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What is appendicitis?
Appendicitis is a painful swelling and infec
tion of the appendix.
U.S. Department
of Health and
Human Services
What is the appendix?
The appendix is a fingerlike pouch attached Stomach
to the large intestine and located in the lower Liver
NATIONAL
INSTITUTES right area of the abdomen. Scientists are
OF HEALTH
not sure what the appendix does, if anything,
but removing it does not appear to affect a Large
person’s health. The inside of the appendix intestine
is called the appendiceal lumen. Mucus
created by the appendix travels through the
appendiceal lumen and empties into the
large intestine.
2 Appendicitis
Responses that may indicate appendicitis Women of childbearing age may be asked to
include undergo a pelvic exam to rule out gyneco
logical conditions, which sometimes cause
• Guarding. Guarding occurs when a per
abdominal pain similar to appendicitis.
son subconsciously tenses the abdomi
nal muscles during an examination. The doctor may also examine the rectum,
Voluntary guarding occurs the moment which can be tender from appendicitis.
the doctor’s hand touches the abdomen.
Involuntary guarding occurs before the Laboratory Tests
doctor actually makes contact. Blood tests are used to check for signs of
• Rebound tenderness. A doctor tests infection, such as a high white blood cell
for rebound tenderness by applying count. Blood tests may also show dehydra
hand pressure to a patient’s abdomen tion or fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
and then letting go. Pain felt upon Urinalysis is used to rule out a urinary tract
the release of the pressure indicates infection. Doctors may also order a preg
rebound tenderness. A person may nancy test for women.
also experience rebound tenderness as Imaging Tests
pain when the abdomen is jarred—for
example, when a person bumps into Computerized tomography (CT) scans, which
something or goes over a bump in a car. create cross-sectional images of the body, can
help diagnose appendicitis and other sources
• Rovsing’s sign. A doctor tests for Rovs of abdominal pain. Ultrasound is sometimes
ing’s sign by applying hand pressure used to look for signs of appendicitis, espe
to the lower left side of the abdomen. cially in people who are thin or young. An
Pain felt on the lower right side of the abdominal x ray is rarely helpful in diagnos
abdomen upon the release of pressure ing appendicitis but can be used to look for
on the left side indicates the presence of other sources of abdominal pain. Women
Rovsing’s sign. of childbearing age should have a pregnancy
• Psoas sign. The right psoas muscle test before undergoing x rays or CT scanning.
runs over the pelvis near the appendix. Both use radiation and can be harmful to a
Flexing this muscle will cause abdomi developing fetus. Ultrasound does not use
nal pain if the appendix is inflamed. A radiation and is not harmful to a fetus.
doctor can check for the psoas sign by
applying resistance to the right knee as How is appendicitis treated?
the patient tries to lift the right thigh
while lying down. Surgery
Typically, appendicitis is treated by removing
• Obturator sign. The right obturator
the appendix. If appendicitis is suspected, a
muscle also runs near the appendix.
doctor will often suggest surgery without con
A doctor tests for the obturator sign
ducting extensive diagnostic testing. Prompt
by asking the patient to lie down with
surgery decreases the likelihood the appen
the right leg bent at the knee. Moving
dix will burst.
the bent knee left and right requires
flexing the obturator muscle and will
cause abdominal pain if the appendix is
inflamed.
3 Appendicitis
Surgery to remove the appendix is called Nonsurgical Treatment
appendectomy and can be done two ways. Nonsurgical treatment may be used if sur
The older method, called laparotomy, gery is not available, if a person is not well
removes the appendix through a single enough to undergo surgery, or if the diagno
incision in the lower right area of the abdo sis is unclear. Some research suggests that
men. The newer method, called laparoscopic appendicitis can get better without surgery.
surgery, uses several smaller incisions and Nonsurgical treatment includes antibiotics to
special surgical tools fed through the inci treat infection and a liquid or soft diet until
sions to remove the appendix. Laparoscopic the infection subsides. A soft diet is low in
surgery leads to fewer complications, such as fiber and easily breaks down in the gastroin
hospital-related infections, and has a shorter testinal tract.
recovery time.
Surgery occasionally reveals a normal Recovery
appendix. In such cases, many surgeons will With adequate care, most people recover
remove the healthy appendix to eliminate from appendicitis and do not need to
the future possibility of appendicitis. Occa make changes to diet, exercise, or lifestyle.
sionally, surgery reveals a different problem, Full recovery from surgery takes about 4 to
which may also be corrected during surgery. 6 weeks. Limiting physical activity during
this time allows tissues to heal.
Sometimes an abscess forms around a burst
appendix—called an appendiceal abscess.
An abscess is a pus-filled mass that results What should people do
from the body’s attempt to keep an infec if they think they have
tion from spreading. An abscess may be appendicitis?
addressed during surgery or, more com
monly, drained before surgery. To drain Appendicitis is a medical emergency that
an abscess, a tube is placed in the abscess requires immediate care. People who think
through the abdominal wall. CT is used to they have appendicitis should see a doctor
help find the abscess. The drainage tube is or go to the emergency room right away.
left in place for about 2 weeks while antibiot Swift diagnosis and treatment reduce the
ics are given to treat infection. Six to 8 weeks chances the appendix will burst and improve
later, when infection and inflammation recovery time.
are under control, surgery is performed to
remove what remains of the burst appendix.
4 Appendicitis
Points to Remember For More Information
• Appendicitis is a painful swelling and American Academy of Family Physicians
infection of the appendix. P.O. Box 11210
Shawnee Mission, KS 66207–1210
• The appendix is a fingerlike pouch
Phone: 1–800–274–2237 or 913–906–6000
attached to the large intestine and
Email: fp@aafp.org
located in the lower right area of the
Internet: www.aafp.org
abdomen.
• Symptoms of appendicitis may include American College of Surgeons
abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nau- 633 North Saint Clair Street
sea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, Chicago, IL 60611–3211
inability to pass gas, low-grade fever, Phone: 1–800–621–4111 or 312–202–5000
and abdominal swelling. Fax: 312–202–5001
Email: postmaster@facs.org
• A doctor can diagnose most cases of Internet: www.facs.org
appendicitis by taking a person’s medi-
cal history and performing a physical American Society of Colon and Rectal
examination. Sometimes laboratory and Surgeons
imaging tests are needed to confirm the 85 West Algonquin Road, Suite 550
diagnosis. Arlington Heights, IL 60005
Phone: 847–290–9184
• Appendicitis is typically treated by Fax: 847–290–9203
removing the appendix. Email: ascrs@fascrs.org
• Appendicitis is a medical emergency Internet: www.fascrs.org
that requires immediate care.
Hope through Research You may also find additional information about this
topic by visiting MedlinePlus at www.medlineplus.gov.
The National Institute of Diabetes and This publication may contain information about med-
Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) ications. When prepared, this publication included
the most current information available. For updates
conducts and supports basic and clinical or for questions about any medications, contact
research into many digestive disorders. the U.S. Food and Drug Administration toll-free at
1–888–INFO–FDA (463–6332) or visit www.fda.gov.
Participants in clinical trials can play a more Consult your doctor for more information.
active role in their own health care, gain
access to new research treatments before
they are widely available, and help others
by contributing to medical research. For
information about current studies, visit
www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
5 Appendicitis
National Digestive Diseases
Information Clearinghouse
2 Information Way
Bethesda, MD 20892–3570
Phone: 1–800–891–5389
TTY: 1–866–569–1162
Fax: 703–738–4929
Email: nddic@info.niddk.nih.gov
Internet: www.digestive.niddk.nih.gov