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SUBMITTED BY
NIPUL MAKHIJA
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the work that is being presented in the project report
entitled “DIGITAL POWER SUPPLY USING LM 317” in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Electrical & Electronics is an authentic record of our own
work carried out under the able guidance of Mr. Mangesh Shelke (HOD
Electrical department). The work has been carried out at SAM College of
Engineering and Technology, Bhopal.
The matter embodied in the report has not been submitted for the award of
any other degree or diploma.
NIPUL MAKHIJA
(0188EX071031)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our deep sense of gratitude to our respected and learned
guides Dr. R.K. Ghai (Director) SAM College of Engineering &
Technology, Bhopal for their valuable help and guidance. We are thankful to
them for the encouragement they have given us in completing the project.
We are also grateful to our respected Mr. Mangesh Shelke HOD (EX) SAM
College of Engineering & Technology, Bhopal for permitting us to utilize all
the necessary facilities of the institution.
We are also thankful to all the other faculty & staff members of our
department for their kind co-operation and help.
Nipul Makhija
(0188EX071031)
CONTENTS
1. Introduction……………………………………………………………1
2. Working Principle…………………………………………………….3
3. Circuit Diagram……………………………………………………….5
4. Part List……………………………………………………………….. 8
6. LM317 ………………………………………………..………………..11
8. Application of LM317……………………………………………….14
14. Precaution…………………………………………………………….22
15. Conclusion…………………………………………………………...23
INTRODUCTION
Here’s the project which gives out various output voltages and this voltage
can be easily controlled by two switches. The switches are connected to P3.0
and P3.1.
The variable voltages are obtained with help of the LM317. This IC is a
variable voltage regulator IC which can give regulated output from 1.2v to
37v. This voltage regulator can withstand upto 1.5A of current. Since
LM317 is protected against short-circuit, no fuse is necessary. Thanks to
automatic thermal shutdown, it will turnoff if heating excessively. Although
this IC is capable of delivering upto 37v, this circuit is designed to give upto
18v.
1
This is the basic circuit with an LM317. The output voltage is selected using
two resistors. Normally R1 is chosen to be around 220R or 240R and I am
using 240ohms. The formula for calculating the value of R2 is V = 1.25(1+
(R2/R1)) or to put it another way R2 = R1 ((V/1.25)-1).
For example to get an output voltage of 8.5v. R2 = 220((8.5/1.25)-1) =
1276 ohms. The nearest preferred value to this would be 1K3.
Setting R2 to zero, i.e. Grounding the Adjust pin, will cause the output
voltage to drop to 1.25v.
By adjusting the value of this R2 resistor we can obtain a variable voltage at
the output. This is done by the microcontroller with help of the relays.
2
WORKING
In PIC we are controlling eight RELAYS different variable resistances are
connected in the output of the relays. Relays are switching according to the
selected voltages .When relay 1 is operate Then the resistance 1 is connected
in the LM 317 pin No 1 then the output is 1.5 volt . And So on .according to
time. A capacitor 1 uf is connected in between 9 and 31 pin and pin No 9 is
connected to ground through 100 K ohm resistance .The pin No 20 is
connected to ground and pin No 40 is connected to Vcc. For time reading
purpose we are using Real time clock. Crystal 3.58 MHz is connected to pin
No 1 and 2 of RTC and Pin No 8 of RTC is connected to Vcc. A 3 v Battery
is connected between pin 3 and 4 of RTC for time back up purpose. Real
time Clock IC is 8 pin. Pin No 5, 6, 7 of RTC are connected to 10, 11, 12
pin of Atmel 89c51 microcontroller .For Display purpose LCD is used.
LCD is a 15 pin display device. Pin No 1 and 5 of LCD is connected to
ground. pin No 35 ,34, 33,32,27 and 28 of LCD are connected to pin No
11,12,13, 14 ,6,and 4 respectively of microcontroller . A 20 M Hz crystal
and a 0.1 uf capacitor and a 10 K ohm resistance is connected between pin
No 18 and 19 of the microcontroller. Switch S4 is connected to pin NO 4 of
micontroller for set the clock and timer. Switch S3 is connected on pin No 3
of microcontroller for OK clock and timer. Switch 2 is connected on pin 2
for UP time. Switch S1 is connected on pin 1 for down clock and timer. Pin
no 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 of microcontroller are output pins to operate
the relays. These pins are connected in the base of transistors T1 to T8
through 1.2 k ohm resistances R1 to R8. The emitter of all the transistors
are connected to ground and collector is connected to the relay.
3
Collector is connected to drain through 680 ohm resistance and LED and
then drain is connected to the relays Relay 1 to Relay 8.
4
PART LIST
3. TRANSISTER BC547
4. RELAY 6 V ELECTROMAGNETIC
5. RESISTANCE 4.7 K
6. IC BASE
7. IC 7805
8. RELAY
9. P.C.B
10. L.E.D
11. TRANSFORMER 9v
17. 12 M Hz CRYSTAL
8
18. CERAMIC CAPACITOR 0.1 uf
20. CRYSTAL 4 M Hz
21. PLUG
26. SCREWS
9
IC 89C51 MICROCONTROLLER (PLD)
The 89C51 is ideal for learning micro controllers, as a lot of tutorial material
and free tools like Assemblers, source code library, 89c51 manuals and
development board designs are available on the Internet for the purpose. The
AT899C51 is a CMOSS 8-bit micro controller unit. Its main features are
2. 4KB internal Flash EEPROM program memory with endurance for 1000
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LM317
11
Although LM317 is an adjustable regulator, it is sometimes preferred for
high-precision fixed voltage applications instead of the
similar LM78xxdevices because the LM317 is designed with superior output
tolerances. For a fixed voltage application, the control pin will typically be
biased with a fixed resistor network, a Zener diode network, or a fixed
control voltage from another source. Manufacturer datasheets provide
standard configurations for achieving various design applications, including
constant current sources and the use of a pass transistor to achieve regulated
output currents in excess of what the LM317 alone can provide.
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STEPS OF PROJECT MAKING
The following steps have been followed in carrying out the project
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APPLICATION OF LM317
This project shows how to build a Dual Variable Power Supply using
LM317 and LM7805. It has two different outputs. One stable at 5V and one
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LEAD ACID BATTERY CHARGER CIRCUIT
Here is a lead acid battery charger circuit using IC LM317. The IC here
Provides the correct charging voltage for the battery. A battery must be
Charged with 1/10 its Ah value. This charging circuit is designed based on
This fact. The charging current for the battery is controlled by Q1, R1, and
R4
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When designing the layout one should decide the minimum size
(component body length and weight). Before starting to design the layout
have all the required components in hand so that an accurate assessment of
space can be made. Other space consideration includes easy access path to
present components on the board.
Plan the layout as if looking at the top side to this board first this
should be translated inverse later for the etching.
There are basically two ways one can affect the copper
interconnections pattern on the board. The first is the removal of only the
amount of copper necessary to isolate the junctions resulting in the large
areas of copper. The second is to make the interconnection pattern looking
more like conventional point to point wiring by routing uniform width of
copper from component to component.
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ETCHING PROCESS:
Etching process requires the use of acid resistant dishes and running
water supply. Ferric chloride is the most used solution but other chemicals
such as ammonium sulphate can be used. Nitric acid can be used but in
general it is not used due to poisonous fumes.
The pattern prepared is glued to the copper surface of the board. The
pattern is laid firmly on the copper. Use a very sharp knife to cut round the
pattern carefully to remove the paper corresponding to the required copper
pattern areas.
The board should not be left in the bath a moment longer than is
needed to remove just the right amount of copper.
Drilling is one of those operations that calls for great care because
most of the holes will be made by a very small drill. For most purposes a
1mm drill is used. Drill all holes with this size first those that need to be
larger can be easily drilled again with the appropriate lager size.
COMPONENT ASSEMBLES:
When fitting each group of components mark off each one on the
components it’s as it is fitted and if we have to leave the job we know where
to recommence.
All the component before mounting is rubbed with sand paper so that
oxide layer is removed from their tips. Now they are mounted according to
the component layout.
SOLDERING:
Flux is applied to the tips and then the components are soldered with
the help of soldering iron. Attention should be given while soldering the
components because prolonged application of soldering iron can internally
damage the components.
17
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
RESISTANCE
Material Used for Resistors: -The most widely used material for precision
resistors are:
Mangnin:-
It is an alloy of copper manganese and nickel and is universally used
as resistance material for precision resistors and for resistance measuring
apparatus. It has a normal composition of 84% copper 12% manganese and
4% nickel. The foremost property of managing is that it has almost a zero
temperature coefficient of resistance near about room temperature.
Constantine: -
18
Relays
The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for
a 12V relay, but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to
operate from lower voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this
current and a transistor is usually used to amplify the small IC current
to the larger value required for the relay coil. The maximum output
current for the popular 555 timer IC is 200mA so these devices can
supply relay coils directly without amplification.
Most relays are designed for PCB mounting but you can solder wires
directly to the pins providing you take care to avoid melting the plastic
case of the relay.
The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO:
ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAY
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Digital MULTIMETER
All digital meters contain a battery to power the display so they use
Virtually no power from the circuit under test. This means that on their
DC voltage ranges they have a very high resistance (usually called
input impedance) of 1M or more, usually 10M , and they are very
unlikely to affect the circuit under test.
Typical ranges for digital multimeters like the one illustrated: (the
values given are the maximum reading on each range)
20
CHRONOLOGY
The following steps have been followed in carrying out the project
15. Plan and prepare PCB for mounting all the components.
21
PRECAUTION
1. Switch off the main switch or branch circuit breaker before opening the
Switchboard for wiring.
2. Before touching any wire, make sure it is not live. Use a neon tester for
the purpose. Wear rubber shoes/slippers.
3. Switch off the circuit, when it is not in use, to conserve the battery.
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CONCLUSION
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.texas.com
www.efymeg.com
www.efy.com
www.micro.edu/echips.com
www.answers.com
www.google.com
www.national.com
www.ascom.com
www.electronicsconsulting.co.uk/
www.radarsystem.com
www.electronicsproject.com
www.scienceproject.com
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