Dual Band: Ashwin Dhareshwar

Dual Band
Ashwin Dhareshwar
Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Overview
• Key differences
• Implementation considerations
• Antenna Choice
• Motorola Specific features

Key Difference (GSM900 - GSM1800)
• A little physics
– Diffraction loss and Penetration loss higher in 1800 MHz band
– 6dB minimal theoretical difference (see: Frii’s transmission formula)
• Path loss difference - on-street
– Path loss at 1800MHz is typically 6 - 12 dB higher
– Most probable difference in urban environment: 8 dB
– Difference is nearly distance-independent (fixed), in typical urban
cells ( i.e. constant offset in “ loss per length unit ” )
– Actual difference depends on site configuration like antenna height
and antenna characteristics
– Cell radius at 1800 MHz typically 50% less compared to 900 MHz

Key Difference (GSM900 - GSM1800)
• Path loss difference - in-building

– Additional attenuation at 1800MHz when penetrating into buildings
– High dependency of penetration loss on building structure, window
size, floor height, angle of incident waves and floor level
• Empirical measurement results

– Building penetration loss at 900MHz:
5dB to 25dB
– Average additional path loss at 1800MHz:
7dB, 4dB standard deviation

On-Street Propagation Characteristics
LOS dominates Non-LOS dominates

~ 150m - 300m
Receive level (dB)
6 - 8 dB
GSM 900
>8 dB
in typical urban cells:

• difference is nearly distance-independent GSM 1800
prerequisite:
• same ERP on both bands
• equal antenna pattern
Log (Distance)

Pathloss Difference 900MHz vs.
1800MHz - Measurement Results
Average difference: 7.8dB ~ 6dB standard deviation
GSM 900
GSM 1800

Projection of Vertical Antenna Pattern
radiated power as function of different vertical pattern

K741344 dual band antenna
16
weaker 1800 coverage next to site
14
higher gain in main beam
direction at 1800
12
gain (dBd)
10
vertical pattern@900MHz
8 vertical pattern@1800MHz
K741344 900 1800

6
horizontal BW (deg) 65 62
vertical BW (deg) 7 6.5
Gain (deg) 15.5 16
4
2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
distance (m)

Key Factors Influencing Propagation
Theoretical difference 1800MHz vs. 900MHz

About 8 dB more path loss at 1800MHz for on street coverage
Diffraction loss and penetration loss is higher at 1800 MHz
Additional attenuation when penetrating into buildings, variation of 3dB
to 15dB measured (average 7dB, st.dev 4dB)
Practical difference in coverage

Difference can be compensated with a higher ERP at the 1800 band
Antenna height has high impact on difference in coverage (Diffraction -
the main propagation mechanism - becomes less
important)
Antenna pattern - especially vertical pattern - has high impact on
difference in coverage
Difference raises with raising cell radius

Cell Radius at 900MHz and 1800MHz
Estimated cell radius for contiguous in building coverage

antenna height: 30 m fading margin 6dB
ERP 55dBm interference margin 5dB
MS Rx sensitivity -102 / -100dBm antenna / body loss 3dB
penetration loss 900MHz 20dB level in build. -88dBm / -86dBm
additional loss 1800MHz 5dB level on street -68dBm / -61dBm
max. path loss 123dB / 118dB cell radius cell radius
Environment @900MHz @1800MHz
rural 5150 m 2010 m
urban 800 m 250 m
based on Hata Model / COST 231 + Hata Model, ( refer to GSM 03.30) and measurements carried out in Vienna

Key factors Influencing Coverage
•antenna height •base station transmit power

•antenna gain - vertical pattern •base station sensitivity
•cell radius
increased transmit power base station sensitivity
Tx power
Signal St
rength improved
Sensitivity
basic cell radius

extended cell radius by increased Tx power
and improved Rx sensitivity
Distance

Overview
2. Upgrading a GSM900 Network to a Dual-Band Network

– Implementation Decisions
– Link Balance
– Mast Head Amplifiers (MHA)
– Antenna Solutions
– Site Configurations
– RF Feeder Cables

Multi-band Implementation
•• GSM
GSM900900sites
sitescan
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newGSM
GSM18001800sites
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•• Cell
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areas(e.g.
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cellradius
radius~~300m)
300m)
can
canbe
beadequately
adequatelycovered
coveredby byco-located
co-locatedGSM
GSM900 900and
andGSM
GSM1800
1800BTS
BTSsites
sites
•• Coverage
CoverageofofGSM
GSM900900cell
cellradius
radius>>300m
300mrequires
requiresadditional
additionalGSM
GSM900/1800
900/1800
BTS
BTSsites
sites
Contiguous vs. non-contiguous
“hot-spot” coverage
contiguous •• Capacity
Capacityproperly
properlygeographical
geographical
GSM1800 cells GSM 900 cells distributed
distributed
•• Overlapping
Overlappingwithwithcurrent
currentnetwork
networklayer
layer
•• Ideally
Ideallyall
allthe
theresources
resourcesavailable
availableto
toall
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efficiency
non-contiguous
GSM1800 cells
Multi-band Implementation
•• Best
Bestimplementation
implementationstrategy:
strategy:allallmacro
macrosites
sitesare
areco-located
co-locatedDual
DualBand
Bandsites
sites
with
withcell
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radii <300m
<300minindowntown
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•• Minimum
Minimumoptimisation
optimisationeffort,
effort,Handover
Handoverplanning,
planning,same
samedatabase
databasesetting
settingfor
forall
all
sites
sites
Contiguous vs. non-contiguous

“hot-spot” coverage
contiguous •• Capacity
Capacityproperly
properlygeographical
geographical
GSM1800 cells GSM 900 cells distributed
distributed
•• Overlapping
Overlappingwithwithcurrent
currentnetwork
networklayer
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•• Ideally
Ideallyall
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theresources
resourcesavailable
availableto
toall
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efficiency
non-contiguous
GSM1800 cells
Multi-band Implementation Decisions
• Network management strategy for GSM1800

– coverage driven or capacity driven
– 1800 coverage should be adjusted based on 900 coverage for
use of software features like single BCCH
– Site configuration decisions
• separated antennae vs. dual band antennae
• diversity technique
• single or separated feeders
• use of Mast Head Amplifiers (Tower Top Amplifiers)
– Fixed frequency plan or SFH - Synthesiser Frequency Hopping

Multi-band Implementation Decisions
• From implementation decision follows

– Coverage conditions for chosen configuration
– Principle database parameter settings
• Prerequisites
– A balanced link for chosen configuration

Link Balance - A Winning Coverage
Formula
Balanced
BalancedLink:
Link:
Rx
• • all
allavailable
availableBTS
BTSresources
resourcesused
used
Tx • • optimised
optimisedcell
cellcoverage
coverage
Tx • • high
highquality
qualityof
ofnetwork
network
Rx
performance
performanceensured
ensured
• • good
goodhandover
handoverandandcall
callset-up
set-up
performance
performanceensured
ensured
Cell radius
Cell radius

Motorola GSM1800 Technology
Transmitting
Transmittingpower:
power:
•• 32
32Watts
Watts(45.1dBm)
(45.1dBm)atattop
topofofBTS
BTSrack
rack
•• The
Thehighest
highestTx
Txpower
powerononGSM1800
GSM1800market
market
BTS
BTSsystem
systemsensitivity
sensitivity(at
(atantenna
antennaconnector):
connector):
Motorola
MotorolaBTS
BTSwithwithMHA:
MHA:>>-110
-110dBm
dBm
At
Atleast
least6dB
6dBimprovement
improvementcompared
comparedwith
withETSI
ETSI
Motorola
MotorolaBTS
BTSwithout
withoutMHA:
MHA:-108.5
-108.5dBm
dBm
4.5dB
4.5dBimprovement
improvementcompared
comparedwith
withETSI
ETSI
Under
Underall
allGSM
GSMspecified
specifiedchannel
channelconditions
conditions
Motorola
Motorolaproduction
productionstandard
standard--no
noselection
selection
Why Do We Need Mast Head
Amplifier ?
S/N Use of MHA overcomes the deterioration in the

system sensitivity due to lengthy RF feeder cables
L = feeder loss
S/N
• Without MHA
BTS System Sensitivity
depends on L
• With MHA
BTS System Sensitivity is
almost independent of L

Benefits of Mast Head Amplifier
high signal-to-noise ratio

high voice quality
overcomes high feeder loss
low handset transmitting power
longer battery life
reduced interference
better uplink quality
increased capacity
More Air Time

A comparison with and without
MHA
Measured Call Quality cumulative distribution - CDF
100
95
Probability ( % )
with MHA
90
without MHA
85
80
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Uplink Rx Quality

Antenna Recommendations
• Preferred antennas:
– 65 ° sector antennas
– Small vertical beamwidth <7°
– High front-to-back ratio >30 dB
– Maximum gain
– Low upper sidelobe (high sidelobe suppression) typ. -20 dB maximum
– Dual-polarisation (slant +45°/45°, isolation >30 dB)
– Electrical downtilt <10°

Dual-band vs. separated single-band
antennae
• Separated single-band antennae
– different settings for GSM900 and GSM1800 antennae possible
– high degree of optimisation parameters
– separated feeders to avoid 50% more loss at 1800MHz
– keep space on mast for 3rd generation antennae
– no need to re-plan well-optimized GSM900 network
• Dual-band antenna solutions
– one setting suites both layers due to fairly fixed propagation offset
– ease optimisation work due to fairly fixed propagation offset
– cheaper single feeder solution - especially for high mast sites
– no additional mast space required
– newest antenna technology on the masts
– replacing old single band antennae with obsolete radiation
characteristics - broad vertical pattern

Horizonmacro Configuration 2 - 2 - 2
with TDF Twin Duplexed Filter
1 sector:
single band GSM 1800
x polarised antenna configuration: 2 - 2 - 2
+45° / -45°
polarisation diversity air combining
max.Tx power: ( TOC)
feeder 7/8” or 1 5/8“ EGSM 900 46.0dBm/40W
TOC: Top of Cabinet GSM 1800 45.1dBm/32W

TDF: Twin Duplexed
Tx/Rx Rx1/Rx2 Bandpass Filter
TDF
SURF
LNA, switch
Tx1 Tx2
CTU1 CTU2
Rx1a,Rx2a Rx1b,Rx2b
indoor or outdoor Horizonmacro

Horizonmacro Configuration 4 - 4 - 4
with DCF Duplexed Combining Filter
1 sector:
single band GSM 900/1800
x polarised antenna configuration: 4 - 4 - 4
+45° / -45°
polarisation diversity hybrid + air combining
max.Tx power: ( TOC)
feeder 7/8” or 1 5/8“ EGSM 900 43.0dBm/20W
TOC: Top of Cabinet GSM 1800 42.1dBm/16W

DCF: Duplexed Combining
Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Bandpass Filter
Rx1a/Rx2a Rx1b/Rx2b
DCF DCF
SURF
LNA, switch
Tx1 Tx2 Tx3 Tx4
CTU1 CTU2 CTU3 CTU4
Rx1a-Rx4a Rx1b-Rx4b
indoor or outdoor Horizonmacro

Horizonmacro Dual-band
4 port configuration, single feeder
1 sector:
1800 dual-band GSM 900/1800
x polarised 4 port antenna
900 +45° / -45°
polarisation diversity
dual band dual band

diplexer dual-band diplexers:
diplexer
•typical insertion loss: ~0.2dB
900 1800 900 1800 •internal or external type
feeder feeder (antenna or BTS)
dual band dual band •interband isolation: ~60dB

diplexer diplexer
Tx/Rx Rx Tx/Rx Rx
GSM 900/1800 GSM 900/1800

indoor or outdoor indoor or outdoor
Horizonmacro Horizonmacro

4 port configuration, separated feeder
1 sector:
1800 dual-band GSM 900/1800
900 +45° / -45°
separated feeder
GSM 900: 7/8”
GSM 1800: 1 5/8”
Tx/Rx Rx Tx/Rx Rx
GSM 900 GSM 1800


2 port configuration, single feeder
1 sector:
dual-band GSM 900/1800
900/1800
+45° / -45°
dual-band diplexers:
feeder
• typical insertion loss: ~0.2dB
•interband isolation: ~40dB

dual band dual band
diplexer diplexer
Tx/Rx Rx Tx/Rx Rx
GSM 900 GSM 900


Multi-carrier, air + hybrid combining
with dual- and single-band antennae
Antenna B
900 MHz
Dual-band antenna - air combining
1800 MHz 1800 MHz
•2 GSM1800 carriers with air combining
-45° +45° -45° +45° -45° +45° •Dual-band diplexers for common feeder
sharing
900 1800 900 1800

Single-band GSM1800 antenna air- and
+45° +45° Antenna B hybrid combining
•2 GSM1800 carriers with air combining
2x Mast Heads
•Includes MHA in the Rx path
Antenna A
DC
circuits
Antenna A: Dual Band antenna, 2 additional GSM1800
carriers with air combining, integrated diplexer to allow
the sharing of common feeders.
+45° -45°
900 1800 900 1800
Antenna B: second antenna, single band GSM1800, air

DX DX DX combining for 2 GSM1800 carriers, includes MHA in the
Rx
Rx Tx Tx Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx RX path and provides polarisation diversity.
(in future also GSM1800 + UMTS dual band antenna
900 BTS 1800 BTS system possible)
Feeders
Make Attenuation
Model Size Bend radius
Brand dB/100m dB/100m Impedance Max f (MHz) Weight
(mm) (Kg)
900MHz 1800MHz
EUPEN 5228 7/8" 3.93 5.92 50 5300 120 0.59
EUPEN 5438 1 5/8" 2.41 3.71 50 2800 300 1,50
~ 50% more loss at GSM1800

Possible rules to select proper feeder:
– GSM900 cells with 7/8” feeder, GSM1800 cells with 15/8” feeder
– all cells with 7/8” feeder - when feeder loss for 1800 cells will be higher
than e.g. 3dB thicker cables will be used
– all cells with 7/8” feeder - for GSM1800 cells with high feeder loss
Masthead Amp’s are used

Dual-Band Coverage Planning
Optimisation process:
• Comparing predictions of appropriate GSM900 and GSM1800 cells
for in-building coverage level
(e.g. -68 dBm at 900Mhz / -61 dBm at 1800MHz)
• Adjusting GSM1800 antenna tilts to obtain similar footprint

compared to the appropriate GSM900 cell
– Good overlapping needed to achieve efficient traffic relief on
GSM900
– Supports introduction of new multi-band features like co-incident
multi-band handover or single BCCH
• Same coverage conditions (except fairly fixed offset) can be
achieved easily with dual band antennas

Example of a Dual Band System
•Planning goal
•minimised interference
•increased in-building penetration in urban environment
•Site configuration
• maximum 2 air combined carriers at 1800
• maximum 4 carriers at 900, one or two combining stages
• higher ERP at 1800
•Antenna solution
• separated cross polarised antennae
• 1800 antennae mounted higher than 900 antennae,
spacing between antennae approx. 1m
•Feeders
• separated feeders (7/8” - 1 5/8”) to reduce attenuation of 1800
signal
Example - GSM900 Coverage
> -62 dBm
> -68 dBm
> -80 dBm
> -90 dBm

Example - GSM1800 Coverage
> -62 dBm
> -68 dBm
> -80 dBm
> -90 dBm

Example - Coverage statistics
• Coverage statistics for GSM900 and GSM1800 layer
% of
system level [dBm] area [km2 ] area
(415km2 )
GSM 900 -68 326,24 78,61%
GSM1800 -68 292,47 70,47%
1800 coverage / 900 coverage 89,65%

Multi-Band Frequency Planning
• Multi-band operation
– Taking advantage of wide spectrum
– Taking advantage of wide separation of frequency bands
• Wide spectrum
– Frequency hopping is more effective
– High call quality and simplified planning
– Robust frequency reuse plan can be used for difficult terrain
• Wide separation
– Ease of multi layer-frequency planning for microcellular or ‘hot
spot’ solutions
• High capacity and performance gain due to BSS features like

- single BCCH - or - coincident handover -

Traffic Management

Idle Mode Control
To Favor GSM1800 Selection/Reselection

• RxLev_Access_Min (C1)
• Penalty Offset (C2)
• Penalty Time (C2)
• Cell_Reselection_Hysteresis
• Seperate BA List

Multiband Reporting
• Multiband Reporting parameter instructs DB mobiles

to report a certain number of neighbor cells of each
band in each measurement report.
• Multiband_Reporting is an add_cell element that it is
per-cell basis.
• Multiband_Reporting has ability to control
frequencies reported by DB mobiles in dedicated
mode.
• Multiband Reporting information is broadcasted
through System Information in dedicated mode.

Multiband Reporting Modes
• Set to 0
any 6 strongest cells irrespective of band.
• Set to 1
1 strongest on each band; followed by the strongest
remaining 4 irrespective of band.
• Set to 2
2 strongest on each band; followed by the strongest
remaining 2 cells irrespective of band.
• Set to 3
3 strongest on each band.

Band Preference Mode
• Motorola-specific functionality designed to allow

flexible measure of control over traffic bias between
layers.
• Allows operator to encourage/discourage handovers
and call setups on the various layers as appropriate.
• Effectiveness increases with increasing availability of
dual band-capable traffic.
• Maximize GSM1800 layer’s traffic density by using
Band Preference Mode and Motorola Microcellular
Handover Algorithms.

BPM = 0
• Default operation - no band preference expressed
• Multiband handovers due to normal RF causes (PBGT,

RXQUAL) can still occur

BPM = 1
• Attempt handover to strongest preferred band neighbour

on SDCCH - TCH assignment
• If unable to handover to preferred band TCH, cancel

band preference bias for the lifetime of the current
connection
• Multiband handovers due to normal radio reasons may

still occur

BPM = 2
• Do not invoke band changes on SDCCH - TCH

assignment
• Attempt to go to strongest preferred band neighbour

when normal radio reason (or congestion relief)
handover required
• Preferred band neighbours take priority in the neighbour

list

BPM = 3

assignment
• Attempt to go to strongest preferred band neighbour

when normal radio reason (or congestion relief)
handover required
• Preferred band neighbours take priority in the neighbour

list

BPM = 4

assignment
• As soon as possible after TCH assignment, attempt to

handover to a preferred band channel
• For normal radio reason handover, also prioritise

preferred band neighbours

BPM = 5
• Attempt to hand to preferred band at SDCCH - TCH

assignment
• As soon as possible after TCH assignment, attempt to

handover to a preferred band channel
• For normal radio reason handover, also prioritise

preferred band neighbours
• This is a combination of BPM 1,2 and 4

BPM = 6
• Invoke the operation “attempt to hand to preferred band

at SDCCH - TCH assignment “ only after the cell has
become congested
• If not possible, after assignment on the non preferred

band, attempt to handover this MS to a preferred band
neighbour ASAP
• This is like condition 5, but triggered only when the cell is

congested

Normal Handover
BPM Summary
TCH Assign
Continuous
Monitoring
Parameter Function
0) Handover to strongest reported neighbour for normal

radio resource reasons (Default).
1) TCH assignment to preferred band if available.
2) Handover to preferred band for the purpose of radio
resource handover or for reasons of congestion.
3) Combination of TCH assignment and call handover to
preferred band (ie 1 and 2 combined) when available.
4) BSS continually monitors MS reported neighbours
and handover is effected to available preferred band.
5) Combination of TCH assignment, handover and
continuous monitoring (i.e. 1,2, and 4 combined).
6) Function is identical to 5 except that it will only be
triggered when a Cell becomes congested.
Complete Traffic Control
• Motorola has added three new parameters to control

Multiband operation:
• Multiband Reporting
- 4 modes
• Band Preference
- Selects which band has priority
• Band Preference Mode
- 6 modes

Handover Algorithms
• GSM specifications define handover occurrence based

on signal strength
• Motorola has added a further 7 algorithms (Microcellular)
– to allow complete control of a multilayer network
– maximising call quality and cell capacity

Seamless Interband Handover
• Intra-BSC
• Intra-MSC
• Inter-MSC
• Priority of Band-Prefered Handover over ALL Handover
Algorithms.

Infrastructure Sharing
Shared Network
Elements OMC- MSC
R
BSC
Addition of
DCS 1800
BTSs only
GSM900 GSM900/1800 DCS1800
BTS BTS BTS

Homogeneous Dualband BTS
BSC
Single Logical BTS
GSM900 DCS1800
Cabinet Cabinet
Homogeneous BTS Cabinets

Heterogeneous Dualband BTS
BSC
Single BTS
GSM900 / 1800
Cabinet
Heterogeneous BTS Cabinets

Air Interface

Sys Info Broadcasting
• Sys info type 3 has “2ter” indicator bit in “SI 3rest octets”
information element
• Set to 1 to indicate that Sys Info 2ter will be broadcast
• Various neighbour lists broadcast in various Sys Info

messages, dependent upon cell type
GSM900 DCS1800
BTS BTS
Sys Info 2 900 nbrs 1800 nbrs

Sys Info 2bis 1800 nbrs
Sys Info 2 ter 1800 nbrs 900 nbrs
Dedicated Mode Broadcast
• Similar BA lists exist in Sys Info 5, 5bis and 5ter
• Sys Info type and BA contents can be different for

different calls and are chosen based on the BSS’s
understanding of the MS capability
• Additionally, Sys Info 5 ter has an IE “Additional

Multiband Information” - Multiband Reporting

Power Class
Power GSM 900 DCS 1800 Tolerance (dB)

class Maximum output Maximum output for conditions
power power normal extreme
1 -- ---- 1 W (30 dBm) ±2 ± 2.5
2 8 W (39 dBm) 0.25 W (24 dBm) ±2 ± 2.5
3 5 W (37 dBm) 4 W (36 dBm) ±2 ± 2.5
4 2 W (33 dBm) ±2 ± 2.5
5 0.8 W (29 dBm) ±2 ± 2.5

Classmark 3
• “Conventional” classmark 2 (sent in CM_SERVICE

REQUEST) has bit “CM3” indicating whether
classmark 3 will be used
• Classmark 3 contains MS power classes in DCS1800
and GSM900 bands
• MS sends classmark 3 in CLASSMARK CHANGE
message in the early classmark sending procedure
• The MS sends the message as early as possible
after immediate assignment

Dual Band: Ashwin Dhareshwar

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Dual Band

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

• Path loss difference - in-building

• Empirical measurement results

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

LOS dominates Non-LOS dominates

in typical urban cells:

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Average difference: 7.8dB ~ 6dB standard deviation

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

radiated power as function of different vertical pattern

K741344 900 1800

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Theoretical difference 1800MHz vs. 900MHz

Practical difference in coverage

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Estimated cell radius for contiguous in building coverage

max. path loss 123dB / 118dB cell radius cell radius

Environment @900MHz @1800MHz

rural 5150 m 2010 m

urban 800 m 250 m

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

•antenna height •base station transmit power

basic cell radius

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

2. Upgrading a GSM900 Network to a Dual-Band Network

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Contiguous vs. non-contiguous

• Network management strategy for GSM1800

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

• From implementation decision follows

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

S/N Use of MHA overcomes the deterioration in the

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

high signal-to-noise ratio

longer battery life

More Air Time

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Measured Call Quality cumulative distribution - CDF

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

TOC: Top of Cabinet GSM 1800 45.1dBm/32W

indoor or outdoor Horizonmacro

TOC: Top of Cabinet GSM 1800 42.1dBm/16W

indoor or outdoor Horizonmacro

dual band dual band

dual band dual band •interband isolation: ~60dB

GSM 900/1800 GSM 900/1800

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

GSM 900 GSM 1800

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

•interband isolation: ~40dB

GSM 900 GSM 900

Motorola Confidential Proprietary

900 1800 900 1800

Antenna B: second antenna, single band GSM1800, air

~ 50% more loss at GSM1800

Motorola Confidential Proprietary