Lovely Professional

University
Term paper
Of
Mechanical
Sciences
MEC-101
Topic: Two men are
applying forces in different
directions on the stone of 30 kg and
five healthy men are applying full
force on the same and determining
resultant reaction.

S
ubmitted to:
 Mr.
Prashant Bagde
Submitted by:
Ranjani Kumari
Sec: E1802
Roll. no: 53
Acknowledgement
.

First and foremost we would like to thank Almighty for giving us

courage brings up this project.

At the outset, we would like to propose a word of thanks for the

people who gave me unending support and help in numerous
ways from the stage the idea of project was conceived.

Many people have been constant source of inspiration;

encouragement and assistance in several ways .I also thank Mr.
Prashant Bagde especially for useful information and
suggestions. I am indebted of the vast pool of information on
Internet and books rich libraries of various colleges and
university.

I am grateful to my friends who are studying with me. Their

guidance and help in reviewing the manuscripts cannot be
forgotten.

I also thanks to my class teacher who give support to prepare

the project.
Contents:--------
 INTRODUCTION

 Forces

 CLASSIFICATION OF FORCES

 Contact forces

 Field forces

 EQULIBRIUM CONDITION

 NON-EQUILIBRIUM CONDITION

 FREE BODY DIAGRAM (FBD)

  PROCEDURE FOR SOLVING
EQUILIBRIUM PROBLEMS

 PLOTTING OF FORCES FOR GIVEN

PROBLEM

 FBD PLOTTING

 SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM

Abstract:
In order to start my term paper, I need to give introduction to
some of the contact forces and describe some basic definitions
such as forces etc. Classification of forces has been given on
the basis of contact of application. Then I have stated
equilibrium and non-equilibrium applications of Newton’s laws
of motion.
After that very important topic ‘Free body diagram (FBD)’ is
described. Then procedure of solving equilibrium problems is
given. And after that I have given step by step solution to the
given problem.
At last I want to say that this will certainly help in
understanding the problem with their solution.
INTODUCTION
In order to solve problem given in my term paper, I need to describe some of the contact
forces and other which will certainly help in understanding the problem with their solution.

FORCE

Force is an external or internal agent present to influence the natural state of motion of an
object. So this is an influence needed to change the natural state of body; that is of rest or of
uniform motion.

CLASSFICATION OF FORCES
There are different types of forces in our universe. Based on the nature of the interaction
between two bodies, forces may be broadly classified as follows.

(a) Contact Forces

Forces that act between the bodies in contact with each other. For example, Normal
Reaction, Friction etc.

(b) Field Forces (Non-Contact Forces)

Forces that act between bodies separated by a distance without any actual contact. For
example, Tension, Spring, Weight etc.

CONTACT FORCE

THE NORMAL FORCE

When a body is in contact with another body, there exists a force that prevents them from
penetrating each other. Each one "stops" the other by applying a force away from itself

The forces F1 and F2 shown in the diagram acting on bodies A and B, respectively, act away
from the surface of contact, and prevent the two bodies from "occupying the same space".

The normal force N is one component of the force that a surface exerts on an object with
which it is in contact—namely, the component that is perpendicular to the surface. The
apparent weight is the force that an object exerts on the platform of a scale and may be larger
or smaller than the true weight mg if the object and the scale have an acceleration a ( + if
upward, - if downward). The apparent weight is Apparent weight = ma + mg.

REACTION FORCE

A reaction force is basically a force that acts in the opposite direction to an action force. It
can better be described as when one fires a bullet from a gun, they feel being pushed
backward. The action force in this case is the gun pushing out the bullet and the reaction is
the bullet pushing back on the gun and its holder.
Example:
The elephant's feet push backward on the ground; the ground pushes forward on its feet. The
right end of the right rope pulls leftward on the elephant's body; its body pulls rightward on
the right end of the right rope. The left end of the right rope pulls rightward on the man; the
man pulls leftward on the left end of the right rope. The right end of the left rope pulls
leftward on the man; the man pulls rightward on the right end of the left rope. The tractor
pulls leftward on the right end of the left rope; the left end of the left rope pulls rightward on
the tractor. Etc.

Action and reaction forces in pair

Baseball pushes glove leftwards.

STATIC AND KINETIC FRICTIONAL FORCES

A surface exerts a force on an object with which it is in contact. The component of the force
perpendicular to the surface is called the normal force. The component parallel to the surface
is called friction.
The force of static friction between two surfaces opposes any impending relative motion of
the surfaces. The magnitude of the static frictional force depends on the magnitude of the
applied force and can assume any value up to a maximum of
fsMAX = s FN

Where, s is the coefficient of static friction and FN is the magnitude of the normal force.
The force of kinetic friction between two surfaces sliding against one another opposes the
relative motion of the surfaces. This force has a magnitude given by
fsMAX = k FN
where, k is the coefficient of kinetic friction.
Here we will not take any friction (either static or kinetic); we will assume the surface to
be smooth.

THE TENSION FORCE

The word “tension” is commonly used to mean the tendency of a rope to be pulled apart due
to forces that are applied at each end.
Because of tension, a rope transmits a force from one end to the other. When a rope is
accelerating, the force is transmitted undiminished only if the rope is mass less.

THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that every particle in the universe
separated by a
distance r and has masses m1 and m2, the law states that the magnitude of this attractive force
is
F= G

The direction of this force lies along the line between the particles. The constant G is called
the universal gravitational constant.

The weight W of an object on or above the earth is the gravitational force that the earth exerts
on the object and can be calculated from the mass m of the object and the acceleration g due
to the earth’s gravity according to
W= mg
Here we will not take any Gravitational force; we will assume gravity less environment.

EQUILIBRIUM APPLICATIONS OF NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

An object is in equilibrium when the object has zero acceleration, or, in other words, when it
moves at a constant velocity (which may be zero). The sum of the forces that act on an object
in equilibrium is zero. Under equilibrium conditions in two dimensions, the separate sums of
the force components in the x direction and in the y direction must each be zero.
y=0
x=0

NONEQUILIBRIUM APPLICATIONS OF NEWTON’S LAWS OF

MOTION
If an object is not in equilibrium, then Newton’s second law must be used to account for the
acceleration:

=may
y

x=max
FREE BODY DIAGRAMS (FBD’s)

In order to apply the principle of equilibrium to an object or component or body, we need to

be able to identify all of the forces (& torques if there are any) acting on it.
We normally do this by separating (or freeing) the body from its context and then drawing on
it all of the forces (& torques) that we know are acting on it. This is known as free body
diagram. This is an important skill and will take practice.
We tend to think of objects or bodies as being held in place by their being attached to, or
resting on, other objects or bodies. In actual fact they are held in place by the forces which
these bodies apply to them.
Even if they are continuous bodies (or welded together), each part applies forces and/or
moments to the adjacent parts and we can separate them as such. In general, a force and/or a
moment will be present at every point where two (or more) bodies interact or join.

PROCEDURE FOR SOLVING EQUILIBRIUM PROBLEMS.

1. Identify the body or object or component which is in equilibrium.

2. Designate a sign convention defining which directions and rotations are positive and
negative.
3. Draw the FBD showing ALL the forces and moments. [Some forces will be known in
both magnitude and direction, some in direction only, for others neither may be
known. Draw them all in.
4. Apply the conditions of equilibrium in order to find the unknown forces and
moments.
Hint: Problems can often be readily solved by initially applying the condition =0.
5. If the point about which moments are taken is chosen to be on the line of action of a
First unknown force, then it may leave only a second unknown force which can be
found using =0. The first unknown force can then be found by applying the
condition =0.

Note:
1. If there are only two forces acting on a body in equilibrium, they must be equal and
opposite.
2. If there are only three forces acting on a body in equilibrium, their lines of action
must all go through a common point. If they didn't then there would be a net moment
on the body and hence it would not be in equilibrium.

According to given condition, the figure can be drawn as follow:

FREE BODY DIAGRAM OF THE ABOVE FIG:

Free body diagram of the given above force system can be drawn as follows

Now, assuming the body in equilibrium and all moment along all axes is zero.
We can say that x =0

y=0

Also for the body to be in equilibrium,

=0 y

x=0

Weight exerted on the earth due to its mass is W,

W= Mg; where g is equal to 10m/s2.
=> W= 30*10= 300N
W= 0.3KN
Now, calculating forces in X- direction

x=0
x =30+ 25.cos45+ 15.cos60+ 10.cos90- 20.cos60- 35.cos45- 30 + Rx

 30 + 15.cos60+ 25.cos45+ 10.cos90- 20.cos60- 35.cos45- 30+ Rx= 0

 30+ 15*0.5+ 25*0.707+ 10*0- 35*0.707+ 20*0.5-30+ Rx= 0

 30+ 7.5+ 17.675+ 0- 24.745- 10 - 30+ Rx= 0

 Rx- 9.57 = 0

 Rx = 9.57

Now, calculating forces in Y- direction

y=0

y= Ry+ 10- 20.cos30- 35.cos45- 25.cos45- 15.cos30-Mg

 Ry+ 10- 20*0.866- 35*0.707- 25*0.707- 15*0.866- 0.3= 0

 Ry+ 10- 17.32- 24.745- 17.675- 12.99- 0.3= 0

 Ry – 63.03= 0

 Ry= 63.03

Now, calculating resultant reaction force

Therefore, R2 = (Rx)2 + (Ry)2

R = x)2 + (Ry)2

R = (9.57)2 + (63.03)2

R = 91.585 + 3972.78
 R = 4064.36

 R = 63.752

So the resultant force is equal to R i.e. 63.752.

REFERENCES:
• http://library.thinkquest.org/10796/ch4/ch4.htm

• http://polaris.deas.harvard.edu/galileo/images/material/19
54/631/ContactForces3.pdf

• http://www.mechguru.com/?p=209