecting
business and not farmers.
- The plan backfired, as the Tariff actually effected Southerners who relied heavily on manufactured goods from Europe.
manufactured goods.
- With the Tariff, the South believed correctly, that Britain would buy fewer goods from the States, and vice versa, causing an
even greater economic slow down in the South.
XIII. The Age of Jackson 1829-1837
1. The Election of 1828
- One of the dirtiest campaigns in American History.
- Jackson was portrayed to be the child of a prostitute, a brawler, a slave owner, an adulterer (His wife Rachel's divorce from
her first husband had not been finalized before the couple wed. This event caused her to have a heart attack, killing her)
- Jackson was a war hero, a "man's man", who was not college educated, yet shared in the life experiences of the everyday
person.
- Jackson's inauguration was called the "people's party" and he opened the White House to the public to celebrate his victory.
2. The Spoil System
- The rewarding of political supporters with political office.
- Devised by Senator William Marcy who stated, "To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy." (pg. 268)
- Upon becoming President, Jackson fired those in Government positions who had been there from previous administrations,
and filled those jobs with his political supporters.
- This created a system of political patronage or "pay to play", as people paid sums of money to acquire government jobs.
- The Spoil System created a political machine where jobs could be had in exchange for "gifts" or bribes. Some employees
would "kick back" a part of their salary to insure their position.
3. The Eaton Affair
- Jackson's political advisors, those outside of the Cabinet, were known as the "Kitchen Cabinet" because they would meet with
Jackson at all hours in the White House.
- The Eaton's were blacklisted from Washington society by the wife of Vice President John C. Calhoun, and the issue erupted in
the Cabinet.
- President Jackson, feeling sympathy for Peggy Eaton, orders Calhoun and his wife to allow the Eaton's back into society, and
they refuse.
- Martin Van Buren threw his support behind the Eaton's and won the admiration of Jackson. (Jackson would back Van Buren
for President in 1836)
4. The Webster-Hayne Debate
- Robert Y. Hayne, SC represented the interests of the South and Western States
- Hayne argued against the Tariff of Abominations, and the right of the states in the Doctrine of Nullification.
- Hayne did not argue for the Union to be dissolved
- Daniel Webster, the defender of New England, argued against the Doctrine of Nullification, stating that the people, not the
states had created the Constitution, and that the Constitution is what kept the nation together.
- The debate will be used by Northerners and Southerners as reasons for or against States Rights.
5. Secession & "Nullies" in South Carolina
- Citizens of South Carolina were still opposed to the Tariff of Abominations
- Supports of the Doctrine of Nullification were called "Nullies"
- Nullies called for the South Carolina State Legislature to vote on nullification, where 2/3rds of the legislature voted in favor.
- The State Assembly also stated that the State Militia should make all of the necessary military preparations for a possible war.
- President Jackson orders the Military to reinforce military installations in South Carolina, vowing to "Hang the first Secessionist
I find even if it is Hayne or Calhoun."
6. The Compromise Tariff of 1833
- Jackson can claim victory because it keeps the nation together.
- The South can claim victory because they used Nullification to get the Tariff lowered, (a threat they will remember)
- If Jackson veto's the Charter then businesses and the wealthy in the East would turn against Jackson and vote for Clay in the
1832 Election.
- If Jackson allowed the Bank Charter to pass then he would turn his back on the "common man" voters of the West and South
who put him in office.
Congress.
- Jackson hated the BUS because:
9. "Old Hickory" Wallops Clay in 1832
- The Election of 1832 pitted:
- Democrat:-Andrew Jackson
- National-Republican: Henry Clay
- Anti-Masonic Party: William Wirt
- The main issues surrounding the campaign were the (BUS), and the elimination of Secret Societies like the Masons (of which
Jackson was a member)
- Jackson yet again won the votes of the "common man" defeating Clay with 219 Electoral Votes to 49.
- The Election of 1832 was also the first Presidential Election where parties used Nomination Conventions to choose their
candidates.
and Congress.
11. The "Trail of Tears"
of the Cherokee.
- The Cherokee sued the United States Government and the case went up to the Supreme Court.
from their lands.
- By 1836 the Federal Government had created the Bureau of Indian Affairs, which was supposed to create a "working"
relationship between the United States and the Tribes.
12. The Whig Party
- A political party made up of Anti-Jackson supporters.
- It was known as the "Organized Incompatibility" because its members were made up of; Supporters of the Bank of the U.S.,
Business, Western Expansionists, Slave Expansionists, States Righters, Anti-Masons, and Protestants.
- They originally chose Henry Clay to represent them in the Presidential Election of 1836, but soon chose to have William Henry
Harrison, the War Hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe, as their candidate.
- Known as the "Favorite Son"
- The Whigs also hoped to dilute the popular vote by submitting many candidates who would appeal to voters.
- The Whigs hoped that with no clear cut winner the vote would be thrown to House of Representatives where Harrison would
be elected President.
Anne Hutchinson – New Hampshire & Maine

- In 1637 Anne Hutchinson was exiled from the Mass. Bay Colony for stating that the Puritan Religion was not doing enough
to “save the people of the land.” She also stated that God sent her direct revelations, an act of herecy.
- Hutchinson and her followers work on converting Native Americans to Christianity. She is eventually killed by Native
Americans in New York in 1643.
- In 1679 the Rev. John Wheelwright, Anne Hutchinson’s Brother-inlaw, and his followers break away from the Mass. Bay
Colony and form the Colony of New Hampshire.
- In 1623 settlers moved from Plymouth, north to the territory called Maine.
- Maine will not be an official territory until 1820.
Ben Franklin – Benjamin Franklin

- Born in Boston he was educated for one year before becoming an apprentice in his brother's print shop.
- Founded the "Poor Richard's Almanack" where he provided bits of wisdom to the readers, "A penny saved is a
penny earned." "The early bird catches the worm", "He who lays down with dogs awakens with fleas".
- A scientist, Franklin discovered Day-Light Savings, and Time Zones
- He was the first scientist to study hurricanes and storms.
- He discovered electricity in lightening
- He was an inventor that created the bi-focals, pot bellied stove, and the recliner.
- He established: The First Public Free Library, The American Philosophical Society, and the Society for Relief of Free
Negroes
- Had a common law marriage for over 50yrs. Was a vegitarian, nudist, and believed in fresh air to keep the body
healthy.
IX. The Albany Plan
3. Build forts
X. The End of the Revolutionary War: (1781-Sept. 3rd, 1783)
- The United States Government sent three men; Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay to France to meet with British
representative Richard Oswald.
- *The Treaty of Paris granted the following things:
2. The boundaries of the United States are the 45 parallel in the North, The 31st parallel to the South, and the
Mississippi River to the West.
Charles Bulfinch –
Charles Finney – Charles Grandison Finney was seen as the leader of the movement (2nd Great Awakening), traveling all over Upstate
Western NY, the "Burned Over" district preaching that people repent for their sins such as alcohol abuse, adultery, supporting
slavery.
Denmark Vesey – Led slave revolts that worried the Southerners when the "Tariff of Abominations" was passed
DeWitt Clinton – Governor of NY, commissioned the Erie Canal which was finshed in 1825.
- The Canal would transport goods from the East,South to the West via the canal.
- The Canal was made up of a series of locks.
Dolly Madison – saved the portrait of George Washington as the British were about to torch the White House during the War of 1812
Edgar Allan Poe – famous author; The Raven, Mask of Red Death, The House of Usher, The Tell Tale Heart etc...
Edmund Andros – Dominion of England
Led by Sir Edmund Andros
Ends town meetings in MA, NJ, NY, RI, and CT
Restrictions on schools, newspapers, courts
Taxes without authority of colonial representative
Edmund Genet –
Eli Whitney – Inventor of Interchangeable Parts and the Cotton Gin
Francis Cabot Lowell – Lowell Mills were places for young, unmarried women could get boarding, religious instruction, and a pay check
to help their families
Francis Scott Key – Captured during the War of 1812
- Key's eye witness account of the British attempt to capture Fort McHenry was captured in his poem, "The Star Spangled
Banner".
Gabriel Prosser –
General Charles Cornwallis – British Surrender at Yorktown: (Oct. 19th, 1781) [American Revolution]
- As the colonists began to win battles in the South, Gen. Cornwallis withdraws his troops to Virginia, where the British Navy
can support him.
- Cornwallis situated his troops on the peninsula between the York and James rivers.
- The French Army, led by Lafayette, block Cornwallis's escape route to the mainland, while the French Navy blocked the
advance of the British Navy from aiding Cornwallis.
- Trapped by on all sides, Cornwallis is forced to surrender on Oct. 19th, 1781.
- British troops begin to play, "The World Turned Upside Down"
George Greenville –
George Washington – French & Indian War, The Seven Year’s War
II. George Washington
- As British colonists moved into the Ohio River Valley, France began building forts to prevent further expansion. (Ft. Duquesne)
- In 1754 the Governor of Virginia, Robert Dinwiddie, commissioned Maj. George Washington to deliver a message to the French
stating that England would begin building their own forts.
III.The Spark
- Maj. Washington approaches Ft. Duquesne, to inform the French of British intensions.
- French and British forces encounter each other in an armed fight, and Washington and his men kill the French Ambassador.
- Fleeing to Fort Necessity, Washington is forced to surrender to the French, expanding the war to North America.
B. Causes of the American Revolution:
I. The Second Continental Congress
A. The Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms: (1775)
- Congress transforms the Colonial Militia into the Continental Army and chose George Washington as its commander.
(Washington campaigned for the job by showing up everyday to Congress in his military uniform)
- Washington was chosen not only because he had military experience, but because he was also well respected, and a
Virginian.
- Choosing a Virginian to head the army gave the impression that the War was not Massachusetts vs. England, it was the
entire 13 Colonies vs. England.
- On July 6th 1775, Congress issued the Declaration of Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, which was prepared by
Thomas Jefferson and John Dickinson.
- This declaration promised armed resistance until the end of the "unconstitutional imperial control by England and the
acknowledgement of the colonial's rights as British subjects."
B. Military Events: (May 1775-June 1776)
- Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys from VT capture cannons from Fort Ticonderoga and provide added support to
Washington's men outside of Boston.
- British soldiers evacuate Boston on March 17th, 1776.
II. The Constitutional Convention, 1787
- The Convention met in Philadelphia on May, 25, 1787 with 55 delegates.
- The President of the Convention was George Washington
- The goal of the Convention was to create a strong central government, yet avoid the idea that it was a monarchy or absolute
rule government.
- Originally the idea of the convention was to revise the Articles
- George Washington; First President, 1789-1797
- George Washington was unanimously elected by the Electoral College to become the President of the United States.
- George Washington took the oath of office on April 30th, 1789, on the steps of Federal Hall in the Nation's First Capital, New York
City.
- * Washington Created the Cabinet
2. Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
3. Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson
4. Secretary of War: Henry Knox
III.The Election of 1800
George Whitefield – Church Minister during The Great Awakening that believed in "Revival Meetings" which spoke to people about the
eternal damnation of sinners.
Goveurnor Morris – Gouverneur Morris (PA) – serves as principle draftsman of the Constitution
Harriet Tubman – Underground Railroad, a collection of safehouses and properties where escaped slaves could find shelter while on
their way to Canada.
- Called "passengers" the slaves were led by "conductors" who led them to freedom.
- The most famous conductor was Harriet Tubman, a former slave who suffered from Narcolepsy and seizures
Henry Clay – *"War Hawks"

- Sentiments for War against England came from land hungry Southerners and Westerners known as War Hawks.
- Clay was so outspoken and charismatic that his fellow Congressmen named him the Speaker of the House, at the age of 34.
1. The "American System"
2. The Missouri Compromise
- Created by Henry Clay in 1820
and Senate)
- Clay and Adams "allegidly" created a bargain where Clay would throw the Election to Adams in exchange for being made the
Secretary of State.
4. The Compromise Tariff of 1833
Congress.
- Democrat:-Andrew Jackson
- National-Republican: Henry Clay
- Anti-Masonic Party: William Wirt
- Jackson yet again won the votes of the "common man" defeating Clay with 219 Electoral Votes to 49.
- Clay was working on getting the 2/3rds vote to override the veto to keep the Bank alive  fails
9. The Whig Party
- Clay and other Whig Members hoped to push through a new Bank Charter, which would reestablish the National Bank.
Henry David Thoreau – Supporter of Transcendentalism, Henry David Thoreau "Walden"

- Begun in the 1830's, it was the belief that "Truth transcends the senses, that you cannot learn about the world from observation
alone."
- Believed that everyone contains an "inner light" which when allowed to grow and develop would help them reach and connect with
God.
Herman Melville – Famous author; Moby Dick

Imperial Decrees – French navy will seize any ship that is heading for Great Britain
Anti-Masonic Party – a political party for the elimination of Secret Societies like the Masons
Daniel Webster – *Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819): Safe-guarded business enterprises from domination by state
governments.
- Dartmouth College was represented by Daniel Webster who defended the charter of the University given by
King George III in 1769.
- The negative side to this case allows private companies to avoid public control.
3. The Webster-Hayne Debate
- Hayne argued against the Tariff of Abominations, and the right of the states in the Doctrine of Nullification,
did NOT argue for the Union to be dissolved
- Daniel Webster, the defender of New England, argued against the Doctrine of Nullification, stating that the
people, not the states had created the Constitution, and that the Constitution is what kept the nation together.
Davy Crockett – made famous from books of his wilderness exploits and fighting with Andrew Jackson, was elected to
Congress from TN
Democrats – Theory of Democratic Principles:

- The paragraph following the preamble sets Four Fundamental Political Ideas:
1. The Doctrine of Unalienable Rights, among them are Life, Liberty, Happiness.
2. The Compact theory of Government
3. The Doctrine of Popular Soverignty, that government is created by men, to serve humanity.
4. The Right of Revolution, the belief that the people have the right to "throw off such a government"
Inaugural Brawl – When Jackson opens the White House to the public
Kitchen Cabinet – Jackson's political advisors, those outside of the Cabinet, were known as the "Kitchen Cabinet" because
they would meet with Jackson at all hours in the White House
Martin Van Buren – The Election of 1836

- Martin Van Buren was known as the "Appointment" because he was virtually handpicked by
Jackson to recieve the nomination from the Democratic party.
XIV. Martin Van Buren 1837-1841
- Vice President: Richard M. Johnson (1837-1841)
- Known as the "Little Magician" and "Little Barron"
- First President Born in the United States
1. The Professional Politician
- Van Buren was not liked by many in the Democratic Party because he had been handpicked by
Jackson and the Political Party.
- Van Buren was a known politician from New York and followed the party bosses.
2. The Presidency
- Van Buren faced many issues as President:
i. Problems along the Canadian Border which almost caused another war with Great Britain and
Canada.
ii. Pro Slave and Anti-Slave supporters for and against the annexation of TX
iii. Economic Panic in 1837
- The Panic of 1837 was brought on by:
A. Jackson destroying the Bank of the United States
B. The use of Specie Circular to purchase land in the West
C. Failing crop prices and farms
D. Food riots
E. Foreign Financial Crises in Great Britain
F. Financial collapse of Domestic Banks or "Pet Banks" which held government funds
G. Companies and businesses fail leading to high unemployment
- Van Buren will try to pass a "Divorce Bill" where the Government tries to separate itself from the
banks, but the bill goes nowhere.
- The Whigs painted Van Buren as an out of touch aristocrat, and portrayed Van Buren as a man
who had betrayed the "common man", even though Van Buren was actually the candidate who was born
poor.
Nominating Conventions –
Peggy Eaton – The Eaton Affair
- The Eaton's were blacklisted from Washington society by the wife of Vice President John C. Calhoun, and the issue
erupted in the Cabinet.
- President Jackson, feeling sympathy for Peggy Eaton, orders Calhoun and his wife to allow the Eaton's back into
society, and they refuse.
Robert Hayne – The Webster-Hayne Debate

- Hayne argued against the Tariff of Abominations, and the right of the states in the Doctrine of Nullification.
- Hayne did not argue for the Union to be dissolved
- Daniel Webster, the defender of New England, argued against the Doctrine of Nullification, stating that the people,
not the states had created the Constitution, and that the Constitution is what kept the nation together.
Spoils System – The Spoil System

- The rewarding of political supporters with political office.
- Devised by Senator William Marcy who stated, "To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy." (pg. 268)
- Upon becoming President, Jackson fired those in Government positions who had been there from previous
administrations, and filled those jobs with his political supporters.
- This created a system of political patronage or "pay to play", as people paid sums of money to acquire government
jobs.
- The Spoil System created a political machine where jobs could be had in exchange for "gifts" or bribes. Some
employees would "kick back" a part of their salary to insure their position.
Suffrage – The Suffrage Movement

- In the 19th Century many women were trying to fight against the "Cult of Domesticity." (Women only being in the
home raising children)
- The Primary Leader of the American Suffrage Movement was Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a mother of 7, who believed
that Women should seek more out of life.
- Other leaders of the Suffrage Movement were:
1. Susan B. Anthony: Feminist from Rochester, NY.
- First woman arrested, tried, and fined for voting in an election. (Charged a $100.00 which she refused to
pay)
- Helped unite the Abolition movement with the Suffrage Movement with the help of her neighbor Fredrick
Douglass
2. Lucretia Mott
- Quaker, Feminist, and speaker for Suffrage at the Women's Rights Convention in London, and Seneca
Falls.
- Because the women had been prevented from appearing at the Convention in London (they were forced to sit behind
a curtain while the men debated the merits of equal rights), Elizabeth Cady Stanton calls for a Women's Rights
Convention at her home in Seneca Falls, NY.
- The Seneca Falls Convention for Women's Rights, united the Suffrage movement
- Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" (Dec. of Women's Rights) which paraphrases Thomas Jefferson's
"Declaration of Independence"
- Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell was the first woman to graduate from Medical School in the United States.
- Oberlin College, OH, Troy Female Seminary, NY, and Holyoke Female Seminary were the first schools to offer
College Educations to women.
Whigs – The Whig Party

- It was known as the "Organized Incompatibility" because its members were made up of; Supporters of the Bank of
the U.S., Business, Western Expansionists, Slave Expansionists, States Righters, Anti-Masons, and Protestants.
- They originally chose Henry Clay to represent them in the Presidential Election of 1836, but soon chose to have
William Henry Harrison, the War Hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe, as their candidate.
- The Whigs also hoped to dilute the popular vote by submitting many candidates who would appeal to voters.
- The Whigs hoped that with no clear cut winner the vote would be thrown to House of Representatives where Harrison
would be elected President.
James Fenimore Cooper – Famous author; Last of the Mohicans

James Madison – *The Virginia Plan
- Originally the idea of James Madison and Gov. Edmund Randolph
- The plan called for a new government, rather than amending the Articles.
- Proposes the following steps:
1. A Bicameral Legislature (Two Houses): with representation based on a state's population.
- The lower house would be elected directly by the people.
- the upper house would be chosen by members of the lower house.
2. An Executive Branch
- Chosen by the legislature for an unspecified term and ineligible for reelection.
3. The Judicial Branch
- Consisting of one or more supreme courts and such inferior courts as the legislature might create.
- Federal Assumption of State Debt
1. Amounting to $25 million dollars, the Southern States (Virginia) objected to the assumption of State Debt because they
2. James Madison opposed Hamilton's plan and had the votes in Congresss to block it.
3. Thomas Jefferson, who sees the value in Hamilton's plan, yet understands the concerns of Southern Planters, invites
4. While at the "Dinner Party" Hamilton agrees to allow the Nation's Capital to be moved to Virginia, and in exchange
- The Virigina & Kentucky Resolutions
A. Written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1798
B. These resolutions were a direct attack on the Alien & Sedition Acts
C. The resolutions adopted the doctrine that the Constitution was a compact (agreement) between the States, and that the
states could legitimately object to laws of Congress.
D. Called the Doctrine of Interposition, this policy says that states can nullify laws of Congress
E. *This law is the beginning of the Doctrine of Nullification, which the South will use when breaking away from the United States
in the Civil War.
- *Marbury v. Madison (1803)
- In this case William Marbury, a Federalist named Justice of the Peace by John Adams, had his commission "shelved" by Sect.
of State, James Madison.
- Marbury sued for its delivery, saying that he was promised the job by the President.
- Marshall threw out the suit, saying that Marbury could not sue because his act was unconstitutional.
- Marshall ruled that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 which Marbury tried to base his decision on, was unconstitutional. The
Supreme Court had the final authority to determine the meaning of the Constitution.
- **Marbury v. Madison establishes Judicial Review for the Supreme Court
XV. President James Madison
- Fourth President: 1809-1817
- Member of the Democrat-Republican Party
- Vice Presidents: George Clinton (1809-1812) Elbridge Gerry (1813-1814)
- Events of Madison's Presidency:
- Madison faced the problem of running for election during a Depression caused by the Embargo Act and his mentor, Thomas
Jefferson.
- The American people looked favorably on Madison, awarding him 128 Electoral votes to 47.
- Democrat-Republican: James Madison
- Federalist: Charles Pinckney, Dewitt Clinton
2. Macon's Bill No. 2
- Congress allowed the Non-Intercourse Act to expire in 1810
- Congress replaced the Non-Intercourse Act with Macon's Bill No. 2
- *Macon's Bill No. 2 promised both France and England that the United States would resume trade with the first nation that
stopped abusing American Shipping rights.
- This allows Madison the power to continue shipping with France, and cut all commercial ties with England in 1811.
3. *"War Hawks"
- Clay was so outspoken and charasmatic that his fellow Congressmen named him the Speaker of the House, at the age of 34.
Foundland.
4. Sectional Differences
- Not all Americans were in favor of a War with England.
- Northerners/New Englanders: Opposed the War because they fear that it will create a complete shutdown of trade and
continue the economic depression.
- Northerners/New Englanders who were Federalists opposed the acquisition of Canada, because they felt it would lead to more
agrarian states that would increase the number of votes controlled by the Democrat-Republicans.
- These Northerners/New Englanders refused to help fight, "Mr. Madison's War" and also refused to defend the United States
when British Armies invaded New York.
- Southerners/Westerners: Support the War for it will lead to land expansion for the United States.
5. Tecumseh & Tenskawatewa
- Two Shawnee Brothers, Tecumseh and Tenskawatewa "The Prophet" believed that the Native Tribes east of the Mississippi
River must unite in a new Native American Confederation.
- The two encouraged:
1. That Natives not sell land to White Settlers
2. That Natives refuse to buy textiles, and make their own clothing
3. That Natives refuse to take alcohol
4. That Natives refuse to use tobacco
5. That Natives refuse to use "White" weapons such as rifles.
- Western Settlers believed that Great Britain was aiding the Native American Alliance, and so the War Hawks used this as a
rallying cry for war.
- General William Henry Harrison will attack Tecumseh and Tenskawatewa at the village of Tippecanoe, a major victory.
(Harrison will use this as the base for his poltical campaign in 1840)
- Tecumseh and his brother will be killed at the "Battle of the Thames" in 1813.
- Andrew Jackson will repell the Creek Nation at "The Battle of Horseshoe Bend"
6. The War of 1812 (13,14,15)
1. The Failed Invasions of Canada
- The United States tried to invade Canada twice, with both invasions being unsuccessful.
- The First US invasion was a three pronged attack on Detroit, Niagra, and Lake Champlain.
- The U.S. was defeated at the "Battle of Michilimackinac" which gave control of the Upper Great Lakes Region to Canada.
- The second invasion in 1813 was again repelled.
2. U.S. Naval Victories
- The hero of Lake Erie was Adm. Oliver Hazard Perry who after defeating the British fleet said, "We have met the enemy
and they are ours."
- The U.S.S. Constitution "Old Ironsides" defeated the H.M.S. Guerriere which prompted American confidence in its Naval
abilities.
3. The British Invasion
- The British believed that to end the War quickly, they would have to capture the Capital of the United States, Washington
D.C.
- The British attacked and burned Washington in 1814, destroying the Capital Building and the White House.
- Legend has it that First Lady, Dolly Madison, saved the portrait of George Washington as the British were about to torch
the White House.
- The British then turned their attention to Baltimore, which was the home of the American privateers.
4. Repelling the British Invasion
- As the British advanced towards Baltimore, the Mayor and General incharge of Fort McHenry, ordered that ships be sunk
at the mouth of Baltimore Harbour to prevent the British from landing an invasion force.
- Key's eye witness account of the British attempt to capture Fort McHenry was captured in his poem, "The Star Spangled
Banner".
5. The Treaty of Ghent
- Initially England demanded that they maintain the Upper Great Lakes region and an Independent Native American State
which would act as a buffer between British and American territory.
- Officially:
Foundland.
6. Federalist Grievances & The Hartford Convention
- Despite the fact that peace had been declared on 12/25/1814, word had not yet crossed the Atlantic before the "Battle of
New Orleans"
- Even though the battle was fought after the War was over, it is considered the greatest American Victory in the War.(This
victory would make Jackson a household name and become the foundation of his Presidential runs in 1824, 1828, &
1832)
8. Peace with Honor
- The War of 1812 marked the emergence of American Naval Power
- The War of 1812 Created a sense of Nationalism in the United States, and marked an end to sectional discord called,
"The Era of Good Feelings"
- The War of 1812 enhanced Canadian patriotism and improved Canadian and US relations
- *The War of 1812 led to the passing of the Rush-Bagot Treaty in 1817, which limited naval armaments in the Great Lakes,
and eventually disarmed the Canadian & US Border.(The Canadian/US Border is the longest undefended border in the
World at 5,527 miles)
James Monroe – The Louisiana Purchase

- President Jefferson, nervous of a stronger French influence in the West, sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to France
to try to buy New Orleans.
- Presidency of James Monroe 1817-1825
- Known as the transition President from Revolutionary Era to the 1800's
1. The "Era of Good Feelings"
- Due to the overwhelming feeling of National Pride and regional unity, American's set aside their political differences and
unified under one political party, the Democrat-Republicans.
- James Monroe was chosen as President, winning all but sixteen votes in the Electoral College.
3. The Economic Panic of 1819
- In 1819 a severe economic Depression swept across the nation bringing with it; deflation, bankruptcies, bank failures,
unemployment, soup kitchens, and debtors prisons.
- Much of the economic crisis was tied to investments in western frontier lands which were inflated in price.
- Rampant land speculation by Western "Wild Cat" Banks and investors drove the market.
- A "wild cat" bank was so called because they existed where only wildcats lived in the wilderness.
- Many banks foreclosed on farmers who had fallen behind in paying their mortgages
- The country would remain in depression for a number of years.
4. Westward Expansion
- Between 1791-1819 nine states had been added to the Union; VT, KY, TN, OH, LA, IN, MS, IL, AL
- Admission to the Union alternated between Free States and Slave States to maintain a balance in the Congress.
- Vast expansion westward was based on a number of principles:
i. The continued generational move westward by the nation
ii. The draw to the West because of cheap land in the OH Valley, which appealed to European immigrants. (The Land Act
of 1820 which sold 80 acres for $1.25 an acre)
iii. People also moved westward because the problems with the Native Americans had been all but extinguished.
iv. The building of roads (The Cumberland Road in 1811) and canals (The Erie Canal in the 1820's) made expansion west
easier for speculators, farmers, and families.
5. Slavery and the Sectional Balance
- Sectional tensions on the issue of slavery emerged again in 1819 with the passing of the Tallmadge Amendment.
- The Tallmadge Amendment, passed by Democrat-Republicans, stated that the Territory of Missouri could not import any more
slaves, and that the children of slaves should be gradually emancipated in Missouri.
- This law was passed to prevent Missouri from being admitted to the Union as a Slave State.
- Southerners viewed the Tallmadge Amendment as a threat to the Sectional Balance in Congress, and were able to defeat the
bill in the Senate.
- The South worried that with an imbalance between Slave and Free States, the agrarian South would be economically left
behind the emerging wealthier Northern merchant class.
6. The Missouri Compromise
and Senate)
- The Era of Good Feeling continued, and with the Missouri Compromise in 1820, the Election was again won by James
Monroe.
8. Cases of the Marshall Court
- In 1818 President Monroe and Sect. of State J.Q.Adams negotiated a treaty with Britain to allow the United States to share in
fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland.
- The treaty drew the boundaries of the Louisiana territory along the 49th Parallel to the Rocky Mountains.
- Both the United States and Great Britain would have a joint occupation of the Oregon Country for ten years
- John Quincy Adams attempts to sue for peace, bargaining with Spain the Florida Purchase Treaty (or Adams-Onis Treaty) of
1819.
- In this treaty:
10. *The Monroe Doctrine: (1823)
European affairs.
James Oglethorpe – Georgia

- Founded in 1733, it was the last British Colony established in North America, and named after the monarch at the time,
King George II.
- Georgia was established as a debtor’s prison under the leadership of James Oglethorpe.
- The idea of Georgia was to act as a “buffer zone” between Spanish Florida and British South Carolina.
- Often called the, “Charity Colony”, once a colonist’s prison term was up they were given land and freedom.
James Watt – perfects the steam engine

John Adams – The Boston Massacre (1770)
- Five men are killed, four white, one black, (Crispus Attucks)
- The event was published in newspapers across the colonies, under the engraving by Paul Revere, and published
stories by Sam Adams.
- John Adams, Sam's cousin and the best lawyer in the colonies, is called to defend the soldiers in their trial.
- The soldiers are found innocent of murder.
IV. The End of the Revolutionary War: (1781-Sept. 3rd, 1783)
River to the West.
A. Establishing the Government
I. George Washington; First President, 1789-1797
II. John Adams became the nation's first Vice President.
III.Adams would say, "Never has there been such an insignificant position created than that of the Vice President"
C. The Election of 1796
I. The Federalists choose as their Candidate, John Adams.
II. The AntiFederalists choose as their Candidate, Thomas Jefferson.
III.Adams wins a narrow victory over Jefferson.
D. President John Adams 1797-1801
I. Member of the Federalist Party
II. Vice President: Thomas Jefferson; Member of the AntiFederalist Party
- The Quasi War
A. Because the United States had signed the Jay Treaty with England, and the Pinckney Treaty with Spain, France felt
betrayed.
B. France launches an "undeclared" naval war against the United States, attacking U.S. merchant ships.
C. Both countries do not declare war, but are fighting just the same.
D. Strong Anti-French sentiment runs strong and most citizens want to go to war against France.
- The XYZ Affair
A. To resolve the problems between the United States and France, President Adams sends ambassadors to France to work out
a treaty.
B. When they arrive, U.S. Ambassadors are told that they must pay $275,000 just to sit with French Ambassador Talleyrand,
and pay 32 million florins, or $10 million to work out an agreement.
C. The French Ambassadors are called X, Y, & Z in the Newspapers.
D. Americans are outraged at the need for a bribe, and declare, "Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute."
E. Due to the Anti-French sentiment, the AntiFederalists begin to lose favor with the American People, and Jefferson is outcast
from the Government.
- The Convention of 1800
A. Adams sent envoys to France to meet with the French Dictator Napoleon Bonaparte.
B. France agreed to end the Quasi War and the Franco-American Alliance, in exchange that the United States would pay the
- The Alien & Sedition Acts
A. Congress Passes the Sedition Act in 1798
B. The Sedition Act: Makes it a crime to speak out, or publish criticisms of the Government or the President.
C. Those found guilty could be thrown in jail or deported
D. The Alien Act was passed in 1798
E. The Alien Act: Increases the number of years an "alien" or foreigner must wait before becoming a citizen of the United States.
5yrs to 15yrs.
- The Virigina & Kentucky Resolutions
A. Written by Thomas Jefferson (KY) and James Madison (VA) in 1798
B. These resolutions were a direct attack on the Alien & Sedition Acts
C. The resolutions adopted the doctrine that the Constitution was a compact (agreement) between the States, and that the
states could legitimately object to laws of Congress.
D. Called the Doctrine of Interposition, this policy says that states can nullify laws of Congress
E. *This law is the beginning of the Doctrine of Nullification, which the South will use when breaking away from the United States
in the Civil War.
E. The Election of 1800
I. Marked the first time when political parties emerged, divided over domestic and international issues.
II. John Adams & Charles Pinckney represent the Federalist Party
III.Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr represent the Democrat-Republican Party
IV. The Federalists are split in their decision of which candidate to vote for.
V. The Democrat-Republicans seem to favor the idea of Jefferson for President, and Aaron Burr for Vice President.
VI. Thomas Jefferson wins the Presidency two weeks before the inauguration.
VII. America becomes a two party system
John C. Calhoun –*"War Hawks"

Foundland.
- Presidency of John Quincy Adams 1825-1829
- Vice President: John C. Calhoun
- John C. Calhoun wrote the "Exposition" where he denounced the Tariff as unjust and unconstitutional, suggesting that states
nullify the tariff.
- The Age of Jackson 1829-1837
- Vice President: John C. Calhoun (1829-1832)
1. The Eaton Affair
- The Eaton's were blacklisted from Washington society by the wife of Vice President John C. Calhoun, and the issue erupted in
the Cabinet.
- President Jackson, feeling sympathy for Peggy Eaton, orders Calhoun and his wife to allow the Eaton's back into society, and
they refuse.
- Calhoun abandoned his nationalism rhetoric and became a staunch supporter of States Rights, returning to the Senate
representing South Carolina.
John Deere – invented the steel plow
John Dickenson – writes Letters of a Farmer in Pennsylvania as a result of the Townshend Acts
John Hancock – British wants to arrest him at Concord, MA but escapes
John Hanson – First leader of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation is John Hanson
John J. Audobon –
John Jay – The End of the Revolutionary War: (1781-Sept. 3rd, 1783)
River to the West.
1. The Jay Treaty
- Washington sends the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John Jay, to negotiate a treaty with the British.
- Jay is able to get the following concessions:
3. Impressed U.S. Sailors are returned to the United States.
4. U.S. Merchants are repaid for their loses from the stolen cargo.
5. British Troops agree to abandon their forts on the Western Frontier of the United States.
6. The United States earns trading rights to British outposts in the West Indies.
- The Jay Treaty, because it is made in secret, is hated by the American People because they were not informed of its details.
John Locke – John Locke

- Declarations of the Rights of Man, Two Treatise of Government
- Governments job is to provide for the LIFE, LIBERTY, and PROPERTY of the people.
- (Influences Thomas Jefferson when he writes the Declaration of Independence)
John Peter Zenger – Freedom of the Press

- In 1734-1735, a newspaper printer, John Peter Zenger was arrested by the Governor of NY, who had been charged with
corruption by Zenger's newspaper.
- Charged with seditious libel, or false reporting, Zenger was defended by Andrew Hamilton, a former indentured servant.
- Hamilton argued that Zenger had printed the truth, "the very liberty of both exposing and opposing arbitrary power...is the duty of
the press."
- Zenger's case will influence the First Amendment (Freedom of the Press)
John Q. Adams – The Treaty of Ghent

- Initially England demanded that they maintain the Upper Great Lakes region and an Independent Native American State
which would act as a buffer between British and American territory.
- Officially:
Foundland.
- The Era of Good Feeling continued, and with the Missouri Compromise in 1820, the Election was again won by James
Monroe.
- Monroe again won every Electoral vote except one, defeating John Quincy Adams
- Governor William Plumer of New Hampshire voted for John Quincy Adams, then Secretary of State, so that George
Washington would remain as the only President to be unanimously voted into office.
- In 1818 President Monroe and Sect. of State J.Q.Adams negotiated a treaty with Britain to allow the United States to share in
fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland.
- The treaty drew the boundaries of the Louisiana territory along the 49th Parallel to the Rocky Mountains.
- Both the United States and Great Britain would have a joint occupation of the Oregon Country for ten years
- John Quincy Adams attempts to sue for peace, bargaining with Spain the Florida Purchase Treaty (or Adams-Onis Treaty) of
1819.
- In this treaty:
4. *The Monroe Doctrine: (1823)
European affairs.
- Presidency of John Quincy Adams 1825-1829
- No Political Offiliation
- Vice President: John C. Calhoun
- Son of Second President John Adams
- Known as "Old Man Eloquent"
- Clay and Adams "allegedly" created a bargain where Clay would throw the Election to Adams in exchange for being made the
Secretary of State.
- Jackson supporters in 1828 decided to increase the Tariff of 1828 to as much as 45%, "setting up" Adams as protecting
business and not farmers.
- The plan backfired, as the Tariff actually effected Southerners who relied heavily on manufactured goods from Europe.
- Southerners worried that the Federal Government would try to interfere in the institution of slavery, especially knowing that
slave revolts (Led by Denmark Vesey in 1822) were erupting.
- Southerners worried a great deal about Abolitionists using such tactics to suppress slavery in the South.
manufactured goods. (read example on pg.263)
- With the Tariff, the South believed correctly, that Britain would buy fewer goods from the States, and vice versa, causing an
even greater economic slow down in the South.
- John C. Calhoun wrote the "Exposition" where he denounced the Tariff as unjust and unconstitutional, suggesting that states
nullify the tariff.
John Smith – *Jamestown

- Three small ships leave London in 1607 carrying 104 men
- Originally landing in Chesapeake Bay, they were prevented from landing by warring Natives who fought off the English
advancement.
- The landing spot was swampland which was the home to typhoid and dysentery.
- Many of the settlers refused to work or help build fortifications, prompting Captain John Smith to reply, “He who shall not work
shall not eat.”
- The native chief, Powhatan, had his tribe bring supplies to the English but the English eventually raided and stole supplies.
- The tribe captured John Smith and were about to execute him when Powhatan’s daughter, Pocahontas, saved his life.
- From 1610-1622 over 9,000 people moved to Virginia.
John Tyler – Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!

- William Henry Harrison 1841
1. Whig
2. Vice President: John Tyler
3. Dies 30 days after inauguration
- John Tyler 1841-1845
- Whig
- Vice President: None
- Establishes the Right of Presidential Succession
- Loses the support of the Whig Party when he refuses to support the re-chartering of the National Bank.
John Winthrop – The Massachusetts Bay Colony

- Founded in 1629 the Mass. Bay Colony was under the leadership of John Winthrop.
- Governor Winthrop established leadership and a moral compass stating that “We shall be as a City upon a hill, a beacon of
humanity.”
- The Colony prospered through fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding
- By 1631 over 1,000 Puritans leave England to come to the colony of “true faith.”
- The Colony is established along the Charles River, with two villages, Salem, and Boston.
- Puritan beliefs and morals ruled public policy where only “visible saints”, could become leaders in the Church and freemen.
Jonathon Edwards – Church Minister during The Great Awakening that believed in "Revival Meetings" which spoke to people about the
eternal damnation of sinners.
Joseph Galloway – The Galloway Plan

- Created by Joseph Galloway
- A plan which would create an intercolonial legislature composed of delegates chosen to serve 3 yr. terms by the
colonial assemblies.
- The legislature would be presided over by a President, appointed by the King
- This plan is rejected by 1 vote
Lewis and Clark – The Corps of Discovery: (1804-1806)

- Thomas Jefferson sent Merriwether Lewis and William Clark on a secret two year journey through the Louisiana Territory.
- Lewis & Clark were asked to accomplish the following things:
1. Find their way to the Pacific Ocean
2. Explore the Northern Border of the Louisiana Territory; try to find the Northwest Passage (a waterway linking the east with
the west)
3. Collect samples of plants and animals for scientific study
4. To map out the terrain and navigate the Louisiana Territory
5. To make peace with Native Tribes and create routes of trade.
- Lewis & Clark were aided along their journey by a Shoshoni woman named Sacajawea, who guided them to the Pacific and
the Oregon Territory.
- Only William Clark would return after the expidition. Merriweather Lewis, a known alcoholic, committed suicide in 1807.
Lord North – The Period of Calm (1770-1773)

- After the repeal of the Townshend Acts, the Prime Minister, Lord North, is reluctant to impose new taxes on the
colonies.
Midnight Judges –
Baptists – Those who believed in the teachings of the Great Awakening were born again into the Christian faith and were
called "New Lights"; New Lights are known today as Baptists.
Brigham Young – led the Mormons; told the Mormons that he was leading them out of the United States into the wilderness
where they would become the "light to the rest of the world."
- Young led his followers West along a trail that would become the Mormon Trail
- Young led the Mormons to the Basin of the Great Salt Lake, and there they founded Salt Lake City, UT.
Dorothea Dix – Reformer; Advocate for the Mentally Ill
- Traveled to asylums and documented the poor facilities and treatment of the mentally ill.
- Campaigned infront of the Mass. Legislature in 1843 for greater funding.
- Believed the best way to care for patience was through improved conditions, treatments (Humane treatment)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton – The Primary Leader of the American Suffrage Movement; a mother of 7, who believed that Women
should seek more out of life.
- Calls for a Women's Rights Convention at her home in Seneca Falls, NY because the women had been prevented from
appearing at the Convention in London (they were forced to sit behind a curtain while the men debated the merits of equal
rights)
Frederick Douglas – Abolitionist and escaped slave who fled from slavery, educated himself, and wrote his autobiography.
Lived in Rochester, NY and published the "Northern Star" abolitionist newspaper.
Horace Mann – Horace Mann: The "Father of Public Education"
- Member of the Mass. Board of Education who preached for more effective and better schools for students.
- Demanded: Longer school days/year, better schools, higher pay for teachers, stronger curriculum (Math, Science, History,
Language, English/Literature, Art)
- Established the first college for training and educating teachers
- Was aided by Noah Webster (textbooks and Dictionary), William McGuffey (text books)
Joseph Smith – The Mormons
- Founded in Shortsville, NY in the "Burned Over" District
- Founded by Joseph Smith who had seen the angel Maroni who gave him the story of Jesus Christ Coming to North
America after leaving the apostles at the end of the New Testament.
- Smith transcribed the story from the Golden Tablets into a book called the "Book of Mormon" which is the holiest book in
the Mormon Faith.
- Mormon Beliefs:
1. No Caffeine, No Alcohol, No Smoking, No Drugs, No Gambling, No Birth Control
2. Young people are expected to become 2yr. missionaries following High School.
3. To marry in the Mormon Faith you must be a baptized Mormon. Once you are baptized you and all of your ancestors
are considered Mormons.
4. Mormons also originally believed in Polygamy (more than one wife)
- Because of there beliefs, Joseph Smith and his followers were forced to leave Shortsville, NY and moved to OH.
- After being forced out of OH they moved to IN, and then to Nauvoo, IL.
- In Nauvoo Smith was arrested for preaching Mormonism and was attacked in his prison cell by an Anti-Mormon mob,
killing him.
Lucretia Mott – Quaker, Feminist, and speaker for Suffrage at the Women's Rights Convention in London, and Seneca Falls
Mormons – See Joseph Smith
Mother Ann Lee – founded the Shakers in 1840 (utopia)
Oneida – The Oneida Community
- Formed in Oneida, NY in the "Burned Over District" by John Humphrey Noyes
- Believed in Eugenics, or the breeding of selective people to create superior human beings.
- Believed in "free love" and communal living, lasting over 30yrs.
Robert Owen – “Father of Socialism” – founds New Harmony, Indiana (utopia) – fails
Salt Lake City – Young led the Mormons to the Basin of the Great Salt Lake, and there they founded Salt Lake City, UT
Napoleon – French Dictator Napoleon Bonaparte
1. The Louisiana Purchase
- In 1803 the Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and France were at War with Great Britian and most of Kingdoms of Europe.
2. Jefferson's Neutrality
- In 1803 France and England went to war against each other.
- To enforce their power on the seas, Britian issues the *Orders of Council in 1806.
- These orders close ports under French control for foreign shipping, including American, unless the ships first stopped at a
British port.
- To fight this, Napoleon orders that all merchant ships, including American ships, would be seized that enter British ports.
Nat Turner – 1831 Nat Turner (A slave) led a revolt against his former “master” and other slave plantations. He was hanged and his
body mutilated as a lesson to other slaves
Nicholas Biddle – Mr. Nicholas Biddle
- Caught in the middle of the Clay and Jackson debate over the bank was the President of the Bank, Mr. Nicholas Biddle
- Biddle used the bank as a way of "paying off" members of Congress and members of the press so that they would keep the
bank functioning.
- Known as "Mr. Biddle's Bank", Biddle made "loans" to such men as Daniel Webster so that they would defend the need for the
bank in the Senate.
- Opponents of Biddle called him, "Emperor Nick of the Bribery Bank".
- Biddle did do some good things while in power:
1. He restricted the creation of banks that were labled as "risky".
2. Reduced Bank failures
3. Issued sound currency that would not depreciate or inflate
4. Disbursed currency to other banks around the nation
5. Was the main financial institution for the United States Government
and Congress.
Noah Webster – aided by Horace Mann; wrote textbooks and Dictionary
Oliver Hazzard Perry – U.S. Naval Victories During the War of 1812
- The hero of Lake Erie was Adm. Oliver Hazard Perry who after defeating the British fleet said, "We have met the enemy
and they are ours."
- The U.S.S. Constitution "Old Ironsides" defeated the H.M.S. Guerriere which prompted American confidence in its Naval
abilities.
Patrick Henry – *The Stamp Act (1765)

- Passed in 1765, this was passed to raise revenue for the British costs in defending the colonies.
- Required for ALL documents; bills of sale, commercial goods, legal documents (deeds, marriage licenses), playing
cards, pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas.
- Patrick Henry, a representative in the Virginia House of Burgesses, supports the *Virginia Resolves.
- The Virginia Resolves denied Parliament the right to tax the colonies without their consent, claiming that only the
House of Burgesses could tax the Virginia colonists.
I. The Continental Association
- This called for an intercolonial boycott to import ALL British goods after December, 1774, and prohibits the exporting of Colonial
goods to England after September, 1775.
- To enforce the boycott to Continental Association created committees of observation and inspection.
- Colonists began to manufacture their own goods, creating "homespun" garments which became a symbol of patriotism.
- *Patrick Henry, infront of the Virginia Legislature, tells the colonies that they should prepare for a War with Great Britain, "Give
me liberty or give me death."
Rachel Jackson – “adulterer” (married Andrew Jackson, never finalized her divorce from her first husband before the couple wed. This
event caused her to have a heart attack, killing her)
Ralph Waldo Emerson – Supporter of Transcendentalism, Ralph Waldo Emerson "The American Scholar"
alone."
God.
Reverend Thomas Hooker – Connecticut

- Founded by the Puritan Minister, Thomas Hooker in 1639.
- The First Colony was Hartford, which was on the banks of the Connecticut River.
- *In 1639 the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut are written, creating the first written constitution and organized form of
Government in North America.
- The Fundamental Orders implied that government rested upon the consent of the governed, and that it should express the
will of the majority.
- One of the beliefs in the document allowed only members of the Puritan faith to hold office in government positions.
Robert Fulton – Invented “Fulton's Folly", The Clermont, was the first steamboat.
Robert Livingston – A signer of the Declaration of Independence

Roger B. Taney – Chief Justice
Roger Williams – Rhode Island

- Rhode Island was founded by the Rev. Roger Williams in 1636.
- Williams was banished from the Mass. Bay Colony because he believed that the matters and teachings of the Church should be
separated from the laws of the colonial government, and he disagreed with the business practices of the Colony Leadership.
- Williams believed that the Native Tribes were being exploited and believed that the spiritual message of the Mass. Bay Colony
had been lost.
- Rhode Island received its Charter from Parliament in 1644.
Sam Adams – Led the Sons of Liberty (formed to protest further British laws)
- The Boston Massacre was published in newspapers across the colonies, under the engraving by Paul Revere, and published
stories by Sam Adams.
- Sam Adams creates the Committees of Correspondence.
Samuel Adams – The Suffolk Resolves

- Created by Samuel Adams
- A complete disregard of the Coercive Acts and a demand for full restoration of the Constitutional Government in
Massachusetts.
- Unanimously adopted and sets the tone for Colonial grievances.
Samuel Morse – Inventor: painter, designer of "Morse Code", a coded system of dots and dashes. First message, "What hath God
Wrought?"
Samuel Slater – Inventor: "Father of the Factory System", memorized factory plans in England and brought them to the United States
and started a plant in RI.
Susan B. Anthony – Feminist from Rochester, NY.
- First woman arrested, tried, and fined for voting in an election. (Charged a $100.00 which she refused to pay)
- Helped unite the Abolition movement with the Suffrage Movement with the help of her neighbor Fredrick Douglass
Tecumseh – Tecumseh & Tenskawatewa

- Two Shawnee Brothers, Tecumseh and Tenskawatewa "The Prophet" believed that the Native Tribes east of the Mississippi
River must unite in a new Native American Confederation.
- The two encouraged:
1. That Natives not sell land to White Settlers
2. That Natives refuse to buy textiles, and make their own clothing
3. That Natives refuse to take alcohol
4. That Natives refuse to use tobacco
5. That Natives refuse to use "White" weapons such as rifles.
- Western Settlers believed that Great Britain was aiding the Native American Alliance, and so the War Hawks used this as a
rallying cry for war.
(Harrison will use this as the base for his political campaign in 1840)
- Tecumseh and his brother will be killed at the "Battle of the Thames" in 1813.
- Andrew Jackson will repel the Creek Nation at "The Battle of Horseshoe Bend"
Thomas Jefferson – Influenced by John Locke when he writes the Declaration of Independence
V. The Declaration of Independence: (July 4th, 1776)
A. The Signers
- On June 11th, 1776 Congress appoints a committee consisting of; Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Robert Livingston,
Roger Sherman, and Thomas Jefferson.
- The Committee designated Thomas Jefferson to write the document
- George Washington; First President, 1789-1797
- John Adams became the nation's first Vice President.
1. Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
2. Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson
3. Secretary of War: Henry Knox
IV. Political Parties
- The first Political Parties were the Federalists lead by Alexander Hamilton, and the AntiFederalists lead by Thomas Jefferson.
- Federalists support a strong Central Government, and trade with Great Britain to support the Nation's Economy.
- AntiFederalists support a weak Central Government and power for the States. They also support trade with France to support the
Nation's Economy.
V. The French Revolution & Neutrality
- *Washington Proclaims Neutrality in 1793, not wanting to upset commercial ties with Great Britain or France.
- Washington did not believe in, or support, the idea of getting the United States involved in European Affairs.
- England and Spain are furious with the United States for not choosing to support their commercial allie.
- Thomas Jefferson resigns from the Cabinet because he does not agree with Washington on supporting neutrality, and not the
French Revolution.
VI. The Election of 1796
- The Federalists choose as their Candidate, John Adams.
- The AntiFederalists choose as their Candidate, Thomas Jefferson.
- Adams wins a narrow victory over Jefferson.
- Due to the law, that was not changed till 1804, the second highest vote winner became Vice President.
- Jefferson becomes the Vice President.
VII. President John Adams
- Vice President: Thomas Jefferson; Member of the AntiFederalist Party
1. The Virigina & Kentucky Resolutions
in the Civil War.
VIII. The Election of 1800
- Marked the first time when political parties emerged, divided over domestic and international issues.
- John Adams & Charles Pinckney represent the Federalist Party
- The Federalists are split in their decision of which candidate to vote for.
- The Democrat-Republicans seem to favor the idea of Jefferson for President, and Aaron Burr for Vice President.
- The vote is placed in the hands of the House of Representatives, which is controlled by the Federalists.
- Jefferson, still the Vice President, vowed to break any tie the Federalists might support, blocking their attempt to place a Federalist
in the White House as President Pro Tempore.
Burr.
IX. President Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809
1. John Marshall and the Judiciary Act of 1801
- In the closing hours of his Presidency John Adams signed into law the Judiciary Act of 1801 which appointed sixteen
Federalists to Federal Judgeships.
- The Democrat-Republicans complained that this was "against the people's will" and so Jefferson removed the Judges.
- Adams also appointed John Marshall as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
2. The Tripolitan War:(1801-1805)
- The Barbary Pirates off the coast of Tripoli were committing raids on American Merchant Ships.
- The Government of Tripoli told the United States that the raids would stop if the United States paid a "tribute".
- Jefferson sends the United States Navy to protect the U.S. Merchant Fleet, and the Navy uses its ground troops, the Marines,
for the first time.
- Tripoli declares war on the United States which lasts till 1805 before it is finally subdued.
- Originally the French had given up the Louisiana Territory to the Spanish as a result of losing the French & Indian War.
- Spain transferred control of the territory to France in the Treaty of San Ildefonso (1800), in exchange for control of the port city
of New Orleans.
- Throughout Jefferson's first term, American settlers were continuing to move westward into the Louisiana Territory, using the
port city of New Orleans as a base for continued western expansion.
- Spanish officials banned these settlers from using the port of New Orleans, and in 1803 the Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and
France were at War with Great Britian and most of Kingdoms of Europe.
4. Jefferson's Problem with the Louisiana Purchase
- As a Strict Constructionist, Jefferson did not feel he had the right to purchase the Louisiana Territory, because the Constitution
did not say anything about authorizing Congress to purchase land.
- Jefferson was forced to modify his constitutional theories because of the importance of the purchase (it doubled the size of the
nation).
- Using the Necessary and Proper Clause, Jefferson and Congress authorized the purchase of the Louisiana Territory.
- The treaty was ratified in 1803
5. The Corps of Discovery: (1804-1806)
- Thomas Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark on a secret two year journey through the Louisiana Territory.
- Democrat-Republican: Thomas Jefferson
- Federalist: Charles Pinckney
- Jefferson wins reelection with 162 Electoral Votes to 14 votes.
7. Jefferson's Neutrality
- In 1803 France and England went to war against each other.
- President Jefferson faced a dilemma
1. France controlled the world's most powerful Army, after defeating Austria and Russia at the Battle of Austerlitz.
2. England controlled the seas after defeating the Spanish and French Fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar; a major
victory for Horatio Lord Nelson.
- To enforce their power on the seas, Britian issues the *Orders of Council in 1806.
- These orders close ports under French control for foreign shipping, including American, unless the ships first stopped at a
British port.
- To fight this, Napoleon orders that all merchant ships, including American ships, would be seized that enter British ports.
- Britain begins to "Impress" American sailors again, taking over 6,000 U.S. Sailors.
- In 1807 The Chesapeake Incident occurred.
- The U.S.S. Chesapeake was overtaken by a British Ship ten miles off the coast of Virginia.
- The British Captain ordered that four people, believed to be deserters, be handed over.
- The Chesapeake's Captain refuses to allow this to happen, compelling the British to open fire on the Chesapeake.
- American's are outraged and want to go to War with Britain.
8. The Embargo Act: (1807)
- Seeking to force England to respect American rights while avoiding war, Jefferson pushed through Congress the Embargo Act.
- *The Embargo Act forbade ALL EXPORTS from the United States to ANY COUNTRY
- The Embargo Act crippled the American Economy, especially hurting the farmers who relied on selling their crops to Europe.
It later caused a major Economic Depression.
9. The Non-Intercourse Act:(1809)
- In his last days of office, President Jefferson replaced the Embargo Act with the Non-Intercourse Act.
- *The Non-Intercourse Act opens trade with ALL NATIONS EXCEPT France & England
Thomas McDonough – U.S. Naval Victories

- The U.S.S. Constitution "Old Ironsides" defeated the H.M.S. Guerriere which prompted American confidence in its Naval abilities.
Thomas Paine – Common Sense: (January 1776)

I. The American Revolution
A. Early Battles:(1776-1777)
- Washington asks Thomas Paine to inspire the troops, and he does by writing "The Crisis", where he states, "These are the
times that try men's souls, the summer soldier and sunshine patriot...."
Toussaint L’Overture – led a slave revolt in Haiti; a former slave bogged down Napoleon's Army and prevented him from developing the
off-shore colonies he would need to supply a French colony in North America.
Walt Whitman – Supporter of Transcendentalism, Walt Whitman "Leaves of Grass"

alone."
God.
Washington Irving – Famous author; Van Winkle, Legend of Sleepy Hollow, America's first international writer.
William Bradford – Plymouth Colony

- Founded in 1620 by Puritan Separatists who were self-exiled in Holland.
- Arrived on the Mayflower in what is now Cape Cod, MA.
- Before landing the Pilgrims signed the Mayflower Compact, a social contract which they agreed to obey the laws that they would
adopt. They agreed to consult each other about matters affecting the community and to abide by majority rule.
- Leaders were William Bradford and Captain Myles Standish.
- Aided by “Squanto”, a Native of the Wampanoag Tribe, The Pilgrims established their settlement and an alliance with
Massasoit, the Chief of the Wampanoag.
William Crawford – Secretary of Treasury under Monroe, From Georgia, Broad national support
William Henry Harrison – Tecumseh & Tenskawatewa

(Harrison will use this as the base for his poltical campaign in 1840)
- Harrison's victories will eventually allow for further westward expansion by white
1. The Whig Party
- The Whigs hoped that with no clear cut winner the vote would be thrown to House of Representatives where Harrison would
be elected President.
- Martin Van Buren was known as the "Appointment" because he was virtually handpicked by Jackson to recieve the nomination
from the Democratic party.
3. Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!
- William Henry Harrison 1841
- Whig
- Dies 30 days after inauguration
- Harrison delivered the longest inaugural address in history, 2hrs, and caught a cold because he delivered it without wearing a
coat or hat
- Harrison dies of pneumonia 30 days later.
William Lloyd Garrison – Abolitionist and author of the "Liberator" Abolitionist Newspaper. Introduced Fredrick Douglass to Abolitionists
William Penn – Pennsylvania

- Founded by William Penn in 1680, Pennsylvania was established as a religious haven for those who followed the Quaker religion.
- Quakers are followers of a religious group that believe each individual has an “inner light,” from God that grants them eternal
salvation. They are pacifists who emphasize pacifism (opposition to violence)
- William Penn encouraged all peoples to move to the Colony, legally buying land from the Native Americans to accommodate the
large numbers of settlers.
- Creating the Treaty of Lenni Lenape, Penn was able to broker a deal to create a city named after two Greek words, Philos and
Adelphi.
- The City created out of the treaty was Philadelphia, the City of Brotherly Love.
William Pitt – The “Great Commoner.”

- Focused British energy on conquering
1. Louisburg
2. Montreal
3. Quebec
Zebulon Pike – Pike's Peak

- From 1805-1807 Zebulon Pike explored the West beyond the Mississippi River.
- Venturing into the South and Southwest, Pike ascended a mountain range where he could spot the Colorado Mountains.
- The Mountain he spotted would bear his name, "Pike's Peak"

Midterm Review

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Christie Chang

Chickasaw – a tribe of Native Americans in Mississippi

Corps of Discover – The Corps of Discovery: (1804-1806)

Federalists – Support Constitution; Favor a strong central government

Indentured Servants – servant workers

Loyalists – colonists that supported the British

Seminole – a tribe of Native Americans in Florida

War Hawks – *"War Hawks"

Albany Plan of Union – The Albany Plan

Alien and Sedition Acts – The Alien & Sedition Acts

Articles of Confederation – The Articles of Confederation: (1781-1789)

Common Sense – Common Sense: (January 1776)

Compromise Tariff of 1833 – The Compromise Tariff of 1833

Connecticut Plan – The Connecticut Plan or "Great Compromise"

Declaration of Independence – The Declaration of Independence: (July 4th, 1776)

Elastic Clause – **The Necessary and Proper Clause**

Embargo Act – The Embargo Act: (1807)

Excise Tax – The Excise Tax/Whiskey Rebellion

Federal Hall Bill of Rights –the Bill of Rights [1791]

Galloway Plan of Union – The Galloway Plan

Great Compromise – *The Connecticut Plan or "Great Compromise"

Intolerable Acts – *The "Intolerable"/Coercive Acts (1774)

Jay’s Treaty – The Jay Treaty

Judiciary Act of 1789 – Judiciary Act of 1789

Kentucky Resolution – The Virigina & Kentucky Resolutions

Land Ordinance of 1785 – The Land Ordinance of 1785

Louisiana Purchase – The Louisiana Purchase

Macon’s Bill No.2 – Macon's Bill No. 2

Missouri Compromise – The Missouri Compromise

Monroe Doctrine – *The Monroe Doctrine: (1823)

New Jersey Plan – The New Jersey Plan

Non-Intercourse Act – The Non-Intercourse Act:(1809)

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – The Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Peace of Paris, 1763 – The Treaty of Paris 1763

Pinckney’s Treaty – The Pinckney Treaty or Treaty of San Lorenzo

Quartering Act – The Quartering Act (1767)

Stamp Act – *The Stamp Act (1765)

Suffolk Resolves – The Suffolk Resolves

Sugar Act – The Sugar Act (1764)

Townshend Act – The Townshend Acts (1767-1770)

Treaty of Ghent – The Treaty of Ghent

Treaty of Greenville – ceded the Ohio Territory to the United States

Virginia Plan – The Virginia Plan

Virginia Resolution – The Virigina & Kentucky Resolutions

Election of 1804 – The Election of 1804

Election of 1808 – The Election of 1808

Election of 1828 – The Election of 1828

Election of 1836 – The Election of 1836

Election of 1840 – Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!

2nd Great Awakening – The Second Great Awakening

Bacon’s Rebellion – Bacon’s Rebellion

Battle of Fallen Timbers – [1794] Battle of Fallen Timbers

Battle of New Orleans – Battle of New Orleans [January 1815]

Battle of Saratoga – Battle of Saratoga [October 1777]

Battle of the Thames – Battle of Thames [1813]

Battle of Yorktown – Battle of Yorktown

Battles of Trenton and Princeton –

Black Hawk Wars – Black Hawk Wars

Chesapeake Incident – In 1807 The Chesapeake Incident occured.

Fort McHenry – Repelling the British Invasion

French and Indian War – George Washington

Great Awakening – The Great Awakening

Industrial Revolution – The Industrial Revolution

Elastic Clause – The Necessary and Proper Clause