The magnetic flux ΦB passing through the N turns of a coil is proportional to the current I in the

N ΦB
coil, so we define the self-inductance L L= .
I
d ΦB dI
The emf E induced in a coil of self-inductance L is, from Faraday's law, ε =−N =−L .
dt dt
The inductance can be minimized by winding the insulated wire back on itself in the opposite sense so
that the current is going in opposite directions produces little net magnetic flux; this is called a
noninductive winding.

Energy stored in a magnetic field:

dI
P=I ε = LI where P stands for power.
dt
The work dW done in a time dt is dW = P dt= LI dI .
Then the total work done to increase the current from zero to I is
1 1 2
W =∫ dW =∫0 LI dI = LI .
2
This work done I equal to the energy U stored in the inductor when it is carrying a current I (and
1 2
we take U=0 when I=0): U = LI .
2
This can be compared to the energy stored in a capacitor, C, when the potential difference
1 2
across it is V: U = CV .
2

1 B2
u=“ energy density ”= .
2 μ0

LR circuits
inductance = L
resistance = R

dI
V 0 – IR – L =0 .
dt

CLASS NOTES

exam next week (probably Friday)

homeworks due Friday (probably not being collected)

Self-inductance
– definition: L :=N Φ
I
– Φ is due to I in same circuit element
– [L] = H = Henry
– symbol for an inductor is a sideways coil
– just as a capacitor limits DC current (because there's a break), an inductor limits AC current
(because you get a magnetic field that opposes the change [at high frequency])
– at high frequencies, you can get currents through a capacitor. DC can't get through at all.
– DC gets through an inductor with no problem, but AC has trouble
– neither an ideal capacitor nor an ideal inductor has resistance BUT they impede current flow
and they have “impedance”
– impedance is like resistance, but resistance leads to heat ( I 2 R ) but impedance doesn't
(just inhibits flow)
– Example 1
– solenoid with cross-sectional area A, length l, N coils
ΦB
– L=N
I
N⋅I
– solenoid B=μ0 (Ampere's law)
l
– Inside, B goes parallel to solenoid (NOT radially outward)
– B = 0 outside
μ0 N I A
– We're talking about the flux across one circle ΦB across each loop= AB=
l
ΦB μ0 N A 2
– L=N =
I l
– typically, small inductor has μH ; you can increase inductance with iron core
– μ=μ0 K m iron K_m = 4000
– L ∝mH
– Example 2
– coaxial cable (BNC cable)
– inner radius R1, outer radius R2
– R1, R2 thin conductors
– find L/l (self-inductance per unit length)
– STEP 1: find magnetic field
– for r<R1, B = 0
– for r > R2, B = 0
– for R1 < r < R2
– circumferential (counter-clockwise)
– STEP 2:
– ∮ B⋅dl=μ0 I enclosed
– B2 πr =μ0 I
μI
– B= 0
2 πr
– STEP 3:
– area to calculate flux is a plane parallel to the wire
– B is not constant across that plane so we have to integrate (B is a function of r)
R μI
ΦB =l ∫R 0 dr
2

–
1 2 πr
– STEP 4:
– N = 1 (no loops)
μ0 I R2
– ΦB =l ln ( )
2 π R1
 ΦB l mu 0 R2
– L=N = ln ( )
I 2π R1
L μ R
– = 0 ln( 2 )
l 2 π R1
– ENERGY
– capacitor
1 2
– U E = CV
2
1 2
– electrical energy density = ε
0E
2
– inductor
dI
– power = P=I ε
= LI
dt
dI
– using ε
=L
dt
dI 1 2
– U B =∫ P x dt =∫ LI dt =∫ LI dI = LI =U B
dt 2
– magnetic energy density
1 2
– U B = LI
2
– use solenoid
μ0 N 2 A
– L=
l
Bl
– I=
μ0 N
2
1 μ0 N A B l
2 2
1
– U B = ( )( 2 2
)= B 2 Al
2 l μ0 N 2
B2
– magnetic energy density = generally true.
2μ0
– LC Circuits
– resonant
– energy sloshes back and forth between electrical energy stored in C and magnetic energy
stored in L
– when C is fully charged, I = 0
– when C is discharged, I = maximum
1 1
– U =U E+ U B= CV 2+ LI 2
2 2
– Kirchoff's rule
Q dI
– =−L (V C =V L =ε )
C dt
dQ
– recall I =
dt
2
I d I
– =−L 2
C dt
 d 2 I −1
– = I
dt 2 LC
– solution: I =A cos( ωt+ ϕ)
– ω= (
√dI
1
LC
)

– Q= =ωA sin(ωt+ ϕ) I_0 = A

dt
– Energy: total energy is constant.
2
1 Q 2 Q0
– U E= = sin 2 (ωt+ ϕ)
2 C 2C
1 2 1 2 2 2
– U B = LI = L u Q 0 cos (ωt + ϕ)
2 2
1
– u 2=
LC
2 2
1 Q0 1 Q0
– U =U E+ U B= (cos 2+ sin 2)= constant
L C 2 C