Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
ASSINGNMENT: 6
DOS:-22/10/2008
DOS:-17/11/2008
Years Millon/tones
1980-81 11
1985-86 10.42
1990-91 23.83
1995-96 28.85
2000-01 36.31
2001-02 37.45
2002-03 42.79
2003-04 45.48
2004-05 44.23
50
45
40
35
Million tonnes
30
25 Series1
20
15
10
5
0
1980- 1985- 1990- 1995- 2000- 2001- 2002- 2003- 2004-
81 86 91 96 01 02 03 04 05
years
(2)Grouped bar diagram: The grouped bar diagram is also known as multiple bar diagram. It gives
information about more than one phenomenon.
Year exports imports
1999-
2000 6.418 9.143
2000-01 6.711 12.549
2001-02 7.806 13.608
2002-03 8.803 14.293
2003-04 9.872 15.763
2004-05 11.555 17.092 grouped bar diagram
18
16
14
10 Series1
8 Series2
0
1999- 2000- 2001- 2002- 2003- 2004-
2000 01 02 03 04 05
years
(3) Deviation bar Diagram: - Deviation bar diagram is also known as due-directional bar diagram.
company Profit/loss
A 25
B 22
C 18
D 15
E 10
F 4
G -6
H -8
I -10
J -13
J
I
G
companies
F Series2
E Series1
B
A
-20 -10 0 10 20 30
profit/loss
Q.2:- What is the graph? State the advantages of using the graph?
Ans:- Graphic presentation is a functional form of art as much as modern painting or architectural
design. The painter studies his subject to determine what colors and style and design will best express
his ideas. The same kind of imagination is exercised by the graphic analyst.
The graphic analyst should make a thorough study of the characteristics of the
statistical data and the uses for which it is meant before his design his problem. The graphic analyst
should be familiar with the figures and procedures.
A graph is a method of presenting statistical data in the visual form .A graph
is an important technique of detecting mistakes in statistical compilations and reckonings. According to
M.E. Spear,” The eye absorbs written statistics, but only slowly does the brain receive the message hidden
behind the written words and numbers”.
The following are the main advantages of the graph.
1. The use of graph saves time because the essential meanings of large complex data can be visualized at a
glance.
2. Graphs can proide a comprehensive picture of problem.
3. Graphs can bring out hidden facts and relationships.
4. Graphs are more effective in creating interest and in appealing to the attention of the reader.
1. Size of Diagram: The dimensions of a diagram should be related to (1) ease of construction, (2) ease
of reading, and (3) suitability for presentation. The exact dimensions of the chart must be given whether it
is to be used in a lecture, for an exhibit, or to appear in print. A diagram or chart meant for exhibit or
lecture purpose should be generally larger than the one to be used for reproduction in some publication.
There are no hard and fast rules for determining the size of a diagram. If the diagram is too small, it will be
difficult to do the drawing work.
It is of great significance to consider the proportions of a chart or diagram designed for
reproduction. Thus, the size and proportions of the particular book for which the diagram is constructed
will influence the proportions of the original chart.
2. Proper Scale: The selection of a proper scale is also important. There are no definite rules for the
selection of scale. But the diagram should neither be too small nor too large so that it may look indistinct or
clumsy. The diagram should also suit the size of the paper. The vertical scale should be shown on the left
side and horizontal scale at the bottom of the diagram. In the words of Mary Eleanor Spear, “Scale
selection and shape of grid are most important in chart preparation. As the scale is the controlling factors of
presentation, its choice, whether deliberate or accidental, may present an accurate picture or an extremely
misleading story”.
3. Title: The title should be given on the top in bold letters and should be self-explanatory.
4. Various colors, shades and designs should be used to demarcate different parts of the diagram.
5. The selection of proper diagram is also significant. There are various types of diagrams, each having its
special characteristics.
Ans: Classification is a technique for breaking a category in a set of parts called classes according to some
precisely defined differing characteristics possessed by all the elements of the category.
“Classification is a process of arranging data according to their resemblance and affinities and
give expression to unity of attributes that may subscript amongst the diversity of individual data”.
“Tabulation is a systematic arrangement of data in rows and columns”. When collected data are classified,
it becomes essential to present them in a brief and logical sequence. This process is called Tabulation.
IMPORTANCE:
Stubs and Captions: Each row heading is called stub and column heading is called caption. There can be
sub-headings of each row and column
.
Foot note: A foot note is written below the table and it provides information about individual rows and
columns.
Total: Totals should be shown at the bottom row or at the extreme right hand column. Important totals may
be placed at the top of corresponding column.
Title: Every table must have a brief and clear title. The title should be self explanatory, clearly stating the
nature and period of the information.
Head note: It is generally written below the title of the table indicating the unit in which the data is
presented.
Table number: A table should always be numbered for quick identification and reference.
Source note: The source note can be placed either below the title or below the foot note.
Procedure:
1. The information through interviews should be edited properly.
2. If some observation is missing, the observer can enter estimated data
Or the respondent can be contacted on telephone or the investigator can be requested to collect the
necessary data.
3. The editor should have interview with each interviewer to ascertain his recording style,
handwriting etc.
4. In case of ambiguous, confusing and illegible information, the editor can check them himself
directly or refer back to the interviewer for clarification.
5. There should be written editing instructions explaining how each Question of the questionnaire
should be handled. Corrections should be made in different colors to distinguish the original and
edited data.
6. The editor should make the corrections in the original data either by Crossing it or by transferring
it instead of erasing it.
Q.8: What do you understand by interpretation of data? Discuss its importance and
significance in research?
Ans: Once the data has been collected and subsequently tabulated, research now faces the task of
analyzing the data. The data collected is then processed in order to summarize the results. Whether
may be statements with references to single characteristics and relationship among characteristics?
Such analysis and interpretations leads to important decisions. Analysis of data is done based on
percentage, coefficients etc. by applying some statistical formulae.