319

Index

a Choquet
additive functional 18 – capacity 28
adjacency system 49 – theorem 28
– complementary 59 Choquet capacity 168
– local 49 chord length distribution 171, 192
– self-complementary 59 closed
Alexander’s horned sphere 133 – morphologically 13
aliasing 68 – topologically 13
arc 132 closed foam 270
auto-correlation function 35, 197 closure
– algebraic 90
b – morphological 87, 103
background 46 – topological 13
ball, n-dimensional 13 compact set 13
Bartlett spectrum 198, 217 complementary adjacency systems 59
basis of a lattice 44 component
binarization 120 – connected 131
bisector discrete 120 – path-connected 130
Bochner theorem 41, 216 conductivity
body 13 – effective 282
body force 289 – tensor 286
Boolean cylinder model 251 connected
Boolean model 215, 243 – set 129
– structure model index 250 connected component 131
boundary condition 290 connectedness 128–129
boundary of a set 13 connectivity 49
bounded constitutive relation of linear elasticity 289
– essentially 34 contact distribution
– set 13 – function 191
breadth, mean 20 – linear 191
– spherical 190–191
c convex
calliper diameter,mean of 20 – hull 14
Campbell theorem 33 – ring 14
capacity functional 28, 82 – extended 14
cardinal number 12 – set 14
cardinality 12 convolution 94
Cauchy formula 161 – of a measure 35
Chamfer distance transform 113 – of functions 35

3D Images of Materials Structures. Joachim Ohser and Katja Schladitz

Copyright ©2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
ISBN: 978-3-527-31203-0
320 Index

cosine transform 180 – discrete 113

counting measure 30 – Euclidean 114
covariance function
– exponential 200 e
– of a random set 197 edge detection filters 98
covariance measure 199, 214 edge of a set 13
– reduced 199 EDT 114
Crofton formula 26 elasticity matrix 289
Crofton formulae 152 element shape function 292
cross-correlation 208 elementary neighbourhood 108
– function 209 emission 70
– measure 208 empty set 11
– of functions 35 energy 295
– spatial 208 equilibrium equation of linear elasticity 289
cross-covariance function 209 equivalence relation 130
curvature 15 erosion 85, 103
– Gaussian 15 – geodesic 108
– Germain’s 15 – reconstruction by 108
– mean 15 Euclidean distance transform 114, 169
– total 15 Euclidean norm 11
curve plane 132 Euclidean skeleton 117
Euclidean space 11
d Euler number 18, 52
density – density 29
– of a random point field 31 – local 58
– of intrinsic volume 29 – specific 61
– of the Euler number 29 Euler–Poincaré characteristic 18
– of the integral of Gaussian curvature 29 Euler–Poincaré formula 18, 52
– of the integral of Germain’s
curvature 29 f
– of the integral of mean curvature 29 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 80
– of the integral of total curvature 29 FEM 291
density measure 31 Ferret diameter 156
diameter 156 – maximum 14
– maximum 14 – mean 20
difference, of sets 12 fibre system 251
diffusion filter 105 Fick’s second law of diffusion 105
digitization field features 149
– Gauss 45–46, 65 filling 128
– Jordan 45, 65 filter
dilation 84, 103 – diffusion 105
– geodesic 110 – edge detection 98
– reconstruction by 110 – Gauss 97
Dirac delta function 39 – gradient 98
directional distribution 32 – Hermitean 94
Dirichlet boundary condition 290, 295 – isotropic 94
discrete bisector 120 – Laplace 101
discretization of a set 51 – mean value 96
displacement – median 104
– field 289 – norm-preserving 94
– virtual 290, 294 – quantile 104
distance transform 111 – rank value 105
– Chamfer 113 – Sobel 100
 Index 321

filter mask 96 granulometry 89

finite element method 291 – distribution 192
fluctuation 199 – spherical 89
flux 286
foam h
– ceramic 276 h-minima transform 111
– closed 270 – adaptive 111
– Kelvin 265 Hadwiger’s recursive formula 20
– open 61, 267, 276 Hadwiger’s theorem 23
– Weaire–Phelan 265 Hankel transform 37, 217
force biased algorithm 239 hard-core point field 235–236
foreground 46 hard-core Voronoï tessellation 261
Fourier–Bessel transform 37, 201, 204, 217 Hausdorff
Fourier co-transform 36 – distance 13
Fourier–Stieltjes transform 41 – measure 17
Fourier transform 36, 216 – metric 13
– continuous 36 height adaptive h-minima transform 111
– inverse 36 Hermitean filter 94
frame 29 hit-or-miss transform 82
function homogeneous
– essentially bounded 34 – lattice 44
– integrable 34 – macroscopically 27
– measurable 34 homotopic thinning 117
functional Horvitz–Thompson procedure 164
– additive 18, 23 hyperplane
– invariant under rigid motions 22 – process 32
– k-homogeneous 23 – tessellation 34
fundamental form
– first 16 i
– second 16 image 43, 64
Funk–Hecke theorem 181 – binary 64
– Boolean 64
g – grey-tone 64
gauge body 82 inclusion-exclusion principle 18, 24
Gauss independent random closed sets 27
– digitization 45–46, 65 index function 24, 169
– distribution 39 indicator function 12
– filters 97 inner product 11
Gauss–Bonnet formula 19 integrable function 34
Gaussian curvature 15 integral of Gaussian curvature 19
– integral of 19 – density 29
geodesic integral of Germain’s curvature 21
– h-minima transform 111 – density 29
– height adaptive h-minima integral of mean curvature 21, 150, 158
transform 111 – density 29
geodesic dilation 110 integral of total curvature 150
geodesic erosion 108 – density 29
Germain’s curvature 15 intensity 31
– integral of 21 – measure 31
global thresholding 121 interior of a set 13
gradient 37 intersection of sets 12
– morphological 103 intrinsic volume 22, 29, 149
gradient filter 98 – density 29
322 Index

inverse lattice 65 marching cube algorithms 73

isotropic mark space 31
– filter 94 marked random point field 31
– random closed set 27 marker image 108
mask image 108
j Matérn hard-core model 235
Jordan maximum diameter 14
– arc 132 maximum filter 103–104
– curve 132 mean breadth 20
– digitization 45, 65 mean chord length 170
– surface 133 mean curvature 15
Jordan–Brouwer – integral of 21, 158
– complementarity 134 mean intercept length 170
– surface theorem 133 mean value filter 96
– theorem 134 mean width 20
Jordan–Veblen curve theorem 132 measurable function 34
measure
k – locally finite 17
k-face – signed 17
– typical, of a tessellation 257 – totally finite 17
k-homogeneous functional 23 medial axis 117
Kelvin’s foam 265 median filter 104
kinematic formulae 25 mesh simplification 77
Metropolis–Hastings algorithm 237
l
MIL 170
label propagation 138
Miles’ formulae 248, 251
labelling 128
Miles–Lantuejoul correction 164
labelling algorithm 135
minimum filter 103–104
Laguerre
Minkowski
– cell 264
– addition 12
– tessellation 261
– additivity 18
Lamé’s modulus 290
– difference 12
Laplace filter 101
– subtraction 12
– operator 37
– sum 12
– smoothed 101
Minkowski functional 24
lattice
modulation 37
– basis 44
Moiré effect 68
– body centred cubic 45
morphological gradient 103
– cell 44
– cubic primitive 43, 45 morphologically
– distance 43 – closed 13
– face centred cubic 45 – open 13
– homogeneous 44 – regular 13
– inverse 65 multi-grid convergence 61
– orthorhombic primitive 43 multiple point of an arc 132
– reciprocal 65
Lebesgue measure 11 n
linear contact distribution 191 nabla operator 37
load tensor, global 292, 294 neighbourhood
locally finite measure 17 – elementary 108
LSE-filter 94 – graph 49
non-woven 63
m norm-preserving filter 94
macroscopically homogeneous 27 normal strain 289

normal stress 289
Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem 67
o – force biased 239
object feature 22, 149
Ohm’s law 283
opacity 70
open
– morphologically 13
– topologically 13
open ceramic foam 276
open foam 61, 267
opening
– algebraic 90
– morphological 87, 89, 103
Otsu’s threshold 122
p random tessellation
pair correlation function 224
pairwise interaction point field 236
Parseval identity 36, 216
path-connected component 130
perfect simulation 238
pixel 64
– density 44
pixel spacing 44
Plancherel identity 36
plane curve 132
point field
– process 31
– random 31
Poisson field of planes 215
Poisson–Laguerre tessellation 264
Poisson line field 251
Poisson point field 234
Poisson–Voronoï tessellation 260
Poisson’s ratio 289
poly-convex 14
polytope 14
pores per inch 268
power spectrum 201
ppi-value 268
principal kinematic formula 25, 166
principle of virtual work 290
probability space 17
proper orthogonal group 12
q
quantile filter 104
r – rate 44
radiative transfer 69
random closed set(s)
– independent 27
Index 323
– isotropic 27
– macroscopically homogeneous 27
random packing 239
– random sequential addition 239
– spatial sequential inhibition 239
random point field 31
– finite 235
– hard-core 236
– marked 31
– Matérn hard-core 235
– pairwise interaction 236
– Poisson 234
– simple 31
– simulation 237–238
– Strauss 236
random sequential addition 239
– hard-core Voronoï 261
– Laguerre 261
– Poisson–Laguerre 264
– Poisson–Voronoï 260
– Voronoï 260
rank value filter 105
ray casting 71
reciprocal lattice 65
reconstruction by dilation 110
reconstruction by erosion 108
reconstruction, self-dual 110
reflection of a set 12
region detection 128
region growing 127
region of interest 29, 64, 149
regular
– morphologically 13
– topologically 13
rendering
– direct methods 69
– indirect methods 72
representative volume element 282, 294
rigid motion 12
Robin’s boundary condition 283
ROI 29, 149
rose of normal directions 180
Rosenfeld–Pfaltz algorithm 135–136
rotation group 12
s
sampling 46, 65
– theorem 67
– window 29
scalar product 11
324 Index

Schwartz space 35 spherical granulometry 89

Schönflies–Brouwer theorem 132 – distribution 192
Schönflies problem 133 Steiner formula 22, 24–25, 29
segment 12 – extended 166
self-dual reconstruction 110 stiffness tensor 295
separability 38, 82, 95, 114 – global 292, 294
separable mask 90 stochastic homogenization 283
set strain
– boundary 13 – effective 295
– bounded 13 – energy 294
– compact 13 – field 289
– connected 129 – normal 289
– convex 14 – rate 291
– difference 12 – shear 289
– discretization 51 – virtual 291
– edge 13 Strauss point field 236
– empty 11 stress
– interior 13 – field 289
– intersection 12 – normal 289
– morphologically closed 13 – shear 289
– morphologically open 13 structure model index 171
– morphologically regular 13 structuring element 82
– poly-convex 14 subspace, linear 17
– random closed 27 support function 20, 153
– reflection 12 support of a function 34
– simply connected 132–133 surface
– surface 13 – area 18, 150
– topologically closed 13 – covariance function 214
– topologically open 13 – density 29, 213
– topologically regular 13 – measure 17, 213
– translation 12 – random 213
– union 12 – of a set 13
shape factor 162 – rendering 72
shear strain 289 surface area 158
shear stress 289
shift-equivariant 83, 94 t
sieving distribution 192 tessellation 33
signed measure 17 – admissible 58
simple – face-to-face 33, 58
– counting measure 30 – normal 34
– random point field 31 – random 34
sinc function 39 texture mapping 72
sinusoid 130 thinning, homotopic 117
skeletonization 116 threshold
– by thinning 117 – isodata 122
– using distance transforms 117 – Otsu’s 122
SMI 171 thresholding 121
Sobel filter 100 – double 125
spatial birth-and-death process 238 – global 121
spatial sequential inhibition 239 – hysteresis 125
special orthogonal group 12 – local 123
specific surface area 29 – Niblack’s 123
spherical contact distribution 190–191 top-hat transform 89
 Index 325

topological closure 13 – strain 291

topologically – velocity 290
– closed 13 volume 12, 150
– open 13 – density 29
– regular 13 – fraction 29
total curvature 15 – intrinsic 22
totally finite measure 17 – rendering 69
traction 290 Voronoï cell 260
– boundary condition 290 Voronoï tessellation 260
transfer function 70, 95 voxel 64
transform
– adaptive h-minima 111 w
– distance 111 Weaire–Phelan foam 265
– h-minima 111 Whittaker–Shannon interpolation 66
translation of a set 12 width 156
transmission condition 290 width, mean 20
transparency 70 Wiener–Khintchine theorem 202, 225
typical grain 243 window 64, 149
typical k-face 257 window function 202
work equation of linear elasticity 290
u
wrapper algorithm 75
union of sets 12
unit cell of a lattice 44
y
v Young’s modulus 289
velocity, virtual 290
virtual z
– displacement 290, 294 zonotope 14